Anthropology 205 Unit 1 Exam

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Which is TRUE of how anthropologists choose groups to study?

Anthropologists study any human culture, even those in the anthropologist's own society.

Which is TRUE about adaptations through cultural mechanisms as opposed to biological mechanisms?

Cultural mechanisms are more rapid and flexible; biological mechanisms are genetic, and thus take many generations

The first modern definition of culture describes it as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This definition was written by

E.B. Tylor

Which anthropologist replaced social evolutionist ideas with more neutral descriptions of different societies (band, tribe, chiefdom, state)?

Elman Service

Anthropologists agree that human culture is progressive (that is, human life is getting better over time

F

Anthropologists only study distant cultures, not familiar ones

F

Anthropologists today still use Lewis Henry Morgan's model of savagery-barbarism-civilization

F

Bands have total egalitarianism, no differences in prestige or status

F

Caste states allow for significant social mobility within a person's lifetime

F

Chiefdoms are "acephalous," which means they have inherited leadership

F

Culture is unique to the species Homo sapien

F

Humans are the only species to recognize kinship

F

Jane Goodall studied Japanese macaques

F

Marrying within one's group is called exogamy

F

Matrilineal societies are always matriarchal.

F

Neanderthals were dim-witted and simple

F

Non-human primates never form lineages

F

Over time, all societies develop from band to tribe to chiefdom to state

F

Physical anthropology and archaeology are two names for the same subdiscipline

F

Polyandry is hypothetical; there are no ethnographic examples of it

F

Some chiefs are believed to have supernatural power, called shamanic power

F

Some people have more culture than others.

F

Some states have no social inequality

F

The first species with recognizable human culture is Australopithecine

F

There are no characteristics shared by all human groups

F

Which thinker advocated the idea of the "survival of the fittest"?

Herbert Spencer

Which ancient Greek scholar traveled to distant lands and recorded the customs of different peoples, much like a modern anthropologist

Herodotus

. Which human ancestor was the first to display recognizable human culture?

Homo erectus

. A good example of a matrilineal society is the

Hopi of Arizona

What is distinctive about humans and culture?

Humans make more elaborate use of symbols, language, and tools

Daniel Smith studied how globalization affects the marriage practices of the

Igbo of Nigeria

Which anthropologist viewed human culture as progressing historically from savagery to barbarism to civilization?

Lewis Henry Morgan

Fraternal polyandry is a rare practice, seen in the ethnographic example of

Nyinba (Tibet)

Much of the best ethnographic evidence of chiefdoms is from

Polynesia

Affinal relationships are established through marriage

T

All primate species generally avoid incestuous matings

T

Anthropologists agree that globalization is not producing a single world culture

T

Bands are "acephalous," which means they have no headman

T

Chiefdoms are larger than bands and tribes

T

Chimpanzees recognize kinship amongst themselves

T

Consanguineal relationships are established through descent, or "blood

T

Cultural relativism means there are no standards of right and wrong that can be across cultural boundaries.

T

Dictatorship, republic, and democracy are all forms of states

T

Ethnology is another name for cultural anthropology

T

Human beings use culture more intensively than any other species.

T

Humans are the only species to recognize in-laws through marriage

T

It is no longer possible to view cultures as geographically bounded

T

Lineages in chiefdoms are ranked

T

Marriage is a cultural universal

T

Reliance on kinship is less in states than in other political systems

T

Some anthropologist view kinship as entirely a cultural construction

T

The etic perspective is the one held by the outsider analyzing the culture

T

The field is the location of an anthropologist's fieldwork

T

The first species with recognizable human culture is Homo erectus

T

The religious worship of a kin group's founding being is called totemism

T

There are a few exceptions to the nearly-universal incest taboo

T

Transfer of wealth at marriage from groom's kin to bride's kin is called bridewealth

T

Tribes have larger populations than bands

T

Weltanschauung is the worldview of a group of people.

T

Why did humans begin relying more on culture for adaptation than on biology?

There are various theories that answer this question, and anthropologists are still debating the issue

Some baseball players believe that performing certain rituals before a game will increase the chance of winning. This belief is a(n)

Weltanschauung

Which types of societies do not have a centralized authority? a. band

a and b a. band b. tribe

Some anthropologists think of themselves as scientists, while others align themselves more with the humanities. In both cases, anthropology is classified as

a social science

The incest taboo, the explicit prohibition of intercourse with primary kin, is

a unique feature of the human species

When culture changes because an indigenous group is overtaken, and adopts the cultural traditions of the dominating group, this is called

acculturation

In a band, a person with strong charisma or skill may lead others to respect them and accord them extra prestige and status. This is called

achieved status

What are the two most important criteria for the division of labor in bands?

age and gender

Which of the following is sometimes considered a fifth subfield of anthropology?

applied anthropology

When anthropologists study the material remains of a society, such as buildings, tools, pots, and graves, this work is in the subdiscipline of

archaeology

Which type of society is acephalous?

band

The specialized leadership role in Highland New Guinea involved highly charismatic and persuasive men influencing the group. This role was called

big man

There seems to be a shift in marriage in the United States and Europe from __________ to ___________

biologically-based kinship to choice-based kinship

The belief that a chief has "mana" means that the chief

can access and manipulate a diffuse supernatural power

Elman Service's taxonomy of band-tribe-chiefdom-state is organized according to increasing degree of

complexity

When a common descent group owns property, assets, and rights, this is called a

corporate descent group

Kinship is the recognition of relationships based on ________ or __________.

descent or marriage

When culture changes because an idea or a practice spreads from one region to another, this is called

diffusion

Anthropology is an empirically based study of humans. "Empirical" means that anthropological knowledge is based on

direct experience

A baby learns the language and customs of her parents through everyday life, a learning that seems very natural. This process is called

enculturation

Traditionally, Navajo refer to themselves as Dine (the people), and refer to all other people as anaa (the enemy). This way of viewing self and other is an expression of

ethnocentrism

The written product of anthropological fieldwork is a(n)

ethnography

Which of the following is not a subdiscipline of anthropology

ethnography

Bands rely on consensus for decision-making. Consensus means

everyone may not fully agree, but everyone can live with the decision

When a cultural rule states a person must marry outside the group, this is called

exogamy

When a person is called "uncle," but he is neither affinal nor consanguineal relative, this is called

fictive kinship

In his study of cultural scale, John Bodley believes that over time, human culture is producing

greater social inequality

Anthropology looks at all aspects of human life. This perspective is called

holistic

The category Hominin includes

humans and their extinct ancestors after the divergence of the human line from a line shared with chimpanzees

Culture is an abstraction. Therefore,

it is a concept with heuristic value

In the absence of a centralized political authority, what is the organizing principle of political life in bands?

kinship

The most important corporate group structure that regulates life in tribes is

lineage

Which of the following is NOT one of the unique features of kinship among humans

linking mating and residence patterns to kinship

Which species use culture to promote their survival and adaptation?

many primates, including humans, and some other animals have culture

When a couple marries, they live in a residence separate from both sets of parents. This is called

neolocal

Women's status, across types of societies, depends principally on their

place in a kinship system

The larger category that includes both polygyny and polyandry is

polygamy

John Bodley describes human culture as moving from small-scale to large-scale to global-scale. In his view, the people responsible for these changes are

power elites

. In tribes, there are non-kinship based groupings that can sometimes compete with lineage. These are called

sodalities

Who is at the center of the Kinship Code?

the ego (one individual

Many tribal societies rely on initiation rituals. The practice of male sub incision was important in

the northwest part of Australia

Studies on chimpanzees, macaques, and bonobos show that

these animals have complex social interactions, including self-awareness and an ability to teach others

Neanderthals are of special interest to anthropologists because

they are quite recent in the fossil record, overlapping historically with modern humans

. Which of the following is NOT something that both humans and nonhuman primates do with kinship?

they prefer patrilineality

Jane Goodall's research showed that chimpanzees have the ability to make and use

tools

When a descent system traces ancestry through one line, mother's or father's, this is called

unilineal

Anthropologists Richard Lee and Marjorie Shostak studied a foraging society in the Kalahari Desert called

!Kung (or Ju/hoansi)

Which of the following is not TRUE about most primates? Most primates

. are matriarchal

Enculturation happens in some societies, but not in others.

/ F

In the United States, the divorce rate is around

50%


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