Anthropology Exam 2 (Anderson)
Primate Phylogenetic tree
-anthropoids: all monkeys, apes, humans -least closely related to us are the platyrrhines or the new world monkeys
Early primate studies
- Comparative primate anatomy - Early behavioral studies -unsystematic - studied animals in captivity
Reduced dentition
- Derived dental formulas -We have fewer numbers of teeth in our mouth (also types of teeth) than others
Miocene hominoids: Asia
-European apes migrate into Asia ~ 15 Ma -Sivapithecus -India ~ 12.2 Ma -Only Miocene ape firmly linked to modern ape -Arboreal quadruped with climbing capabilities -Yuanmoupithecus -possible gibbon/siamang ancestor -9 Ma in China -only one hominoids that people have any firm or definitive to modern apes -looks like an orangutan -may be ancestral to the modern orangutan
Why be social?
Disadvantages -Food competition -Predator visibility -mate competition -social tension/violence Advantages -Access to food -Predator defense -Mate access -Assistance in care of young Being social (an evolved strategy) makes sense in certain environments but not in others
Tarsiers
Gigantic eyes
______ accounts for a majority of the mass of the human skeleton
Inorganic materials
All of the following are part of the postcranial skeleton EXCEPT:
a. Patella b. metatarsals c. occipital d. os coxae e. coccyx -Occipital
Which of the following statements about carbon 14 dating is correct?
a. it can only be used on volcanic materials b. it rarely needs to be calibrated with other methods c. it can be used to directly date fossilized remains d. it can be used to date things older than 50,000 years e. it can only be used on organic remains e. it can only be used on organic remains
Social group and testes size
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Locomotor Modes
- Arboreal quadruped - Terrestrial quadruped -knuckle-walking - Vertical clinger and leaper - Suspensory/Brachiation - Orthograde bidepedalism
Our heritage as mammals
- As mammals -Possess modified sweat glands that produce milks -As Eutherian mammals: -placenta: organ that allows exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste elimination during gestation -Other shared derived traits with mammals: -Increased brain size -Enlarged cerebral cortex -Emphasis on quality offspring and socialization -K-selected (quality over quantity)
Post-WW2 shift
- Field studies: Studying free-ranging primates in natural habitats using evolutionary perspective
Cercopithecines
- Fossil macaques similar to extant - Baboons ~ late Miocene -modern baboons by Pliocene - Theropithecus -specialized grass seed eaters - dominate fossil assemblages
Functional morphology
- Functional morphology: using skeletal shape to estimate locomotor capabilities - How do you think we can apply this is to fossil record? -comparisons -Qualitative and quantitative analyses
Primitive Primate Traits
- Have shared derived traits with all mammals -Makes them primitive for primates -Each primate group in turn has own set of shared derived traits
Non-Human primates
- Help us understand human biology and evolutionary history - Reconstruct steps -ID evolutionary forces -Modern analogues for ancestors
Comparative Method
- Helps us: -ID adaptations in morphology, physiology, and behavior -Understand evolutionary processes that made us human -example: human brain size -Can help us interpret fossils -Linking anatomy with behavior and ecology
Locomotor trend example
- Intermembral Index (IMI): arm length/leg length -IMI<100 legs longer than arms -vertical clinging/leaping -bipedalism -IMI>100 legs shorter than arms -suspensory/brachiation -IMI = 100 +- 10ish arm and leg similar length -quadrupedalism
Relatively slow life history
- Longer gestation, maturation period, age to reproduction and life span
lesser apes: gibbons and siamangs
-SE Asia -extreme brachiation -"lesser" = smaller
Link to Humans
- Modern chimp, gorilla and human lineages not established until late Miocene (5ish Ma) - Gap in the fossil record 10-5 Ma - Molecular data now being applied
Humans are Primates
- Non-Human primates are our closest living relatives (many shared served traits) -Last common ancestor (LCA) of humans and chimps/bonobos lived (7ish Ma) -Next closest: gorilla
Haplorhines: dry nosed
- they don't have that wet nose -tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans -Greater reliance on sight -Post-orbital bar -post-orbital closure -More pronounced orbital convergence -no tapetum lucidum -Decreased reliance on smell -dry nose (no rhinarium) -reduced snout -larger brain -no dental comb
Mammals in context
-1st mammals in mesozoic -1st Eutherian ~ 160-125 Ma -Undergo adaptive radiation ~65 Ma -Adaptive radiation: rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches
Hominidae: great apes
-5 living apes -distinguished by their names
Euprimates- Eocene
-Adapoids and Omomyoids by early Eocene (~56 Ma) -primitive dentition -adaptive radiation in the early Eocene -reduced by end of Eocene -extinct in NA by 35 Ma -Evolutionary relationships uncertain -shared derived primate features: -forward facing eyes -greater encephalization -post-orbital bar -nails instead of claws opposable big toe
Propliopithecids
-Aegyptopithecus -arboreal quadruped? -2.1.2.3 dental formula -significant sexual dimorphism -Ancestral to OWM and apes? -Would make them our ancestors!! -primate from egypt -look like monkeys and apes -OWM ape
Colobus monkey
-Africa -common in zoos -hunted for their skins -long tails, but no grasping ability
Macaques (macaca)
-Asia, Middle East, North Africa, and souther europe -20-24 species -most species of old world -most geographically diverse
Social systems
-Basic social unit among all primates is the female and her infants -relationships maintained throughout life -alloparenting: when individuals other than parents hold, carry and interact with infants
Verraux's sifaka
-Biggest lemur type -Live in trees
Orangutan (pongo)
-Borneo and sumatra -almost completely arboreal (quadrumanual) -solitary, frugivorous -least closely related to humans -3 species of orangutans -tapalui? long arms -different body sizes between males and females -y-5 molars
Modern Great Apes??
-Chimpanzees -2 published teeth are known from ~509-545 Ka (40Ar/39Ar)
Early primates review
-Closest to Dermoptera and Scandentia -Plesiadapiformes 65-55 Ma -Euprimates ~ 56 Ma -adapoids: lemur-like -omomyoids: tarsier-like -Haplorhines ~37-30 Ma -propliopithecids: haplorhines ancestor? -aegyptopithecus -platyrhhines? -Catarrhines ~19 Ma -victoriapithecidae: OWM ancestor? -known as flying lemurs
Gorillas (Gorilla)
-Forested regions of central africa -knuckle-walkers -herbivorous -2 species of gorilla -4 subspecies -light purple -mostly in forest -some in mountains -get around by walking on all fours -they walk on their knuckles -specifically the middle knuckle -highly endangered
Binocular vision
-Forward facing orbits -More reliance on vision -Both eyes work as a coordinated team -orbital convergence
earliest haplorrhines
-Distinguished from strepsirhines: -larger body (earliest only 3 oz) -larger brain -small, frontated brain -postorbital closure -fused mandibles -bilophodont molars- alignment of molar cusps into two ridges -bilophodont molars!! -see these before Y-5 molars
For their own sake
-Diversity of extant and extinct primates -Living primates found in Africa, Asia, South/Central America -Urgency- Now or Never -521 species of living primates, 30% endangered, 713 subspecies, 80 distinct genres within 17 families
How the hell did they get there?!
-Earlier "American" primates gone by ~ 35 Ma -Closest fossil relative from Egypt 30 + Ma -Platyrrhines in Americas by ~ 28 Ma -Rafting? -mangrove forests
Proconsuloids
-Ekembo 20-17 Ma -22 lbs ~ 110 lbs -skeleton monkey-like -probably lacked a tail -Y-5 dental pattern -Afropithecus 17.5 Ma -1st ape-like primate outside Africa -quadrupedal arboreal lifestyle
Oligocene (34-23 Ma)
-El Fayum: late Eocene to Oligocene (37-30 Mya) -more primates in younger deposits -haplorrhines at Fayum: -1. parapithecids -2. Propliopithecids -3. Platyrrhines -Egypt -Most of the Haplorrhines fossils come from this site -Easier to dig due to few vegetations
Chimpanzees (pan troglodytes)
-Equatorial africa -knuckle-walking and brachiation -omnivorous -large communities -most famous -troglodytes: live in caves -reproductive isolated from bonobos -more genetically distinct from each other -live in really large communities compared to others
Colobines
-Fossils in Europe and africa -some terrestriality -Fossils larger than extant -up to 40kg (~88 lb) -Diverse compared to extant
Baboons and mandrills
-Found in most zoos -all live in africa -largest body of OMW
Miocene Hominoids: Asia (cont)
-Gigantopithecus -~8.5 Ma-300ka -China -largest ape ever -lower jaws and isolated teeth -Overlap with early humans? -less than 2 million years old -relatively young -you can estimate body size by using molar size and different bones of the skeleton -you can't do it with gigantopithecus because they only have teeth and jaws -no evidence of any apes in NA until humans show up
Platyrrhines
-Have: -Platyrrhine dentition -some terrestrial morphology -oldest hard to link to modern platyrrhines -younger more clearly ancestral -1st platyrrhine-like fossils from Egypt~ 30 Ma -South America~ 28 Ma -Africa (oldest platyrrhines)
Strepsirrhines
-Lemurs, lorises, and galagos -Maintain Rhinarium (wet nose) -More Prognathic (projecting faces) -Some reliance on night vision -Tapetum lucidum -Grooming claw and dental comb -Lorises and galagos -Africa and Asia -galagos: bush baby -slow loris: venomous, trafficked, pet trade, endangered -Lemurs -madagascar -geographically restricted -mouse lemur: smallest living primate -different ranges of size
Reduced snout
-Less prognathic than other mammalia -Prognathic: skulls; projecting faces; Human have plat faces
Reduce reliance on olfaction
-Loss of rhinarium in MOST primate groups -Rhinarium: wet nose
Group Type: one female, multimale
-Mating system: polyandry -female has more than one mate
Group type: multi male, multi female
-Mating system: polygynandry -two + males mate with 2+ females
Group Type: one-male/multifemale
-Mating system: polygyny -male has multiple mates -Female philopatric -stay in the group their born into -gyny: female reproduction (many females)
Group type: semi-solitary
-Mating system: polygyny -single male mates with more than one female -rarest
Mating system vs social system
-Mating system: who is mating with who -Social system: composition of the group -DO correlate, BUT same social system can vary in mating system depending on species and vice versa! -Philopatry: remaining in one's natal group upon reaching adulthood
Enhanced sense of touch
-Nails instead of claws
Platyrrhines
-New world monkeys -Central and south america -diurnal (except one genus) -Arboreal (no terrestrial species) -Prehensile tails -2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3 dental formula -Most of them active during the day
Cercopithecoids
-Old world monkeys -the most diverse group of living primates -138 species alive today -2 subfamilies -colobines -cercopithecines Last OWN and NWM shared a common ancestor: 45-55 million years -Traits: Bilophodont molars (OWM) vs Y-5 in apes and humans -they all have the same general number of teeths -old world: have bilophodont molars -Apes: different number of cusps or bumps on their teeth (both have the same dental formula but different shape of molars) -Shared derived trait of cercopithecoid
Catarrhines
-Old world monkeys and apes -cercopithecoids (OWM) and Hominoids (apes) -Dental formula: 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 -They have two science division:monkey and apes (major divisions) -easiest to look at: dental formulas
Old world monkeys
-Oldest 'modern' monkeys are the Victoriapithecidae (19 Ma) in africa -derived traits of both extant OMW subfamilies
Monkeys as Ecological Referents
-Overlap in size, diet and environment with early humans - Locomotor adaptations can tell us about environments
Earliest primate-like things: Plesiadapiformes
-Paleocene (65-55 mya) -Very successful group -most insectivorous but some omnivores and herbivores -size of small-medium rodent -tiny -55ish million -Skeletons primate-like but and teeth very specialized -no postorbital bar -do have shared characteristcs -dont have enclosed eye sockets -earliest primate like mammals
earliest apes
-Proconsuloids: ape-like -mostly from east africa -first Y-5 molars and thick enamel -Vary in size and locomotor adaptations -smallest ~6lbs -Micropithecus
Mating systems
-Sexual selection: type of natural selection -result of competition for mates -sexual selection leads to sexual dimorphism
Homologous Primate Features
-Shared derived traits of Primates -Grasping hands and feet -Binocuar vision -Reduced reliance on olfaction -Generalized dentition -Reduced dentition -Relatively large brains -Relatively large brains -Relatively slow life history
Eocene Adapoids
-Similar to modern lemurs -diverse adaptations to insects, leaves and omnivore -Has: -reduced nasal area -stereoscopic vision -post-orbital bar -strong leaping adaptations -grasping hands and feet with nails -some have dental combs -Euprimates -some of them have dental combs -adapoids: more lemur like -Darwinius masillae- transition between strepsirrhines and haplorhines? -Probably early lemur-like strepsirrhine -other fossils confirm probably not haplorrhine -awesome fossil -fur imprints and stomach contents, all of the teeth -not directly ancestral to monkeys and apes
Grasping hands and feet
-Slow loris -Tarsier -Macaque -Spider Monkey -Gibbon -Human
Eocene omomyoids
-Tarsier-like: -dental formula -large orbits -small snouts -mostly insectivorous -adaptations for leaping -basal haplorrhines? -tarsier like could make then ancestral to basal haplorrhines
Haplorhines
-Tarsiers -SE Asia -Really hard to study, they live in trees and are very small
Euprimates ("True" primates)
-Two major groups -adapoids and omomyoids
Hominins
-Us and all fossil hominins -mostly terrestrial -complex language -distinctly omnivorous -rely on technology
Primate phylogenetic tree
-anthropoids -Tarsiers are the most common to us -they are the most closely related
primate phylogenetic tree
-biggest primate -then strepsirhines -and then haplorhines: everything else
primate origins
-closest living relative: colugos (Dermoptera) and tree shrews (Scandentia) -shared with primates: -large eyes -mobile hands and feet -Different from primates: -claws instead of nails -lack binocular vision -often used as models for early primates -colugos and tree shrews are the ones closest related to us -we have shared characteristics
Bonobos (pan paniscus)
-found only in DRC south of congo river -omnivorous -matrilineal -live in democratic republic of congo -different behavior than chimpanzees (more boring) -sleep a lot more -1.5ish million years ago (separated) -have a middle part (chimps don't)
Why solitary behavior?
-home range: the areas explored by an animal or social group; usually given for one year or for the entire lifetime of an animal -Solitary foraging -reduced feeding competition -smaller home range -insects are scattered resources, thus more efficiently hunted alone -predator avoidance
Miocene hominoids: Africa
-hominoids back in Africa by ~10Ma -probably multiple dispersals -Evolve into LCA of aces and humans -Modern African apes descended from European apes -Great ape first evolved in Europe
Hominoids: lesser and great apes
-humans
Aye-aye
-lemur -highly endangered
Group type one-male, one-female
-mating system: pair-bonded -rarest
match each bone of the left with its proper classification from the column on the right
-metatarsals---> long bone -vertebrae---> irregular bone -frontal bone ---> flat bone -patella---> short bone
hominoid traits
-shared derived traits -upper body modification for suspension -relatively long arms -allows brachiation -no tail -y-5 molars -enlarged brain -locomotive: brachiation, swing -molars you have to rely on
Group type: fission-fusion
-size and composition group changes over time and animals move throughout the environment -mating systems: polygynandry
"odd-nosed" monkeys
-they all share same dental formula an bio...molars
Body size
-type of social group and mating pattern can correlate with morphology
Canine size
-when dimorphic, males have larger canines than females
Field studies Important because:
_ Minimizes human interference and "unnatural behaviors" -Helps us understand: -Ecology -Behavioral ecology -Human-primate cultural realtionships
which of the following statements about fossils is FALSE?
a. teeth, shell and bone are commonly fossilized b. they cannot always be dated using radiometric methods c. they usually preserve organic materials d. objects must be buried quickly to fossilize e. they are rarely random samples of ancient ecosystems -c. they usually preserve organic materials
Marmosets and tamarins
multiple births