anthro 2 test

Hylobatidae (family)

Smallest of the great apes Found in Asia Eat mostly fruits Body adaptation with really long arms (have to walk with their arms out) Monomorphic → look the same Mates abandon each other

dental patterns of primates

lemus; Their dental formula is Upper: 2.1.3.3, lower: 2.1.3.3. Their dentition pattern is 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, and 3 premolars. Baboons dental formula is Upper: 2.1.2.3, lower: 2.1.2.3. They have 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars. c. A discussion on how the primate's trait expression has been influenced by its environment, i.e., how can the trait be viewed as an adaptation to the primate's environment. Baboons eat grass, leaves, and sometimes eat fish, and other small animal. The trait can be viewed as an adaption because it allows the dentition to be omnivorous. Chimpanzee a. A thorough description of the environment in which the primates lives. Chimpanzee's can be found in Africa; they live in rain forests and savanna's b. A description of your specified character trait for that primate. Their dental formula is the same as Gibbons, and Baboons, which is Upper: 2.1.2.3, lower: 2.1.2.3. They have 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars. c. A discussion on how the primate's trait expression has been influenced by its environment, i.e., how can the trait be viewed as an adaptation to the primate's environment. The Chimpanzee's diet is a very wide variety of food, which is from plants and small animals. This means that their teeth has adapted to the need of eating basically everything.

Sociobiology

looking at the relationship between natural selection and behavior

Parvorde; Platyrrhini

(all New World Monkeys)

Cladistics

(from Greek κλάδος, klados, i.e., "branch") is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors.

Socioecology

: how ecology affects social dynamics

Biological species

A biological species is a group of individuals that can breed together (panmixia). However, they cannot breed with other groups. In other words, the group is reproductively isolated from other groups. "The words 'reproductively isolated' are the key words of the biological species definition".

r/K selected

As the name implies, r-selected species are those that place an emphasis on a high growth rate, and, typically exploit less-crowded ecological niches, and produce many offspring, each of which has a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood (i.e., high r, low K).

Hominoidea

Apes are a branch of Old World tailless anthropoid primates native to Africa and Southeast Asia. They are the sister group of Old World monkeys, together forming the catarrhine clade. The Hominidae (/hɒˈmɪnᵻdiː/), whose members are known as great apes[note 1] or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes seven extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean and Sumatran orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, the human (and though not extant, the near-human ancestors and relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal)).[1]

Areas of brain associated with language

Broca's area. Broca's area is usually formed by the pars triangularis and the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44 and 45). It follows Wernicke's area, and as such they both are usually located in the left hemisphere of the brain. Broca's area is involved mostly in the production of speech. a region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language, located in the cortex of the dominant temporal lobe. Damage in this area causes Wernicke's aphasia, characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs. left side mostly

Campbell's mona monkey

Campbell's mona monkey, also known as Campbell's guenon and Campbell's monkey, is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae found in the Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. This species has one of the more advanced forms of animal communication, with a rudimentary syntax They concluded that krak meant leopard and hok meant eagle. The oo suffix softened the meaning of each word—krak-oo indicated minor disturbances on the ground whereas hok-oo was reserved for less serious aerial threats, like falling branches. Boom meant that the coast was clear.

Catarrhini

Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the simians, the other being the plathyrrhine (New World monkeys). The Catarrhini contains the Old World monkeys and the apes; the latter of which are in turn further divided into the lesser apes or gibbons and the great apes, consisting of the orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The Catarrhine are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines.

Sexual Selection

Competition (between a sex): mostly between males, but can be among females Reflexive in group structure Testies size (reflect group structure) → sperm swamping

Diurnality

Diurnality is a plant or animal behavior characterized by activity during the day, with a period of sleeping, or other inactivity, at night. The common adjective used for daytime activity is "diurnal

Sexual dimorphism and social systems

Darwin proposed that sexually dimorphic characteristics are related to a critical hostile force: mate shortages. Sexual selection is a form of natural selection. Rather than favoring traits that improve an individual's chance of survival or getting food, sexual selection favors traits that improve an individual's chances of locating, attracting, and fighting for access to mates. The intensity of sexual selection depends on the kind of mating system. (1) Mating system: Polygynous species are more sexually dimorphic than monogamous species. However, few species are highly polygynous and male-male competition is difficult to investigate in nocturnal primates. (2) Larger species are more sexually dimorphic than smaller species. Luetenegger has investigated this allometric relation but its causes are unclear. (3) Terrestrial species tend to be more sexually dimorphic than arboreal species. Perhaps male-male competition in terrestrial species is more dependent on body size. A notable exception to this pattern is the orang. Orangs are arboreal and polygynous. Males are much larger than females. A male's territory encompasses several females. (Orangs have long birth intervals, five to six years.) Males defend their territories from other adult males. The dominant male tolerates subadult males in his territory. Occasionally, the "beta" males (subadults) coerce females to copulate�even young males are much larger than females. These force copulations do not typically occur when the female is in estrus. Sexual dimorphism is greater in uni-male societies than in multi-male societies. Perhaps male-male competition is equally intense but males in the two social systems compete in different ways. In a uni-male society, male body and canine size may be important in acquiring and guarding a harem. In a multi-male society, coalitions of cooperating males may be important in defeating dominant males and acquiring matings. In a multi-male society, perhaps, intelligence rather than size is more important.

monkeys sim to humans

Dee Higley conducted experiments using rhesus macaque to study alcoholism as a result of social or genetic factors. He discovered that those raised outside of parental care were likely to consume more alcohol. However, he also noted the presence of blood lines with strong alcoholic tendencies regardless of the social nature in which the monkey was raised. Monkeys are also used in AIDS studies because of their inability to contract the disease in order to discover what makes them resistant.

Hominoidea (Humans and Great Apes)

Differences from old world monkeys: Body size is bigger than old world monkeys Larger brain size Develop more slowly Broader noses and palates Simple molars No tails Short trunks→ short stiff backs Upright →

FOXP2 gene

Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene, also known as CAGH44, SPCH1 or TNRC10, and is required for proper development of speech and language.

Suborder Haplorrhini

Haplorhini (the haplorhines or the "dry-nosed" primates, the Greek name means "simple-nosed") is a clade containing the tarsiers and the simians (or anthropoids). The simians include catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes including humans), and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys). Haplorhines share a number of derived features that distinguish them from the strepsirrhine "wet-nosed" primates (whose Greek name means "curved nose"), the other suborder of primates from which they diverged some 63 million years ago. The haplorhines, including tarsiers, have all lost the function of the terminal enzyme that manufactures vitamin C, while the strepsirrhines, like most other orders of mammals, have retained this enzyme and the ability to manufacture vitamin C.[2] The haplorhine upper lip, which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions. Their brain to body ratio is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirrhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys). All anthropoids have a single-chambered uterus; tarsiers have a bicornate uterus like the strepsirrhines. Most species typically have single births, although twins and triplets are common for marmosets and tamarins. Despite similar gestation periods, haplorhine newborns are relatively much larger than strepsirrhine newborns, but have a longer dependence period on their mother. This difference in size and dependence is credited to the increased complexity of their behavior and natural history.

Ateloidea - only superfamily of Platyrrhini

Howler and Spider Monkeys. Howlers are the biggest of New World monkeys, as well as the loudest land mammal (they use their howl to gauge territory and for display) Howlers are mostly leaf eaters, while spider monkeys eat fruit Live in large multi-male multi-female groups ALL NEW WORLD MONKEYES

Status Dominance:

If you're an offspring of a high ranking female, you're far more likely to be a high ranking individual. High ranking also leads to more offspring, and to more access to food on average. Female Rank - has to do with who you know and who you're related to. Juvenile rank is directly correlated to matrilineal rank, with the occasional outlier due to deformities of the offspring or death of the mother. Thus it's clear that there is a strong social component in deciding rank, rather than just genes

Koshima Island:

In 1952, a group of scientists gained trust with the Japanese macaques on this island by feeding them in order to get close enough to study their behavior. However, by feeding the macaques, the scientists altered their natural foraging behavior. A young macaque named Imo began to take the sweet potatoes given and wash them in the ocean, which gave them a pleasant salty taste. Eventually, other young macaques began copying her behavior, and this continued after her death (Cultural transmission, or learned behavior). Imo also gathered up the rice that scientists put on the beach, and would throw the rice and sand into the water, where the sand would sink while the rice floated, which she could then pick up and eat at her leisure.

Kanzi

Kanzi (born October 28, 1980), also known by the lexigram LexigramKanzi.jpg (from the character 太), is a male bonobo who has been featured in several studies on great ape language. According to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, a primatologist who has studied the bonobo throughout his life, Kanzi has exhibited advanced linguistic aptitude.

What are Primates?

Limbs and Locomotion Have 4 flexible limbs and hands with five grasping digits (including grasping thumbs and/or big toes) Opposable thumb, opposable toe, or both Nails, instead of claws Epidermal ridges (fingerprints) and tactile pads on the digits that make primates more sensitive to touch.

Superfamily Lorisoidea:

Lorises (Slow Loris) The name "Loris" translates to mean "clown" or "simpleton", so named for their slow, lethargic behavior (though they can move quickly if prompted). In part, this is due to their slow metabolisms. Found in woodland or tropical forests in India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and Africa Only about 12 species, all of which are nocturnal Have survived by keeping out of niches and not competing Diverse diet, including fruit and insects. Hunt insects by their sense of smell (have a rhinarium, like all strepsirrhines) Defensive mechanisms include the production of an allergic reaction in predators caused by gland secretion. Mothers will leave babies alone for hours, but protect them by covering them in this secretion.If confronted by a predator, they also tend to engage in crypsis, where they can stay immobile for up to 14 hours.

Superfamily Lemuroidea (Lemurs)

Made up of more than 60 species, ranging from a couple of inches (the small mouse lemur) to a few feet (the indri) in height. Many species recently existed, (Including some much larger species, such as the megaladapis) but have gone extinct within the last 2,500 years, most likely as a result of humans arriving in their habitats. As the only primates inhabiting Madagascar and surrounding islands, lemurs have diversified to fill a variety of niches normally filled by other primates (a bit like the difference between finches on the Galapagos and the mainland) Larger lemurs are typically diurnal and have a diverse diet while smaller species are nocturnal and insectivorous. Lemurs are primarily arboreal but also sometimes terrestrial. Socially, lemurs are typically solitary or found in small groups. Several species, like the ring-tail lemurs and the sifakas are an exception to this, living in groups of 10 to 25 animals with a mix of males and females. Species such as the indris live in family groups, consisting of parents and any dependent offspring. Generally, the female is dominant among lemurs, which is unusual among primates, as males are typically the dominant sex. aye aye is a lemur

Estrus

Menstrual Cycles/Ovarian-Uterine Cycles - Most old world primates have similar cycles, lasting from 28-35 days. Menarche starts at 12 for human girls currently, although for much of history it started closer to the age of 18. For old world monkeys menarche starts at 4, for old world apes it starts at ages 8-10. Some other animals have 'hidden' or 'internal' menses, where the uterine lining is absorbed, but most of our closest relatives have ones similar to our own. It does take awhile to hit regular cycles for the best reproductive success, around 25 for humans. Human women used to have around 100 periods in their lifetimes, but now have 300-500 because they're not pregnant or lactating as often. It is in the middle of this cycle that estrus or ovulation occurs.

Hominidae (family)

Orangutan (Panginae Subfamily): 4 handed → gifted with all limbs Pongopygmaeus→ official ame Slow cautious climbs Spend must of the time in the trees (they walk on the outside of their fists when they're on the ground)

Orangutans

Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Ponginae Genus: Pongo indonisa/asia

gorilla

Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Family: Hominidae Tribe: Gorillini Genus: Gorilla africa

bonodo

Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Family: Hominidae Tribe: Hominini Genus: Pan Species: P. paniscus

Philopatry

Philopatry is the tendency of an organism to stay in or habitually return to a particular area. The causes of philopatry are numerous, but natal philopatry, where animals return to their birthplace to breed, may be the most common form.

Suborder Strepsirrhini

Primary Features Located in Africa, Asia, and proximal islands such as Madagascar An ancient group that can be regarded as the earliest primates (about 80 million years old). Strepsirrhines exhibit more ancestral mammalian features than other primate groups Small to medium sized Have a greater reliance on olfaction (sense of smell) than other primates, as reflected in the wet patch on the nose known as a rhinarium Actively scent mark territories Contain a tapetum lucidum, which suggests a nocturnal heritage. The tapetum lucidum is the cause of the reflective "eye shine" that some animals exhibit at night. Retain a grooming claw on the 2nd toe, while all other digits have nails Prehensile digits allow for grasping, but have poorly opposable thumbs Reproductive traits include a short mating period, divided uterus, and passive placenta. They also tend to have shorter gestation and maturation periods. Presence of a dental comb (forward-projecting canines and incisors) for grooming and eating, or to gauge wood to access insects Still produce Vitamin C, unlike other primates Like all primates, they have a postorbital bar They tend to be arboreal quadrupeds or vertical leapers and clingers

Maturation, Learning, and Behavior (4)

Prolonged gestation (longer time in the womb) - for example, baboons gestate three times longer than carnivores of similar size. However, there are other species with even longer gestations, such as horses (11-12 months), and elephants (22 months). Small litters - usually just one, but some species of primates tend towards twins. Delayed maturation and increased longevity. Most primates live longer than the average mammal (for example, a gorilla lives 20x longer than a mouse, but it takes a gorilla 80x longer to reach sexual maturity). Increased dependence on learning and behavioral flexibility

What are Primates? (5)

Senses and the Brain Binocular stereoscopic vision (forward facing eyes, causing overlapping visual fields which is vital for good depth perception and being able to perceive objects in three dimensions). Color vision is a characteristic of all diurnal primates (some groups are red/green colorblind (dichromats), while others, like humans, are trichromats, meaning we can differentiate between red and green). chimps gorilla Postorbital bar (bar of bone behind the eye socket on the skull) or full postorbital closure which serves to protect the eye Petrosal bulla (the skeletal casing of the middle ear). This is the only synapomorphy unique to primates, but it is not very practical to study as it can only be seen through dissection. Expansion and increased elaboration of the brain - although this is general among placental mammals, it is especially true in primate, where the neocortex has a large expansion among the visual and association areas.

Sexual selection

Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection). driving speciation and that many organisms had evolved features whose function was deleterious to their individual survival,[3] and then developed by Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century. Sexual selection can lead typically males to extreme efforts to demonstrate their fitness to be chosen by females, producing sexual dimorphism in secondary sexual characteristics, such as the ornate plumage of birds such as birds of paradise and peafowl, or the antlers of deer, or the manes of lions, caused by a positive feedback mechanism known as a Fisherian runaway, where the passing on of

Brachiation traits

Some traits that allow primates to brachiate include a short spine (particularity the lumbar spine), short fingernails (instead of claws), long curved fingers, reduced thumbs, long forelimbs and freely rotating wrists.[1] Modern humans retain many physical characteristics that suggest a brachiator ancestor, including flexible shoulder joints and fingers well-suited for grasping. In lesser apes, these characteristics were adaptations for brachiation. Although great apes do not normally brachiate (with the exception of orangutans), our human anatomy suggests that brachiation may be an exaptation to bipedalism, and healthy modern humans are still capable of brachiating.[2] Some children's parks include monkey bars which children play on by brachiating.

Sperm competition

Sperm competition is the physical competition between the sperm of two separate males to fertilize the eggs of a lone female. A male's fitness is usually measured as a function of the number of females inseminated, however in many animal species fertile females mate with many male partners. Sperm competition is often compared to having tickets in a raffle; a male has a better chance of winning (i.e. fathering offspring) the more tickets he has (i.e. the more sperm he inseminates a female with). However, sperm are not free to produce,[6] and as such males are predicted to produce sperm of a size and number that will maximize their success in sperm competition. By making many spermatozoa,

Subfossil lemurs

Subfossil lemurs are lemurs from Madagascar that are represented by recent (subfossil) remains dating from nearly 26,000 years ago (from the late Pleistocene until the Holocene) to approximately 560 years ago. They include both living and extinct species, although the term more frequently refers to the extinct giant lemurs. The diversity of subfossil lemur communities was greater than that of present-day lemur communities, ranging from as high as 20 or more species per location, compared with 10 to 12 species today. Extinct species are estimated to have ranged in size from slightly over 10 kg (22 lb) to roughly 160 kg (350 lb). Even the subfossil remains of living species are larger and more robust than the skeletal remains of modern specimens. The subfossil sites found around most of the island demonstrate that most giant lemurs had wide distributions and that ranges of living species have contracted significantly since the arrival of humans.

Tarsiers

Tarsiers are haplorrhine primates of the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the lone extant family within the infraorder Tarsiiformes. Although the group was once more widespread, all the species living today are found in the islands of Southeast Asia.

Cebidae

The Cebidae are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. It includes the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys. These species are found throughout tropical and subtropical South and Central America

Cercopithecinae superfamily of Cercopithecoidea

The Cercopithecinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkeys, which comprises roughly 71 species, including the baboons, the macaques, and the vervet monkeys. Some adaptations that allow them to save food in the sides of their mouths, they're not really leafs specialist (which affects the formation of their teeth, which are flat in this monkey

Colobinae

The Colobinae are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 59 species in 10 genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs.

Cercopithecoidea

The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a family of primates, the only family in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade of Catarrhini. Old World monkeys include many of the most familiar species of non-human primates, such as baboons and macaques.

Pitheciideae

The Pitheciidae are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the family Atelidae. The family includes the titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Eat lots of seeds, which reflects their different type of adaptation Different social systems, as they're monogamous

Why do primates live in groups?

The answer might be obvious, but living in groups causes problems like fighting for resources. Live in groups for protection Predator avoidance: In a large group, there are several sets of eyes that watch out for predators. Primates within a group can help out each other when fighting a predator Polyspecific associations: relationships within multiple species of primates. This creates more protection for the group Social structure changes with high predation pressure Resource Distribution: More help to find food and defend it from others, but could result in less food per individual Solitary foraging: Reproductive Benefits: reproducing within a group is fairly easy. If you're not in a group, you have to go through the trouble of trying to find a mate. When females are in group, they have protection from infanticidal males (some primates kill babies in order to pass on their genes)

Arboreal hypothesis

The arboreal theory claims that primates evolved from their ancestors by adapting to arboreal life. Primates are thought to have developed several of their traits and habits initially while living in trees. One key component to this argument is that primates relied on sight over smell. They were able to develop a keen sense of depth perception, perhaps because of the constant leaping that was necessary to move about the trees. Primates also developed hands and feet that were capable of grasping. This was also a result of arboreal life, which required a great deal of crawling along branches, and reaching out for fruit and other food. These early primates were likely to have eaten foods found in trees, such as flowers, fruits, berries, gums, leaves, and insects. They are thought to have shifted their diets towards insects in the early Cenozoic era, when insects became more numero

Capuchins

The capuchin monkeys (/ˈkæpjʊtʃɪn/ or /ˈkæpjʊʃɪn/) are New World monkeys of the subfamily Cebinae. They are readily identified as the "organ-grinder" monkey, and have been used in several movies and television shows. The range of capuchin monkeys includes Central America and South America as far south as northern Argentina.

Aotidae

The night monkeys, also known as the owl monkeys or douroucoulis, are the members of the genus Aotus of New World monkeys. The only nocturnal monkeys, they are native to Panama and much of tropical South America

Phylogenetic species

The phylogenetic species concept defines a species as a group of organisms that shares a common ancestor and can be distinguished from other organisms that do not share that ancestor. As an analogy, the phylogenetic species concept asserts that on the tree of life, species are the distal twigs. This contrasts with the biological species concept, which asserts that organisms are of the same species if they can interbreed successfully. Phylogenetic species concept: a species is a "tip" on a phylogeny, that is, the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor

brain size

The size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy and evolution. Brain size is sometimes measured by weight and sometimes by volume (via MRI scans or by skull volume). Neuroimaging intelligence testing can be used to study brain size. One question that has been frequently investigated is the relation of brain size to intelligence. Brain-to-body mass ratio, also known as the brain to body weight ratio, is the ratio of brain mass to body mass, which is hypothesised to be a rough estimate of the intelligence of an animal, although fairly inaccurate in many cases. A more complex measurement, encephalization quotient, takes into account allometric effects of widely divergent body sizes across several taxa.[1] [13] The raw brain-to-body mass ratio is however simpler to come by, and is still a useful tool for comparing encephalization within species or between fairly closely related specie

Male Rank

Until the advent of better genetic data in the past 10 years or so it's been hard to tell if male rank leads to reproductive success because it's been harder to judge paternity. Nowadays researchers can test the DNA based on fur and feces samples. And it has shown that high-ranking males tend to have the most reproductive success (for example, in a sample of male baboons those ranked #1 and #2 sired more children than the other 11 combined). In general the bigger and stronger males have higher rank, but age is also important. There is a peak (for baboons the highest rank generally comes at about age 8 (ranging from 1 - 22)), but as they get older they go down in rank pretty quickly. Alphas don't always have as many copulation chances with females (at times low-ranking males have more sex), but they do dominate mating during estrus and thus still have the best reproductive success.

In a study of the protein albumin

Vincent Sarich and Allan Wilson discovered that there only 7 amino acids that separate chimps and gorillas from humans (compared to 150 differences between humans and most other mammals). This led to experiments in DNA Hybridization, a process that combines strands of DNA, therefore measuring the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA. This has revealed that humans and chimpanzees share 98.4% of our DNA. However, this result is relative to the fact that human DNA also shares a 90% similarity to rat DNA and a 36% similarity to the fruit fly. These comparisons remind us to take these numbers in context.

Proceptivity

When the female monkey makes the first move on males for sex

home range

an area over which an animal or group of animals regularly travels in search of food or mates, and that may overlap with those of neighboring animals or groups of the same species.

Harry Harlow

carried out experiments to see psychology in non-human primates They took monkeys from their real mothers, provided a fake mom The ones that were given a fake mother without fur (and were just a piece of metal) grew up to be psychologically abnormal because there was no cozy feeling The monkeys that were given a fake mom with fur and had a cozy feeling turned out fairly okay

Ancestral and derived traits

derived is when a trait shows up that was NOT present in a common ancestor. ancestral/primitive characters WERE present in a common ancestor. these terms are relative because it's when you're comparing 2+ species/populations Primitive traits are those inherited from distant ancestors. Derived traits are those that just appeared (by mutation) in the most recent ancestor -- the one that gave rise to a newly formed branch. Of course, what's primitive or derived is relative to what branch an organism is on. In phylogenetics, a synapomorphy is a shared derived character or trait state that distinguishes a clade from other organisms. In other words, it is an apomorphy shared by members of a monophyletic group, and thus assumed to be present in their most recent common ancestor.

Hominidae/Homininae FAMILY

e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Synapsida Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Suborder: Haplorhini Superfamily: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae

Humans

either don't have or have hidden estrus. Some studies have suggested that 'mate guarding' (also a behavior of other animals, including lemurs) is present in humans, and is higher among men when their female partner is ovulating, especially in a new relationship. There was also a study that used lap dancing to study estrus, using tips as a proxy. The control group of women on the pill (who were not ovulating) had tips that stayed around the same amount all month. But the other women would get much higher groups during ovulation and much lower tips during their menses, with similar tips to the control group the rest of the month. It is unsure if female behavior is just different during these times, or if men can sense something (like pheromones).

Behavioral ecology

emerged from ethology after Niko Tinbergen outlined four questions to address when studying animal behavior which are the proximate causes, ontogeny ( the development of an individual organism or anatomical or behavioral feature from the earliest stage to maturity. Origin late 19th century: from Greek ōn, ont- 'being' + genesis 'birth.'), survival value, and phylogeny (the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms, or of a particular feature of an organism.) of behavior. Adaptive significance therefore refers to the beneficial qualities, in terms of increased survival and reproduction, a trait conveys. Genetic differences in individuals lead to behavioral differences that in turn drive differences in adaptation, reproductive success, and ultimately evolution.

Jane Goodall

famous for 55 years of work with chimpanzees in Tanzania

Receptivity

female is more interested when the male asks for sex

Lordosis

female reflexively puts up her rump when a male is behind her

Callitrichidae of the family Cebidae

he Callitrichidae are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets and tamarins Has pseudo claws. Usually give birth to twins (very odd) Males are very involved in parental care Practice polyandry: one female with multiple males

Chimpanzees in the Tai Forest

hunt in groups and are more coordinated not as wild

Alloparenting:

individuals other than the parents act in a parental role

Sociobiology

is a field of scientific study that is based on the hypothesis that social behavior has resulted from evolution and attempts to examine and explain social behavior within that context.

Coalitionary Support

is an example of this, and is when one gets support from close kin during disputes. The more social and/or friendly an individual is (even for low-rank females) the better chance of survival their offspring has.

Advertising Estrus

many other primate females display when they're in estrus through a small amount to a large amount of swelling or discoloration of their genitals. This is one way that the high-ranking males know when to have almost all of the sex during estrus. Females might compete with each other by displaying more swelling and thus having more males to mate with. They also give out pheromones. There are several other behaviors females have during ovulation.

Infraorder Anthropoidea

merged later than the strepsirrhines (about 50 million years ago) and have generally larger brain (both in absolute terms and in comparison to body size) and body sizes. Reduced olfaction reliance, as evidenced in the lack of the rhinarium, but they do have increased reliance on vision, reflected in their forward-facing eyes and greater degree of color vision Postorbital closure (the back of their eye is protected by a bony plate) Do not have a tooth comb Digits have nails instead of claws Have a longer gestation and maturation period and also show a greater degree of parental care Other anthropoids are often used in medical studies because of their similarity to humans (ALL ,MONKEYS, APES AND HUMANS

Vervet monkey communication

most significant studies done on vervet monkeys involve their communication and alarm calls,

homologous evolution

n the context of biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa. A common example of homologous structures in evolutionary biology are the wings of bats and the arms of primates.

analogy evolution

nalogy, in biology, similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different origins. For example, the wings of a fly, a moth, and a bird are analogous because they developed independently as adaptations to a common function—flying.

Galagos/Bushbabies

nown as bushbabies due to the sound of their calls (which sound like crying babies) that they make in the bush at night About 12 species Found in Sub-Saharan Africa Very active and agile leapers and clingers Diverse diets Distinguished by their large, independent, movable ears used for hunting insects LORISODE FAMILY

Polygyny and Polyandry

pol·y·an·dry ˈpälēˌandrē,ˌpälēˈandrē/ noun noun: polyandry polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband.

Zuckerman

studied baboons in a zoo in the United Kingdom and came to the conclusion that the baboons' behavior was dominated by their desire for power and sex. However, it was later discovered that this behavior was greatly influenced by the captive habitat, and this behavior would be much different in the wild, where the animals would have many other factors that drive behavior. For example, in the zoo there was a constant supply of food, so it was easier to gather together all of the food available and keep it from the others, whereas this behavior would be much more difficult in the wild where food can be gathered from a large variety of places.

Robert Yerkes May 26, 1876 - February 3, 1956

studied chimpanzees in captivity and started his own primate research institution in Atlanta, GA, studying cognition and social behavior.

Clarence Ray Carpenter November 28, 1905-1975

studied primates at Burro Colorado Island in Panama, and advocated for the study of animals in their natural habitats as opposed to captivity. who was one of the first scientific investigators to film and videotape the behavior of primates in their natural environments.