Anthropology 205 Unit 1 Exam
Which is TRUE of how anthropologists choose groups to study?
Anthropologists study any human culture, even those in the anthropologist's own society.
Which is TRUE about adaptations through cultural mechanisms as opposed to biological mechanisms?
Cultural mechanisms are more rapid and flexible; biological mechanisms are genetic, and thus take many generations
The first modern definition of culture describes it as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This definition was written by
E.B. Tylor
Which anthropologist replaced social evolutionist ideas with more neutral descriptions of different societies (band, tribe, chiefdom, state)?
Elman Service
Anthropologists agree that human culture is progressive (that is, human life is getting better over time
F
Anthropologists only study distant cultures, not familiar ones
F
Anthropologists today still use Lewis Henry Morgan's model of savagery-barbarism-civilization
F
Bands have total egalitarianism, no differences in prestige or status
F
Caste states allow for significant social mobility within a person's lifetime
F
Chiefdoms are "acephalous," which means they have inherited leadership
F
Culture is unique to the species Homo sapien
F
Humans are the only species to recognize kinship
F
Jane Goodall studied Japanese macaques
F
Marrying within one's group is called exogamy
F
Matrilineal societies are always matriarchal.
F
Neanderthals were dim-witted and simple
F
Non-human primates never form lineages
F
Over time, all societies develop from band to tribe to chiefdom to state
F
Physical anthropology and archaeology are two names for the same subdiscipline
F
Polyandry is hypothetical; there are no ethnographic examples of it
F
Some chiefs are believed to have supernatural power, called shamanic power
F
Some people have more culture than others.
F
Some states have no social inequality
F
The first species with recognizable human culture is Australopithecine
F
There are no characteristics shared by all human groups
F
Which thinker advocated the idea of the "survival of the fittest"?
Herbert Spencer
Which ancient Greek scholar traveled to distant lands and recorded the customs of different peoples, much like a modern anthropologist
Herodotus
. Which human ancestor was the first to display recognizable human culture?
Homo erectus
. A good example of a matrilineal society is the
Hopi of Arizona
What is distinctive about humans and culture?
Humans make more elaborate use of symbols, language, and tools
Daniel Smith studied how globalization affects the marriage practices of the
Igbo of Nigeria
Which anthropologist viewed human culture as progressing historically from savagery to barbarism to civilization?
Lewis Henry Morgan
Fraternal polyandry is a rare practice, seen in the ethnographic example of
Nyinba (Tibet)
Much of the best ethnographic evidence of chiefdoms is from
Polynesia
Affinal relationships are established through marriage
T
All primate species generally avoid incestuous matings
T
Anthropologists agree that globalization is not producing a single world culture
T
Bands are "acephalous," which means they have no headman
T
Chiefdoms are larger than bands and tribes
T
Chimpanzees recognize kinship amongst themselves
T
Consanguineal relationships are established through descent, or "blood
T
Cultural relativism means there are no standards of right and wrong that can be across cultural boundaries.
T
Dictatorship, republic, and democracy are all forms of states
T
Ethnology is another name for cultural anthropology
T
Human beings use culture more intensively than any other species.
T
Humans are the only species to recognize in-laws through marriage
T
It is no longer possible to view cultures as geographically bounded
T
Lineages in chiefdoms are ranked
T
Marriage is a cultural universal
T
Reliance on kinship is less in states than in other political systems
T
Some anthropologist view kinship as entirely a cultural construction
T
The etic perspective is the one held by the outsider analyzing the culture
T
The field is the location of an anthropologist's fieldwork
T
The first species with recognizable human culture is Homo erectus
T
The religious worship of a kin group's founding being is called totemism
T
There are a few exceptions to the nearly-universal incest taboo
T
Transfer of wealth at marriage from groom's kin to bride's kin is called bridewealth
T
Tribes have larger populations than bands
T
Weltanschauung is the worldview of a group of people.
T
Why did humans begin relying more on culture for adaptation than on biology?
There are various theories that answer this question, and anthropologists are still debating the issue
Some baseball players believe that performing certain rituals before a game will increase the chance of winning. This belief is a(n)
Weltanschauung
Which types of societies do not have a centralized authority? a. band
a and b a. band b. tribe
Some anthropologists think of themselves as scientists, while others align themselves more with the humanities. In both cases, anthropology is classified as
a social science
The incest taboo, the explicit prohibition of intercourse with primary kin, is
a unique feature of the human species
When culture changes because an indigenous group is overtaken, and adopts the cultural traditions of the dominating group, this is called
acculturation
In a band, a person with strong charisma or skill may lead others to respect them and accord them extra prestige and status. This is called
achieved status
What are the two most important criteria for the division of labor in bands?
age and gender
Which of the following is sometimes considered a fifth subfield of anthropology?
applied anthropology
When anthropologists study the material remains of a society, such as buildings, tools, pots, and graves, this work is in the subdiscipline of
archaeology
Which type of society is acephalous?
band
The specialized leadership role in Highland New Guinea involved highly charismatic and persuasive men influencing the group. This role was called
big man
There seems to be a shift in marriage in the United States and Europe from __________ to ___________
biologically-based kinship to choice-based kinship
The belief that a chief has "mana" means that the chief
can access and manipulate a diffuse supernatural power
Elman Service's taxonomy of band-tribe-chiefdom-state is organized according to increasing degree of
complexity
When a common descent group owns property, assets, and rights, this is called a
corporate descent group
Kinship is the recognition of relationships based on ________ or __________.
descent or marriage
When culture changes because an idea or a practice spreads from one region to another, this is called
diffusion
Anthropology is an empirically based study of humans. "Empirical" means that anthropological knowledge is based on
direct experience
A baby learns the language and customs of her parents through everyday life, a learning that seems very natural. This process is called
enculturation
Traditionally, Navajo refer to themselves as Dine (the people), and refer to all other people as anaa (the enemy). This way of viewing self and other is an expression of
ethnocentrism
The written product of anthropological fieldwork is a(n)
ethnography
Which of the following is not a subdiscipline of anthropology
ethnography
Bands rely on consensus for decision-making. Consensus means
everyone may not fully agree, but everyone can live with the decision
When a cultural rule states a person must marry outside the group, this is called
exogamy
When a person is called "uncle," but he is neither affinal nor consanguineal relative, this is called
fictive kinship
In his study of cultural scale, John Bodley believes that over time, human culture is producing
greater social inequality
Anthropology looks at all aspects of human life. This perspective is called
holistic
The category Hominin includes
humans and their extinct ancestors after the divergence of the human line from a line shared with chimpanzees
Culture is an abstraction. Therefore,
it is a concept with heuristic value
In the absence of a centralized political authority, what is the organizing principle of political life in bands?
kinship
The most important corporate group structure that regulates life in tribes is
lineage
Which of the following is NOT one of the unique features of kinship among humans
linking mating and residence patterns to kinship
Which species use culture to promote their survival and adaptation?
many primates, including humans, and some other animals have culture
When a couple marries, they live in a residence separate from both sets of parents. This is called
neolocal
Women's status, across types of societies, depends principally on their
place in a kinship system
The larger category that includes both polygyny and polyandry is
polygamy
John Bodley describes human culture as moving from small-scale to large-scale to global-scale. In his view, the people responsible for these changes are
power elites
. In tribes, there are non-kinship based groupings that can sometimes compete with lineage. These are called
sodalities
Who is at the center of the Kinship Code?
the ego (one individual
Many tribal societies rely on initiation rituals. The practice of male sub incision was important in
the northwest part of Australia
Studies on chimpanzees, macaques, and bonobos show that
these animals have complex social interactions, including self-awareness and an ability to teach others
Neanderthals are of special interest to anthropologists because
they are quite recent in the fossil record, overlapping historically with modern humans
. Which of the following is NOT something that both humans and nonhuman primates do with kinship?
they prefer patrilineality
Jane Goodall's research showed that chimpanzees have the ability to make and use
tools
When a descent system traces ancestry through one line, mother's or father's, this is called
unilineal
Anthropologists Richard Lee and Marjorie Shostak studied a foraging society in the Kalahari Desert called
!Kung (or Ju/hoansi)
Which of the following is not TRUE about most primates? Most primates
. are matriarchal
Enculturation happens in some societies, but not in others.
/ F
In the United States, the divorce rate is around
50%