Anthropology
Sir E.B. Tylor is known for
-writing a book called Primitive Culture -writing a definition of "culture" that is widely considered to be the foundation of the culture concept -becoming the first professor of anthropology at Oxford University
Although there is overlap, how does ethnicity (membership in an ethnic group) differ from race?
An ethnic group claims a distinct identity based on cultural characteristics and a shared heritage, while race defines groups based on arbitrary physical traits
How does a fable become a tradition within a culture?
By being retold and accepted by others in the community
The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics stresses which of the following ethical responsibilities?
Do no harm
Which type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife?
Dowry
All of the following statements are correct about subsistence types, EXCEPT
Each society practices only one of the four subsistence types.
The types of societies most likely to recolonize women's economic reproductive contributions, as well as be more egalitarian in terms of gender relations are
Foraging and horticultural societies
How does chapter author McDowell understand the political organization of ISIS (also called the Islamic State)?
He argues that ISIS will not become a state because it lacks many of the required aspects of state organization.
What was the problem with Flaherty's "documentary" film, Nanook of the North?
He created the scenery from theater backdrops instead of filming in the Canadian Arctic
Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the U.S.'s mainstream Anglo Protestant society)?
Irish Italian Jewish
What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?
Many peoples of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another
To which of the following does ethnography NOT refer?
Novels written by cultural anthropologists
How do anthropologists understand the ritual of Christmas for its participants?
Participants engage in the process of buying, wrapping, and giving gifts to celebrate personal social relations within a sphere of monetary exchange
Anthropologists researching gender in the 1980's came to the conclusion that everlasting male dominance in any culture ?
Should be examined though the lens of different components of status and soci-economic and identify variables
What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis propose?
The language you speak allows you to think about some things and not others
Author Peggy McIntosh (1988) talks about the unearned benefits and advantages associated with being a "white" person in the United States. The term that she coined in her essay to refer to this set of advantages is
White privilege
The series of steps a food product takes from the field to the store is called
a commodity chain
The salaula (secondhand clothes markets) of Zambia is an example of
a highly successful informal economy that operates within a global system
The vocabulary of a language is called
a lexicon
In Hawaiian kinship terminology, there are
a smaller number of kinship terms, grouping you (Ego), your brothers and sisters, and your cousins together under the term "child"
The term primitive is a term that implies all of the following EXCEPT
an objective and neutral approach to newly encountered peoples
In anthropology, descent from a common ancestor is referred to as
connective descent
The process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service is called
consumption
The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry outside of one's own cultural group is called
exogamy
The set if ideas about the categories of gender, and the beliefs, behaviors and meaning associated with each gender, is referred to as ?
gender ideology
People whose gardens supply the majority of their food are called
horticulturalists
A socially constructed racial classification system in which a person of mixed racial heritage is automatically categorized as a member of the less (or least) privileged group is called
hypodescent
At the level of the state, the law becomes
increasingly formal
Complex belief systems often developed by those in power to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate system of quaintly are referred to as
legitimizing ideologies
Scholars who create racial classification schemes that use general categories that span a large geographic area (often continents) are known as
lumpers
A social contract between (most often) 2 individuals and potentially their families that specificity rights and obligations of their unions and their offspring is how anthropologist think of ?
marriage
The Nigerian email scams that ask Western strangers for money, and promise reciprocity, can best be understood as
negative reciprocity
"Going native" means that an anthropologist
participates more fully in local life than an observer, becoming romantically or sexually involved with Native people and/or taking on leadership roles in society
A male-dominated political and authority structure and an ideology that privileges males over females overall is called
patriarchal
Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side (or in the paternal line). This form of descent is referred to as
patrilineal
The residence pattern in which a couple resides with their husband's father's family after marriage is called
patrilocal
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is
polyandry
The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as
racial formation
Societies that have greater differentiation between individuals and their kin groups, resulting in sumptuary rules that permit higher-status individuals to wear distinctive clothing or other decorations, are called
ranked societies
The three modes of exchange are
reciprocity, market exchange, and redistribution
The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date is
redistribution
The process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated by people that it becomes an unquestioned "truth" is called
reification
Any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting is called a/an
role
The social relations through which human labor is used to transform energy from nature using tools, skills, organization, and knowledge, is called
the mode of production
Matrilineal descent refers to the recognition of descent through
the mother's line only
In Slavonia, where the chapter author (Gilliland) conducted research, agricultural households
were very small, with each family living apart from any relatives in nuclear households
Widely known as the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas insisted that
while cultures differ, they are not superior to nor inferior than one another
"Honor killings", such as those committed by conservative Muslims in Pakistan, are a tragic consequence of ?
A family who believes that a female member of their household has shammed them though her sexually.
Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of anthropology in the United States?
Athletic anthropology
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?
Class stratification does exist in foraging societies, only it is kept hidden from nosy anthropologists
Societies with tributary production generally share which of the following features?
Communities of kin own and work the land; tribute collected is exchanged with the producers and reinvested into other kin-based communities
What is the most common form of family structure cross-culturally
Extended family
The often unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normantaite sexual choices and family formation is called
Heteronormativity
Which statement best represents the practice of horticulture?
Horticulturalists move their gardens periodically, use simple tools, and largely consume their own crops
General purpose money is
-a medium of exchange for all kinds of goods and services -a way to assign interchangeable values -a tool for storing wealth
After marriage in Dobu, Papua New Guinea, couples would practice bilocal residence, meaning they would
-alternate years living in the husband's village and in the wife's village -separate, with the husband living in his own village and the wife living in hers -build homes in two villages and move between them weekly in order to develop their presence in both
Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Chapter 7/8
Chapter 7/8
It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?
If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from U.S. and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.
Parenthood and other kinship roles and relationships are rooted in ?
-legal relationships -cultural expectations -social roles
How can we best understand the use of the term "dialect?"
A dialect is a variation of a language, usually distributed across geographic regions, that is considered lower in social and political prestige to another "standard" variety.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Chapter 3/4
Chapter 3/4
Sharing of food and other resources among members of foraging groups
Is a survival strategy that reinforces social equality and helps the group get through times of scarcity
Among people who self-identify as "white," one aspect of their lives tends to influence their experience of society and the advantages conferred, more than other aspects. This important feature is
socio-economic status (social class)
The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is
sororal polygyny
The idea that a U.S. bride would wear a white dress to her wedding, but a Chinese bride would wear red, relies on the __________ meaning of colors in different cultures.
symbolic
The field of linguistics that focuses on the study of the meanings of words and other morphemes, as well as how the meanings of phrases derive from them is called
semantics
Medical anthropologists
undertake both applied and theoretical anthropology. draw on all four subdisciplines of anthropology. explore the environmental, social, and cultural conditions that impact the experience of illnes.
Anthropologist Eric Wolf argued that human consciousness is determined by this basic human activity
work
Gifts that are given without agreeing upon the exact value of the gift, nor the time frame within which it should be returned, demonstrates
generalized reciprocity
Which vitamin, important for healthy bone growth, does sunlight help produce?
Vitamin D
The old stereotypes of primates as living in male-centered, male-dominated groups came from 1960's research on ?
baboon groups led by males, established by force, who provided internal and external defense of the "troop"
Which of the following would likely NOT be utilized by an archeologist doing research?
bacteria
At Halloween each year, the author joins in giving out handfuls of candy to neighborhood children. This type of reciprocity is not
balanced generic productive
The Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islands, a ceremonial exchange of arm bands and necklaces, best illustrates
balanced reciprocity
The most common form of descent pattern practiced in the United States is referred to as
bilateral
Most often, ethnographers include in their writing
both emic and etic perspectives
A child born into a traditional Croatian family will use different terms to refer to their mother's brother and father's brother as a reflection of
the different roles that these uncles play in a child's life based on an earlier agricultural lifestyle
Sometimes an anthropologist does research on a particular group in order to lend their expertise to help fight for justice and equality for that group. In your text, this approach to research is called
Activist Anthropology
The cultivation of domesticated plants and animals using technologies such as irrigation, draft animals, mechanization, and chemical inputs such as fertilizers is known as
Agriculture
What is armchair anthropology?
An approach that uses the stories and experiences of others to measure other cultures from one's own (superior) vantage point
What do paleoanthropologists study?
Ancient human relatives
How do anthropologists today evaluate Marshall Sahlins' statement that foragers are "the original affluent society?"
Anthropologists know that foragers' work and leisure time depends on the availability of resources, making this statement overly romantic
According to the authors, in the story of Gulliver's Travels, which character(s) becomes The Other?
Both Gulliver and the Lilliputians
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
Henry Morgan's argument that all societies "progress" through the same stages of development (savagery, barbarism, civilization) is an example of what type of thinking?
Ethnocentric
One of the main differences between the anthropology that developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries in North America and Europe was that
European anthropology focused more on social institutions (such as family or political organizations), and how they interact with culture
What was the eventual result of the debate within the American Anthropological Association (AAA) over Napoleon Chagnon's actions among the Yanomami?
He was found to be free of all charges, and exonerated.
Who wrote the book commonly known as Al Rihla, considered to be among the first examples of early pre-anthropological writing?
Ibn Battuta
In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?
Immersive fieldwork
How do anthropologists understand the concept of The Other?
It is a term that describes people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own; an outsider or stranger
What is ethnocentrism?
It is the belief that one's own culture is better than others
Which of the following does NOT describe culture?
It is the genetic range of a society or subgroup
Biological anthropology and archaeology use what kind of approach to research?
Linguistic
How did the "Age of Enlightenment" plant seeds for many academic disciplines, including anthropology?
Ordinary people could learn the "truth" through observation and experience
The Garbage Project and "African Burial Ground" are examples of which branch of anthropology?
Paleoanthropology
What term is used to refer to the immersive, long-term research that cultural anthropologists undertake?
Participant-observation fieldwork
Which of the following subsistence activities is an example of a delayed return system?
Planting seeds
What is the most accurate relationship between subsistence activities and other aspects of society?
Subsistence activities are linked to kinship, because family members play an essential role in providing food for the household Subsistence activities play a role in religious belief systems, such as what rituals are performed to ensure a steady food supply Subsistence activities and economics are tightly interwoven through production and exchange of food items
In the Trobriand Islands, which of the following best represents the relationship between people and their yams?
Women own the yams, and men share what they grow with women Yams are believed to be living beings with minds of their own who may wander away at night if they are not charmed into place with magic A large yam pile in a man's house demonstrates he is well-liked and maintains his relationships in the community
Code-switching is a speech act in which
a speaker uses several language varieties in a particular interaction
Rarely, foraging groups may become sedentary instead of nomadic. This is possible when
abundant natural resources create a food surplus, allowing some members of society to pursue other occupations than foraging
In cultural anthropology, the term "belief" refers to
all mental aspects of culture
Anthropologist Bob Myers argues that
anthropology seeks to illustrate the potential for human life. anthropology seeks to demonstrate that the way of doing things we know best is neither normal nor necessarily right. anthropology does not seek to exoticize those who live differently from us.
The study of human origins, evolution, and variation is known as
biological anthropology
The term that anthropologists use to quantify the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land to support a human population is
carrying capacity
The communication of animals using sounds and visual cues (such as color changes, expressions, or body movements) is referred to as a
closed system
The American Anthropological Association's (AAA) Code of Ethics specifies all of the following guidelines EXCEPT
complete your research by any means necessary
The "three sisters" crops of the New World are
corn (maize), beans, and squash
The principle that a culture must be understood on its own terms rather than compared to an outsider's standard is called
cultural relativism
The best horticultural crops are
easy to grow, store, and distribute
The idea that one's own group is better than any other is called
ethnocentrism
The in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people is referred to as
ethnography
The controversial diary of Malinowski, written while he was doing fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands, was published after his death. Although we cannot ask him to explain, one of the lessons that we learned from the diary was that
even important ethnographers in the discipline's history may have been deeply prejudiced personally against their study participants
All of the following are true about foragers EXCEPT
foragers typically raise animals in order to supplement their protein with animal milk
A mode of subsistence defined by it reliance on wild plant and animal food resources already available in the environment is called
foraging
A cultural anthropologist studying the meaning of marriage in a small village in India might consider local gender norms, existing family networks, laws regarding marriage, religious rules, and economic factors. This is an example of
holism
In English, we say: "I love you." In Spanish, there are many ways of conveying different types of love, such as te quiero, te amo, and te adoro. These differences are an example of
how language may influence our views of the world
The term for all forms of human body language is
kinesics
In Maasai pastoralist society, women
manage the cattle and other domestic duties, but do not own their cattle
The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that cultural traditions developed as a result of
the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood
In a pastoralist society, wealth and status are measured by
the number of animals a person owns
n the book Darkness in El Dorado (2000), Patrick Tierney published a book in which he aimed to expose the practices of two ethnographers who worked among the Yanomami of the Amazonian rainforest. He made all of the following claims against Napoleon Chagnon and James Neel EXCEPT
they introduced cigarettes, creating an epidemic of lung cancer
Pastoralists raise animals in order to
use animal dung for fuel for their cooking fires utilize the food products of the animal use the fur and wool of animals for warmth and clothing
Thomas Malthus' idea that connects population and resources basically argues that
without something to slow it down, a population will grow faster than the resources that the environment can provide
To which of the following groups can anthropology contribute important forms of knowledge?
Feminist movements LGBTQ movements Indigenous movements
The four modes of subsistence recognized by anthropologists are
Foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture
Darjeeling tea companies are marketing their product with labeling practices that appeal to Western consumers. Meanwhile, the workers who pick tea leaves in Darjeeling, India
still work within a highly unequal system in which they rely on plantation owners for pay, food, housing, and medical care
A form of violence in which a social structure or institution harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs is called
structural violence
Marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other is called
serial monogamy
A Japanese person of Buraku descent (Burakumin) can be distinguished from non-Buraku Japanese by
social stigma based on ancestry
Cultural relativism argues that we should seek to
understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own
The general idea of Chomsky's Universal Grammar is that
all normally developing human infants have an innate ability to acquire the language(s) used around them
Scholars who create localized, regional racial classification schemes which attempt to be more "precise" are known as
splitters
Which of the following social supports leads to the development of athletes who excel in a particular sport?
-A strong cultural preference for the sport -A high degree of prestige for those who excel -Social and economic opportunities within the sport, especially for youth
How did the 19th and mid-20th century belief systems in the US classify gender and sexually?
-Homosexuality was the thought of appropriate gender role behavior, such as "effeminate" men or "butch" women -Masculine men and feminine women are assumed to be the "natural" gender expressions for each gender -heterosexuality was thought to be "normal" and "natural"
The oralist approach to the education of Deaf and hard-of-hearing people
-is criticized by members of the Deaf community as a threat to Deaf culture -attempts to prevent Deaf children from using signed languages and teach them to blend in to the hearing community by lip reading -approaches deafness as a medical disability, an idea the Deaf community does not share
Which subfield of anthropology aims to solve specific practical problems in collaboration with governmental, non-profit, and community organizations?
Applied anthropology
What is the term for the process of participant-observation fieldwork in cultural anthropology?
Ethnography
According to Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are
capitalist, reciprocal, and redistributive
