Anthropology 1050 Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 12
The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.
acculturation
The strong form of cultural relativism suggests that __________.
all patterns of culture are equally valid
Some scholars argue that cultural relativists are acting hypocritically by __________.
assuming that all cultures have similar ethical systems
Individuals have __________, but groups share __________.
behavior; culture
The conscious or unconscious pressure for cultural __________ will often produce cultural change.
consistency
Which of the following is a major source of new culture?
individual variation
The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.
language
Anthropologists, as well as other social scientists, feel that culture is __________.
learned and shared
Which of the following American norms might be seen as immoral or inferior by someone from another culture?
putting a baby to sleep in its own room
Which of the following is an example of forced acculturation?
schools for Native American children
According to Ralph Linton, what is the difference between discovery and invention?
Discovery is ideological, and invention is technological.
Why is hair color not considered a cultural trait?
Hair color is neither learned nor shared throughout the culture.
How does material culture differ from the broader concept of culture?
It is only present in societies with a market economy.
Which of the following describes the form of culture change known as diffusion?
Many of the foods we eat, such as pasta and chicken, were introduced to us through contact with different cultures around the world.
Which of the following illustrates an ideal cultural trait in U.S. society that does not correspond to practical reality?
People of all classes and races are equal before the law.
Why might a superior innovation not be adopted?
The habits of the old system are more important than finding something that works better.
How did early evolutionists tend to think of Western cultures?
They viewed Western cultures as being at the most progressive stage of evolution
The adoption and later elimination of the sepaade tradition among the Rendille is an example of __________.
a maladaptive custom
What are the ultimate sources of all cultural change?
Which of the following is a basic pattern of diffusion?
When a member of a group diverges from acceptable standards, or norms, of social behavior, he/she may be ridiculed, arrested, or otherwise pressured into conformity through what Emile Durkheim referred to as __________.
cultural constraints
The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________.
cultural relativism
An adaptive custom is one that __________.
enhances survival and reproduction
Ethnocentrism both hinders our understanding of other peoples' cultures and __________.
ensures that our culture will never change
Emile Durkheim stressed that culture is something __________ us exerting a strong __________ power on us.
outside; coercive
In what areas of American culture have the most drastic changes of cultural norms taken place in the last generation?
sex and marriage
Variations in individual behavior are confined within __________ acceptable limits.
socially
A __________ is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language. A) culture
society
Sequoya's idea to create a writing system for the Cherokee, after encountering written English, is an example of __________.
stimulus diffusion
The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.
suggests that they have a culture
Which of the following groups is most likely to be an early adopter of innovation?
the very poor
Which of the following statements is true regarding ethics across cultures?
All cultures have ethical standards, but what they emphasize varies
What does the concept of cultural integration mean?
Cultural elements are a fairly eclectic assortment.
Which of the following is an example of consistency of cultural traits?
English drive on the left side of the road, so they also have their steering wheels on the right side of the car.
Which of the following behaviors would most likely be subject to direct cultural constraints in American society?
choosing to wear nothing
The ideal cultural traits of a society __________.
consist of the cultural patterns that most people always exhibit
Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?
ethnocentrism
Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________.
ethnogenesis
While there are many negative consequences to globalization, the United Nations has suggested an improvement in __________.
literacy rates
Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we say that language is __________.
symbolic
What is the conceptual opposite of ethnocentrism?
the glorification of other cultures