Anthropology
What new tools become more common in the tool kits of the Archaic peoples as the glacier retreated?
tools for grinding seeds and nuts
The single-origin theory is also known as the _________________ theory.
total replacement
Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic?
Art
Anthropologist speculate that the early tools were made by
Early Homo
What is the currently accepted scientific name for the Neandertals?
Homo neandertalensis
Only _________________ fossils have been found in North and South America.
Homo sapiens
What evidence exists to suggest that Homo erectus wore some sort of clothing?
their tools are similar to hide-processing tools used by modern people
Middle Paleolithic period in Africa is called the ______________________.
Middle stone age
Large game animals of the Upper Paleolithic period were known as _____________________ megafauna.
Pleistocene
The tool tradition identified with Homo erectus is the
acheulian
The ____________________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.
assimilation
How long did the Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?
between 20,000 and 60,000 years
One early tool of the Acheulian tradition is known as the hand axe. Scientists think the hand axe was mostly used for
butchering large animals
What is notable about the Homo erectus skull found at Dmanisi?
it has some features that are reminiscent of Homo habilis
Fossils and archaeological records indicate that early hominins were
Social
How would cooking with fire be adaptive?
It makes food more safely digestible.
Toward the end of the Acheulian period, a technique developed that enabled toolmakers to produce flake tools of a predetermined size, which was called the __________ method.
Levalloisian
Which term can be used to refer to the entire culture of Homo erectus
Lower Paleolithic
Y chromosome evidence traces descent from _______________________.
Males only
______________ claimed that Neandertals would not have been capable of complete bipedalism.
Marcellin Boule
With all the evidence for Neandertals and humans being different species, why is there still debate about their evolutionary relationship?
Neandertal culture has many similarities with early human culture
What non-genetic evidence supports the idea that Neandertals and humans may have interbred?
Neandertals adopted human toolmaking techniques
What is the major principle of the single-origin theory?
Neandertals became extinct and did not interbreed with modern humans
Earliest stone tools found in East Africa
Oldowan
The Y chromosome research suggests that the most recent ancestor lived about ______________ than the date determined by mtDNA.
100,000 years later
In ____________, the first Neandertal fossils were found in the Neander Valley, near Dusseldorf, Germany
1856
Later Stone Age settlements in ___________ were contemporary with the Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe and North America.
Africa
The earlies known modern-looking humans found so far lived in __________________.
Africa
During the Upper Paleolithic, people migrated to Australia and New Guinea from ______________________.
Asia
The most supported alternative to the Beringia model of movement of Native Americans is that they came to the Americas from ______________.
Asia by boat
What features are characteristics of the Venus figurines?
Broad hips and large breast
Most of the remains that have been excavated from Upper Paleolithic sites have been found in ___________________.
Caves and rock shelters
The site of which city would have been covered by ice in Upper Paleolithic times?
Chicago
We definitely know that early Olduvai hominins used tools to
Cut up animal carcasses for meat
Archaeologists believe some populations at the end of the Upper Paleolithic period were induced to alter their food-getting strategies due to
Environmental changes.
Homo erectus fossils were first discovered by
Eugene Dubois
The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of
Food Sharing
One of the most important tool types invented by Homo erectus was the
Hand Axe
What Ecological pattern for early homo has been determined from the analysis of stone tools in the lower beds of Olduvai George
They moved around throughout the year
Based on your knowledge of the Neandertal's environments, diet, and social life, what do you expect was the function of their heavy wooden spears?
They were used for big game hunting
Recent genetic evidence suggests that the expansion of the brain might be related to
a mutation in the muscles of the jaw
The subjects of European cave paintings are mostly _____________________.
animals
Which of these is the earliest evidence of art?
carvings
What is the main argument used to support the multiregional theory?
continuity
What innovation from Upper Paleolithic culture had the most lasting importance for humans, both in the Old and New Worlds?
domestication of plants and animals
When would a toolmaker use pressure flaking?
in the final stages of retouching a tool
How does sexual dimorphism compare between Homo erectus and other hominin species?
it was about the same as in Homo sapiens
The fundamental difference between culture and most other forms of animal behavior is that culture is
learned and shared
What feature of Mousterian tools suggests that they were hafted?
many of them were thinned or shaped on one side
Which of these foods would most likely be found in the diet of a European Neandertal?
reindeer
Where would you be most likely to find Clovis points?
the Midwest
How did the environmental change at the end of the Upper Paleolithic affect hunting patterns?
the density of big game animals decreased, forcing people to shift their attention to plants, fish, and small game
According to Theodosius Dobzhansky, socialization and learning processes on which transmission of culture wholly depends are tied to the length of
the dependency period of human infants
Why did the Upper Paleolithic cultures rely on hunting for food?
there were vast supplies of meat available
How did Greenberg and Ruhlen come to the conclusion that there were three waves of migration into the New World?
they compared the indigenous languages of North and South America
What purpose might the caches of stone tools and stones for toolmaking left at various sites in East Africa serve for the hominins who made them?
they facilitated recurrent food collecting and processing at the site
What has genetic evidence suggested about the phenotype of Neandertals?
they had fair skin and some had red hair
What does the degree of variation in modern human mtDNA suggest?
we all share relatively recent common ancestry
Does the presence of tool traditions indicate the existence of culture?
yes, because making tools is a pattern of behavior shared by a group of individuals
The Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using _________________.
Spear throwers