Anthropology

What new tools become more common in the tool kits of the Archaic peoples as the glacier retreated?

tools for grinding seeds and nuts

The single-origin theory is also known as the _________________ theory.

total replacement

Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic?

Art

Anthropologist speculate that the early tools were made by

Early Homo

What is the currently accepted scientific name for the Neandertals?

Homo neandertalensis

Only _________________ fossils have been found in North and South America.

Homo sapiens

What evidence exists to suggest that Homo erectus wore some sort of clothing?

their tools are similar to hide-processing tools used by modern people

Middle Paleolithic period in Africa is called the ______________________.

Middle stone age

Large game animals of the Upper Paleolithic period were known as _____________________ megafauna.

Pleistocene

The tool tradition identified with Homo erectus is the

acheulian

The ____________________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.

assimilation

How long did the Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?

between 20,000 and 60,000 years

One early tool of the Acheulian tradition is known as the hand axe. Scientists think the hand axe was mostly used for

butchering large animals

What is notable about the Homo erectus skull found at Dmanisi?

it has some features that are reminiscent of Homo habilis

Fossils and archaeological records indicate that early hominins were

Social

How would cooking with fire be adaptive?

It makes food more safely digestible.

Toward the end of the Acheulian period, a technique developed that enabled toolmakers to produce flake tools of a predetermined size, which was called the __________ method.

Levalloisian

Which term can be used to refer to the entire culture of Homo erectus

Lower Paleolithic

Y chromosome evidence traces descent from _______________________.

Males only

______________ claimed that Neandertals would not have been capable of complete bipedalism.

Marcellin Boule

With all the evidence for Neandertals and humans being different species, why is there still debate about their evolutionary relationship?

Neandertal culture has many similarities with early human culture

What non-genetic evidence supports the idea that Neandertals and humans may have interbred?

Neandertals adopted human toolmaking techniques

What is the major principle of the single-origin theory?

Neandertals became extinct and did not interbreed with modern humans

Earliest stone tools found in East Africa

Oldowan

The Y chromosome research suggests that the most recent ancestor lived about ______________ than the date determined by mtDNA.

100,000 years later

In ____________, the first Neandertal fossils were found in the Neander Valley, near Dusseldorf, Germany

1856

Later Stone Age settlements in ___________ were contemporary with the Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe and North America.

Africa

The earlies known modern-looking humans found so far lived in __________________.

Africa

During the Upper Paleolithic, people migrated to Australia and New Guinea from ______________________.

Asia

The most supported alternative to the Beringia model of movement of Native Americans is that they came to the Americas from ______________.

Asia by boat

What features are characteristics of the Venus figurines?

Broad hips and large breast

Most of the remains that have been excavated from Upper Paleolithic sites have been found in ___________________.

Caves and rock shelters

The site of which city would have been covered by ice in Upper Paleolithic times?

Chicago

We definitely know that early Olduvai hominins used tools to

Cut up animal carcasses for meat

Archaeologists believe some populations at the end of the Upper Paleolithic period were induced to alter their food-getting strategies due to

Environmental changes.

Homo erectus fossils were first discovered by

Eugene Dubois

The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of

Food Sharing

One of the most important tool types invented by Homo erectus was the

Hand Axe

What Ecological pattern for early homo has been determined from the analysis of stone tools in the lower beds of Olduvai George

They moved around throughout the year

Based on your knowledge of the Neandertal's environments, diet, and social life, what do you expect was the function of their heavy wooden spears?

They were used for big game hunting

Recent genetic evidence suggests that the expansion of the brain might be related to

a mutation in the muscles of the jaw

The subjects of European cave paintings are mostly _____________________.

animals

Which of these is the earliest evidence of art?

carvings

What is the main argument used to support the multiregional theory?

continuity

What innovation from Upper Paleolithic culture had the most lasting importance for humans, both in the Old and New Worlds?

domestication of plants and animals

When would a toolmaker use pressure flaking?

in the final stages of retouching a tool

How does sexual dimorphism compare between Homo erectus and other hominin species?

it was about the same as in Homo sapiens

The fundamental difference between culture and most other forms of animal behavior is that culture is

learned and shared

What feature of Mousterian tools suggests that they were hafted?

many of them were thinned or shaped on one side

Which of these foods would most likely be found in the diet of a European Neandertal?

reindeer

Where would you be most likely to find Clovis points?

the Midwest

How did the environmental change at the end of the Upper Paleolithic affect hunting patterns?

the density of big game animals decreased, forcing people to shift their attention to plants, fish, and small game

According to Theodosius Dobzhansky, socialization and learning processes on which transmission of culture wholly depends are tied to the length of

the dependency period of human infants

Why did the Upper Paleolithic cultures rely on hunting for food?

there were vast supplies of meat available

How did Greenberg and Ruhlen come to the conclusion that there were three waves of migration into the New World?

they compared the indigenous languages of North and South America

What purpose might the caches of stone tools and stones for toolmaking left at various sites in East Africa serve for the hominins who made them?

they facilitated recurrent food collecting and processing at the site

What has genetic evidence suggested about the phenotype of Neandertals?

they had fair skin and some had red hair

What does the degree of variation in modern human mtDNA suggest?

we all share relatively recent common ancestry

Does the presence of tool traditions indicate the existence of culture?

yes, because making tools is a pattern of behavior shared by a group of individuals

The Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using _________________.

Spear throwers