anthropology exam 3

localization

-"flip side of globalization" -creation and assertion of highly particular, often place based identities and communities -transformation of a global culture by local cultures into a new form

after WWII...

-A Hutu emancipation movement began -Both sides now begin to argue that their differences are not class-based... they are different races -Power struggles fluctuate back and forth: Hutus killing Tutsis and taking control, Tutsis killing Hutus and retaking control -Civil war breaks out in the 1980s -In 1994 the Hutu presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed when their plane was shot down

Muzes- Mexico

-Assigned male at birth, but dress and behave in ways associated with women (embroidery careers), family caretakers, -Marry men or women -their gender is MUXES

eugenics movement

-Attempts to "improve" the genetic quality of human populations by removing undesirable traits from the breeding pool -Francis Galton (half cousin of charles darwin) late 1800s -Forced sterilizations, marriage restrictions, euthanasia, genocide; Used on the basis of race and ethnic affiliation, the US government forcibly sterilized native american women in the 1970s -NATURALIZING DISCOURSES -Conception of distinct races, distinct creation events -Mixing of groups= dilution, decline -Used to create and justify systems of inequality based on skin color; Slavery, Jim Crow, Miscegenation laws, Immigration quotas, Racial discrimination

What is race?

-Biology -Human categorization -Assumption that those physical characteristics are also indicative of profound genetic differences

example of a Patrilineal society: The Neur

-Divided into 20 clans -People in a clan are patrilineally related through a common ancestor -Cannot marry within a clan-considered incest -Incest taboos -Endogamy-marriage within a group -Exogamy- marriage outside of a group -Members of the same lineage shared rights to territories and cattle -When a male within a lineage married, other lineage members helped provide bridewealth (compensation to wifes lineage) -YET, mothers brother was an important figure in a mans life (maternal uncle=mother) -NOTE: connection between kinship and economy

Rwandan genocide and its consequences

-Hutus begin a campaign of massacring Tutsis and moderate Hutus, led by government spread propaganda on the radio -Many tutsis attempt to flee uganda -Rwandan patriotic front (Tutsi led government forced into Uganda after the civil war) reentered the country and eventually took control -UN estimates that 1 million-800000 people were killed; Sexual violence -Hutus fled to Zaire -The RPF (and Uganda) supported the overthrow of the dictator Zaire kicking of the first congo war

polygyny

-Marriage form in which a man has multiple wives -Some societies limit the number of wives -Other societies do not limit the number of wives -In polygynous societies, not all men are guaranteed multiple wives; status, Economics, Demographics -Sororal polygyny

Case study: reservation system in the US

-Pre-contact: Diverse cultures Some had institutionalized economic and political inequality Ex: Mississippian societies in the southeast -Post-contact: Many tribes decimated as a result of disease Complex networks of alliances and contentious relationships emerge Some ally with european colonizers and later US government Es: Upper (side with british during rev. war) and Lower creeks (allied with US) Assimilation efforts Christianity, agriculture Civilization fund act of 1819 Native americans allowed to occupy land, but not hold title

example of a matrilineal society: The Dine (Navajo)

-Rights to land usage is vested in women (even though men oversee agricultural operations) -Matrilocal- husbands reside with wives -Often men speak for the residential unit, but he speaks on behalf of the female head -If a divorce happens, land/herds/etc. stay with the female head, even if the land originally belonged to the mother of the male

marriage is a social arrangement that:

-Transforms the status of participants -Stipulates degree of sexual access between partners -Perpetuates rights and responsibilities within kinship groups (lineages) if offspring are produced or adopted -Creates relationship between kin of partners -Symbolically marked in some way

Case Study: The Rwandan genocide. Rwandan society before colonialism

-Twa: hunter gatherers -Hutu: farmers -Tutsi: cattle herders -Primarily caste or class based differences in which Tutsi were higher

McDonalidization

-a kind of cultural imperialism -US corporate culture; homogenization of global cultures -promotion of one culture over another

what is sexuality?

-a persons sexual orientation; who a person is sexually attracted to -this is not a fixed state-its a continuum -heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual -people may consider themselves as having a particular sexual orientation and have sexual experiences and desires outside

Indigenous Resistance

-american indian movement -native american self determination -american indian religious freedom act 1978 -native american graves protection and reparation act 1990 -Dakota access pipeline protests 2016 -language and cultural revitalization programs -McGirt vs. Oklahoma

residential boarding schools

-as part of treaty agreements; US government was supposed to provide education on reservations -this took the form of schools on reservations -part of a forced assimilation program -Carlisle industrial Indian School model

how do the cultural constructs benefit and limit WBM?

-biology/culture (body/mind) -over reliance on genetic/evolutionary explanations

Hijra-India

-born biologically male, but not considered male or female -historically responsible for performing certain rituals

people can be born intersexed

-born with extra set of chromosomes -or reproductive anatomy doesnt fit the typical definitions of male or female

Sworn Virgins-Albania

-born women, take a vow of chastity dress and live as men -connections to patriarchal descent

clash of civilization

-conflict model -euro-american capitalism; dienshantment, alienation, resentment -"west vs the rest"

Samuel Morton

-crania americana 1839 -study of crania size from different races -race--> cranial capacity--> intelligence -polygenism

Hybridization

-cultural syncretism/creolization -blending of cultural constructs -adoption of global constructs into set patterns -sometimes thought of as a blend "old" and "new"

how does inequality happen?

-differences are afforded varying degrees of value -the valuation is negotiated -hegemony

anthropology of religion

-early anthropologists took an ethnocentric approach to the anthropological study of religion -aminism/natural forces--> polytheism--> monotheism

Subtle kinds of inequality

-food deserts -health care access -gentrification

polyandry

-form of marriage in which a woman marries more than one man -rarest form of marriage -fraternal polyandry (Tibet and Nepal)

inequality in the reservation system

-general crimes act/major crimes act--> crimes committed on native territory by or against non-indigenous people are under federal jurisdiction -complexities of sovereignty and land ownership -locational and economic inequality; pine ridge reservation--> 80+% unemployment, many families have no electricity, running water, sewage environmental inequality--> US waste disposal, Navajo nations; uranium mining, church rock uranium mine spill

is one kind of sexuality more "normal" or "natural" than others?

-heterosexuality; tied to procreation and reproduction -many societies have homosexual practices that are seen as normal and natural just like heterosexuality -ex: Etoro and Sambia people of Papua New Guinea-men marry women, but believe that homosexual acts cause longevity of life (life forces concentrated in semen)

Legacies of the boarding schools

-hide and seek -loss of language and other traditions -runaways -abuse, disease -forced adoptions, children leased as laborers -unmarked cemeteries -US indian self determination and education assistance act of 1975- government will contract with tribes to run essential services rather than BIA -in canada the 2015 truth and reconciliation committee describes the schools as "cultural genocide"

how many genders are there?

-in many societies gender identity is not seen as fixed or tied to sex -there can be more than 2 genders, or people switch between genders

marriage and economic exchange

-land/property rights -Bride wealth or bride price- common in societies where women provide a lot of labor -Goods given to a brides family to compensate them for their loss of labor and childbearing capabilities -Dowry- transfer of wealth from parents to daughter (interhitance) to contribute to new household -Intended to ensure the well being of the bride in her new family

patterns of disease transmission/evolution

-many modern diseases evolved with and because of human actions and human responses to these pathogens are also coevolved. populations that share an evolutionary history with pathogens are more resistant to them

rites of passage

-marks a culturally significant transition in a persons life (adulthood, marriage, etc) -some rites can last for years

Marriage

-marriage looks different around the world -there is no "natural" form of marriage -marriage is not necessarily about love; thats a relatively modern idea

what can anthropology contribute to addressing global health problems?

-medical pluralism (coexistence/interpretation of difference medical traditions) -patterns of transmission

polygamy

-multiple spouses -2 types: polygyny, polyandry

Techniques du corps; Marcel Mauss

-obligations people build through giving gifts -people use their bodies in cultural ways

The valuation is negotiated

-often those with the most status, those most respected or those with the greatest power in society have a greater role in determining value -that which is more similar to them has the highest value/that which is less like them has lower value

Indian Removal Act 1830

-passed by congress during Andrew Jackson presidency -authorized the president to negotiate with southestern tribe for their removal to Oklahoma -trail of tears -reservations controlled by US government -prohibitions on religion

Under German and Belgian colonialism

-power consolidated under the Tutsi; europeans believed that the Tutsi originally came from Ethiopia and were more caucasian than the Hutus and twa, hutus disenfranchised and forced into labor -Belgium implements identity cards, solidifying caste/class membership

anthropology today

-questioning the idea of "pristine" -if all cultures change, dont they all die?

are human races natural/biological?

-race as an historical phenomenon; originally used to refer to nations/ethnic groups, age of exploration (15th century( -in US difference initially based on religion or economic status (heathen vs. christian, rich vs poor) -slave trade increased -scientific racism

ambilineal descent

-self defined or voluntary affiliation -relatives distinguished by generation and gender

how do people deal with social inequality?

-some do nothing (acceptance) -art of resistance -"hidden transcripts" (rumor, gossip, metaphors, ritual gestures) -everyday resistance (foot dragging, false compliance, slander, sabotage) -large scale protests, rebellion, violence, war

culture-bound syndromes

-specific syndromes for specific cultural contexts -often attributed to somatization/ embodiment--> body absorbs social stress and manifests symptoms

Resistance on the periphery

-studied by groups on the periphery and groups that have been marginalized -range from open rebellion to forms so subtle that they might not be recognized by outsiders -ex: Malaysian factory workers -show how people interpet and challenge global processes through local cultural idioms and beleifs

two spirits: north america

-that is their gender -We-was; Zuni -Crow

Western biomedicine (WBM)

-the ethnomedicine we are most familiar with -scientific, quantitative, technical, highly specified classifications (differential diagnoses) -heavily tied to western cultural values/experiences

Gender ideologies

-the values, tasks, properties that cultures assign to different genders -certain cultural configurations of gender have seized a hegemonic hold (come to seem natural in our culture) -"boys will be boys" -in the west we often assume gender differences and inequalities are a part of biological destiny

overall anthropology has taken a very functionalist approach to the study of religion: why do humans have it? what function does it serve?

-way of explaining and coping with universal human problems and issues

Early anthropology

-worries of cultural imperialism -documentation of pristine socieites -documentation of dying/endangered cultures (salvage paradigm)

inherited biological differences

-you receive one sex chromosome from your mother (X or X) and one from your father (X or Y) -these sex chromosomes result in observable physical characteristics needed for biological reproduction -sex usually matches external genitalia

what are the three stages of rites of passage?

1. separation 2. liminality/transition (in between/on the edge) 3. reincorporation/ reaggregation

Johann Blumenbach

1790s -developed grouping of 5 races -based on skull shape -monogenesis

which of the following is an element of violence?

All -a highly visible assertion of power, the use of force to cause harm to someone or something, it is an efficient way to transform a social environment

which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?

All are correct: finances, communication, migration

Fa'afafine- Samoa

Born biologically male, but embody both masculen and feminine traits -Men in some families may be assigned to fa'afafine roles if there are not daughters in the family

Who thought it was their duty to bring civilization to the uncivilized parts of the world?

Colonial governments

T/F?corruption is only a serious problem in non-western socieites

False

What president sought to help the underdeveloped world?

Harry Truman in 1949

Jola Ethnomedicine

Jujus: amulets, inscribed with versus from the Quran, tied to witchcraft

when did we become global?

Long histories of contact, exchange, movement in Europe, Asia, and Africa

what are the 4 models of cultural interaction?

McDonaldization Hybridization Localization Clash of civilization

While the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality as a mental illness in 1973, the same classification of homosexuality as "abnormal" label continued to allow the U.S. government to reject immigrants. This ability to classify individuals according to a state of normal or abnormal is an example of the use:

NOT medicalization

which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?

Natal family

rugby

New Zealand All Blacks haka

what is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?

Nuclear family

what is the rarest form of marriage?

Polyandry

more recent critique of rejections of scientific racism

Stephen Jaw Gould's The Mismeasure of Man

What countries are the model for "ideal" social and economic development?

Technology advanced capitalist

T/F? localization is the flip side of globalization

True

T/F?Weddings and marriages are usually less about the couple than about relationships with the couples social network, including friends and family:

True

What promotes international development?

United nations, government aid agencies, lending agencies, and NGOs

is magic controllable?

YES -can be directed to function on behalf of humans and their interests

Capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and a global division of labor and dividing the world between?

a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery"

monogamy

a form of marriage where a person has one spouse at a time -not isolated to heterosexual partnerships -Nandi (Kenya) "female husbands" (assume many of the roles of men)

The ghost dance among the Sioux in the 1890s was:

a new religious movement responding to white encroachment on their lands, drawing on a mix of older and newer religious concepts, an attempt to recover self-respect

unilineal descent

a persons significant kin come through either ones mother or father

Hijaras interest anthropologists mainly because they are

a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female

revivalism

a return to the old ways

what is gender?

a set of socio-culturally constructed meanings used to define and police difference -Sometimes there is a 1:1 relationship between sex and gender, but not always Gender is a "performance"; its what you do at particular times, rather than a universal who you are- gender expression -"One is not born a woman but becomes one"- Simone de Beauvioir

influence

ability to achieve a desired end via social or moral pressure

authority

ability to take action based on achieved and or ascribed status or moral reputation

power

ability to take action, often backed by force or perceived force

the most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is

accumulate presitge

Differences are afforded varying degrees of value. How?

achieved vs ascribed status, and power vs authority vs influence

Carlisle industrial indian school model

adopted by BIA- compulsory attendance staring in 1891 -students forced to cut hair, wear uniforms, adopt english names, only allowed to speak english, corporal punishment for misbehavior -"kill the indian in him and save the same": col. richard pratt founder of carlisle school

a good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?

alcoholism

people participate in globalization by:

all are correct: consuming coca-cola, watching TV, migrating to distant cities for work

a synonym for hybridization is

all are correct: syncretism, creolization, friction

monogenesis

all races have a shared origin (creation) but some races have degenerated over time

magic

attempt to compel supernatural forces and beings to act in certain ways

revitalization

attempts to create a more satisfying culture (often through religion) during a time of crisis

humoral healing

balancing the elements of the body. medicine for equilibrium

anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?

baseball

Gmelch

baseball magic

central principle of descent

based on parent-child links to transmit group identity and incorporate new people

contagious magic

based on the notion that mana or spirit energy connects people to things closely associated with them -by "effecting" an object through magic the effect will be transferred to the person associated with it-hair, fingernails

ritual

behavior that is formal, stylized, repetitive and specific -performed as a social act -meaningful to the performer -meaningful to the audience IF the audience understands the symbolism

religion

beleifs and behaviors related to supernatural beings and forces -mechanism for relating supernatural phenomenon to the everyday world -just like any other apsect of culture, religious beliefs are learned

Koro

belief that external genitalia are shrinking (SE asia)

3 major strategies for determining descent:

bilateral descent ambilineal descent unilineal descent

Johann Blumenbach's 5 races

caucasoid monogoloid malay negroid american

the theory that explains why cultural differences have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is

clash of civilizations theory

Sports, religion, ritual, and magic do what around the world?

collide

what two routes, or combination of the two routes can magic be undertaken?

contagious and sympathetic magic

as with every other aspect of culture, definitions and classifications of health problems can be subjective and vary by?

culture

sports and games can often be considered as models of what?

culture (depicting basic ideals) -socializing viewers and participants toward certain values and ideals

cubs

curse of the billy goat (1945)

tylor

dealing with death

malinowski

decreases individual anxiety and uncertainty

susto

depression and wasting illness caused by shock (latin america)

bilateral descent

descent group is formed by people who believe they are just as closely related to fathers side as they are to their mothers side -most common strategy in US -referred to as the "eskimo system"

Core nations

develop at the expense of periphery nations

what is social inequality?

differential access to: wealth, power, prestige, goods, services

doctrine

direct statements about religions beliefs -explicit, written, formal -behavior regulated (may involve punishment) -associated with institutionalized, large scale religion -changeable over time

Ales Hrdlicka and Earnest Hooton

documentation of considerable variation within races

Hegemony

dominance of particular cultural groups through the empowerment of certain cultural beliefs, values, and practices over others -normalizing and naturalizing discourses--> biology, tradition (thats the way its always been) -the valuation and institutionalization of differences requires hegemony -hegemony and inequality requires a "buy in" of lower ranked groups

Violence between ethnic groups is not inevitable, but the idea that it is persists. Which of the following is not a reason for its persistence?

ethnic groups actually do fight with each other all the time

when social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

exogamous

T/F? globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before

false

T/F? people in the periphery rescinded passively to capitalist expansion

false

patrilineal (unilineal descent)

father-child links, shared paternal ancestor

transgender

gender does not match the sex assigned at birth -not all transgender people take the steps to change their sex

one of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

It is suggested in the text that the appearance of some mental illnesses are showing up in other countries where they did not previously exist, and this may be the result o

globalization

anthropomorphic

have human form and behaviors -often have emotions, human characteristics; can be swayed -Often have human-like relationships -Pantheons often have hierarchies and divisions of labor that corresponded to the cultures social structures -Zoomorphic beings often have anthropomorphic qualities

health and illness:

have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

phytotheraphy

healing through use of plants

how do we classify sickness?

health systems classify and define health problems with any combination of the following: etiology (cause), vector (means of transference), physicality (whats bodily affected?), and symptoms

what is the "subjectivity of illness"?

how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level

nurturance

ideas of shared substance/contact based relationship -bodily substance:blood, milk, genes -spiritual substance: soul, spirit, love -other substances: food

how do we experience and use our bodies?

in culturally conditioned/learned ways

ancestors

in many cultures, supernatural beings include the spirit of the ancestors -living must appease the dead -seek guidance, protection, favors from the dead -very common in asia, africa, and americas

zoomorphic

in shape or partial shape of an animal -ex: egyptian, hinduism -Ganesh, pacific northwest tribes, lion statuette

what is sex?

inherited biological differences -people can be born intersexed

Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female are called

intersex

which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

it explains why conflict is growing around the world

Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into 6 different patterns. This has resulted in the development of

kinship terminologies

medicalization

labeling and treating problems medically rather than addressing the underlying cultural forces, structural suffering, or environmental facots

a voodoo doll is a good illustration of

magic that follows the law of similarity

Globalization

major force of cultural change involving the process of intense global interconnectedness and movement of goods, information, and people

what does globalization contribute to?

marginalization, exploitation, unsustainable economies, and massive disparities in wealth and access to resources--> frustration and anger

why is there no natural form of marriage?

marriage is not just about procreation -is a social arrangement

exogamy

marriage outside of a group

endogamy

marriage within a group

serial monogamy

married to several people but one at a time -marriage-divorce-marriage

Hula

meant to direct and showcase mana

religious ritual

mechanisms people use to attempt to intercede with the supernatural

The term politics can mean many things, but from the wider anthropological perspective, it is understood as talking about the relationships and processes of all of the following except

media

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?

medical anthropology

nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process called

medical pluralism

geertz

model of life (how to understand the world), how to behave in the world

matrilineal (unilineal descent)

mother-child links, shared maternal ancestor

what is religion based on?

myth and doctrine

chosen kin

not related by marriage or birth (uncle thats not actually your uncle)

disease

objective, universal-physiological condition of being sick, diagnosed

medical anthropology

one of the fastest growing fields on anthropology -focuses on ethnomedicine -biocultural approach

religious pluralism

one or more religions coexist as complimentary or competitively within a culture

marx

opiate of the masses (empty comfort)

Habitus; Pierre Bourdieu

people engage in habitus-repetition of things, dont realize you are doing it

cisgender

person identifies with gender assigned at birth

for a big man in a non state society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

persuasion

marriage takes different forms in different places. all the terms listed below are forms of marriage except:

polyamory

placebo effect

positive result from a healing method due to a symbolic or nonmaterial factor VERY POWERFUL

which of the following is not a political act?

posting what you had for dinner on facebook

what is the role of the periphery?

provide labor and raw materials for the cores consumption, resulting in the periphery's poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on the core

diseases of civilizations

proximate sickness resulting from ultimate factors linked with "development" -diabetes, expansion of malaria

polygenism

races have different origins

Anthropologists and other social scientists refer to ways in which social, economic, and political processes categorize and transform a population into racial meanings as

racialization

nativism

reject outsider influences

consanguineal

related by birth (blood relatives)

affinal relations

related through marriage

what is a life cycle ritual that marks a persons or group of persons transition from one social state to another?

rite of passage

stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called

rituals

Taboo

rule that prohibits certain behaviors; may be because it interferes with positive mana or signals when mana is present and dangerous

examples of localization

sapeurs, young Bakongo men from democratic republic of congo, use clothes to accumulate prestige and project self worth to the upper classes of congolese society

Franz Boas

scientific study of cranial shape and size; both highly malleable, health and nutrition impacts

anorexia nervosa/bulimia

self starvation and or induced vomiting -association skewed self perception of body (north america/europe)

From an anthropological perspective, sex assignment surgery is useful because it

shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions

a key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in

social behavior and social action

human categorization

social construct, group of people who share physical characteristics

violence is

socially constructed

kinship systems

socially recognized network of relationships through which individuals are related to one another by ties of descent, marriage, and relations

which of the following is an example of american totemism?

sports team mascots

achieved

status that an individual earns or chooses and that reflects their skills, abilities, and efforts

ascribed

status that an individual is born with or otherwise assigned and has no control over

myth

stories about supernatural forces and or being

Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place is referred to as

structural power

ethnomedicine

study of cross cultural health systems -Perceptions and classifications of health problems -Preventative measures -Diagnoses -Healing (magical, religious, scientific, chemical, etc) -Changes in "traditional" health systems -Cultural perceptions of the body, disability

illness

subjective, cultural-psychological and social experiences with disease

illness is an experience that is

subjective, exacerbated by class differences, shaped by culture

Aminism

supernatural power -ex: pacific islanders have mana, a lifeforce or spiritual energy of an object, place or person -mana can be harnessed and directed, mana can be dangerous

biology

taxonomic designation, one level below subspecies -genetically distinct but capable of interbreeding -may also refer to geographically isolated populations of a species -may also have different physiological or behavioral adaptations -different breeds

world religion

text based religion having many followers, is regionally widespread and is concerned with "salvation" of all people

The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it demonstrates

that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power

religious syncretism

the blending of features of two or more cultural/religious traditions. often associated with religious change

The work of Paul Farmer in Haiti to combat AIDS revealed much more than the underlying problems inherent in the clinical pathology and transmission of the disease, including

the connection between health and socioeconomic and political conditions there

Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as

the interpretive approach

Hawaiians and other polyneasian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces and in persons, including all of the following except

the sun

is gender a choice? is sex a choice? is sexuality a choice?

these are not necessarily fixed categories

an explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is:

to increase the prestige of physicians, the desire of people to see social problems in scientific terms, the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies

T/F? marriage can take many forms

true

those who practice polyandry tend to marry

two or more brothers

millenarianism

typically involves the beleif that a messiah/prophet will appear to guide people back to a golden age

withcraft and sorcery

use magic to cause harm, usually to a specific person or group

anthropologists now understand that magic

usually involves working at a distance without direct physical contact, is often frightening or dangerous, is at the basis of many rituals

ethno-etiologies

what is perceived to cause sickness is culturally bounded -can be natural, socioeconomic, psychological, and or supernatural ex: going out in the cold with wet hair can make you sick- climatic variation

the Columbian exchange

widespread exchange of animals, plants, people, diseases, and ideas between the old and new worlds

sympathetic magic

works on the notion that "like effects like" -an object made to represent someone or something can be affected with magic and the effect will be transferred to the real person or thing

can over-medicalization be dangerous?

yes -can lead to ignoring root causes

Can belief in magic and magic forces have very real consequences?

yes! -physical; psychosomatic responses -psychological; confidence or lack thereof -behavioral; caution or lack thereof -social/cultural; inter and intro-group cohesion or conflict

does community healing work?

yes! (psychological and physical support) -common outside of WBM