Anthropology Final Exam Prep

Is human nature violent?

- After Doliay's revenge killing Knauft knew of no other homicides among Gebusi - Transition from highest homicide rate recorded to zero in less than a generation - Violence influenced by attitudes and beliefs

Discovering Norms by Breaking Them

- Asking for change in the market - Buyers are supposed to have exact change - Piles of food had fixed prices - Seller had to tap social network to make change - Cultural differences in market transactions

Gebusi and their neighbors

- Bedamini (3000) raided Gebusi ( 450) - Australians pacified Bedamini (allowing Gebusi to survive) - Australians left Gebusi alone

Sorcery and causes of death

- Bogay: parcel sorcery (slow) - Ogowili: assault sorcery (fast)

More changes after late 90's (3)

- Bride price expectations declined - Renewed homosocial joking - No evidence of widespread homosexual relations

Industrialization of the Economy

- Capital for investment, provided by transoceanic trade - More investment by wealthy - Farming, manufacturing production increases - Capital, scientific innovation spur invention

Bourgeoisie

- Capitalists - gained wealth overseas - own means of production

Gebusi Kinship

- Clan and some lineages - Patrilineal

Analytical Perspectives

- Closed details view or distant synthetic view - Experience near and far - Emic and etic views - Society wide= census data, residence, and kinship diagrams

Gebusi sister exchange (4)

- Consistent with balanced reciprocity - Bride to be has veto power - Sibling exchanges - Romantic marriages do occur

The work of fieldwork (3)

- Constant stream of dramas - Participant observation, oral history, genealogy, reflexivity, and life cycle - Mourning, sorcery, shamanism, stigma, and scapegoating

Development

- Control over former colonies sought indirectly - Intervention philosophy: ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions - No longer coercion/force, but ideological - Policy (IMF, World Bank, Free Trade Agreements)

Settlement patterns and subsistence (5)

- Described as "nomads" - Frequent logistical forays - Horticulturalists "feeling on top of the trees" - Hunting and gathering - Semi-nomadic and semi-domesticated

Women and the market (4)

- Difficulty selling products - Women didn't want to talk about success or failure - Fear of jealousy - Transactions swift and secret

Emergence of Industrialization

- Domestic system of manufacture - Replaced by factories

Testing the limits of Cultural relativism

- Dugawe had a violent past - From our perspective Sialim stood up for herself - She was berated by Dugawe's female kin

Anthropology debates

- Emphasis on traditional cultures - Those who focus on change

1940's Green Revolution

- Encouraged use of "improved varieties" - Distributed free and low price early - Price increased overtime - Improved varieties depended on inputs - Inputs altered soil - Farmers could not afford improved varieties and soil didn't support traditional varieties

________, _________, _________, _________, and others could take priority over class

- Ethnicity - Religion - Race - Nationality

Marriage

- Exogamous patriclans - Levirate - sister-exchange (preferred)

Categorizing Nations

- First world - Democratic west - Second World - Ruled by Communism - Third World - Less developed, developing nations

Gebusi Subsistence (6)

- Fishing - Hunting - Semi-domesticated Pigs - Plantains - Gardening - Semi-foraging

Sexual Horseplay

- Gendered ideas and behaviors - Norms vs actual practice

Illness and Malnutrition

- High parasite load - "Sago belly" - Infant mortality

Life and Death (3)

- Hight infant mortality - Infants are not fully human until teeth emerge - All natural deaths attributed to sorcery

Culture change, Culture Loss (6)

- Impacts of religion, economic intrusions - Health, family, gender, marriage, identity - Syncretism, hybridity - Gebusi and agency - Tradition to folklore - Promise of "progress"

Levirate Marriage

- In patriclans keeps woman's residence, labor, and children in same clan as deceased husband

Keynesian approach to counter act depressions (1945-1980)

- Increases in government spending - tax cuts - Monetary expansion

Semiperiphery countries

- Intermediate position - Less power, wealth, and influence

Sorcery

- Investigation - Causes of death

Kogwayay

- Kog (togetherness) - Wa (to talk) - Yay (cry out loudly)

_ of 6 of Knauft's initiates were still alive in the 90's

3 (Yuway and Doliay)

Gebusi sexuality also includes feeding forbidden ________

desires

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

Countries occupy 1 of 3 positions - Core - Semiperiphery - Periphery

Core countries

- dominant position - Most powerful industrial nations - Greates degree of economic complexity - Highest level of capital accumulation

Initiation Ceremony- Liminality

"In-between" initiation costume

Fine dance between "________ _______" and "________ ________" a people or situation

"living with" ; "writing up"

Toward Global Empires

- 1400s, Age of "Discovery" - Exploration, exploitation of Africa, Caribbean, Americas - Late 1800s - European nations compete for colonies

Neoliberalism (5)

- Adam Smith's (1776) Wealth of Nations - Replaced mercantilism and physiocracy - Economic liberalism - Laissez-faire economics - Open international trade, investment

Better Conditions in the Core

- Advanced industrialized places- some lessening of division - Workers, unions fight for rights - Labor protections - Middle class - Sharp divisions at global scale

Proletariat

- working class - must sell labor to survive

Tradition as Farce

- Making fun of tradition - Commentaries on change

Class conflict occurs within _________

nations

Fernand Braudel Believed societies are

sub-systems of larger systems

Gebusi Male sexuality

- Joking homosocial rather than homosexual - Hookups between joking pairs of older men - Hookups between uninitiated and older men - Young consume semen of elders to build masculinity - Boys must be grown with the life force of semen - Young develop self discipline

What are the changes Knauft sees?

- Kinship structures still present - Small individual houses - No more longhouse - Kogwayay muted

Gebusi 1998 (4)

- Kinship, social organization, and ritual - Market, churches, schools, nationalism, and global phenomena - Armed traders and state empires - PNG colonized by Germans, British, and Australians before independence 1975

Emergency of the World System

- Large states, empires existed prior to W European colonial expansion - Dramatic change w/ European colonization of Africa, New World - Shifts in production to luxury items, monocrops

Periphery Countries

- Least privileged and least powerful - Mechanized economic activities with some industrialization

Getting along with Kin and Killers (6)

- Life between drama and a sport - Need to know the players - Conflicts erupt seemingly randomly - Need to know how people sort out - Kinship and marriage critical - In small scale societies relations are understood via kinship

Prosperity increases Unevenly

- Living standards drop for some - Labor becomes cheap - Pollution - Overcrowding - Sanitation problems - Rampant disease - Death rates increase

Depression caused by excess supply

- Loss of aggregate - Rise in inventory slowed production

Sahlins "original affluent society"

- Low work effort sustain - Modernity's labor saving devices bring demands for more productive work

Maize in Mexico (5)

- Maize domesticated in Mexico - ca 7000 years old - Three sisters - Shifting cultivation - Sustained large population over long period of time

Mysterious romance and marital choice

- Male-male relationships unknown - Sister-exchange marriages change - Increased choice of women - Stress for everyone

2000's ________ and ________ economy collapse

- Old subsistence patterns re-emerged - Maintained greater variety of crops - Better nutrition - Larger but fewer villages - Villages more permanent - Shifting settlement was to avoid attacks by Bedamini neighbors

Gasumi station: Between two worlds

- On the edges of Nomad Station and Forest - Yibihilu old village abandoned

What are Knauft's methods?

- Participant-observation - Interviews

Troubling Sides of Gebusi culture

- Patriarchy - Kogwayay - Séances

Reciprocity

- Plantains and the gift - Behavior that reinforces social bonds - Balanced reciprocity - Gift exchange name

Assumptions of neoliberalism (6)

- Profit by lowering costs - Improve productivity; Lay-offs, lower wages - Deregulation leads to economic growth - Trickle-down economics - Austerity measures - Cut government expenses

Complications to Marx Scheme (5)

- Publicly traded companies - Capitalist/worker grey area - Middle class of skilled professionals - Lenski (1966) growth of middle class saw rise of equity with industrialization - Growing inequality in US

The Role of England

- Results of industrialization - Massive improvement in material goods - Increased inequality - Natural resources, geography, and initial loyalty of colonists

Sources of Cheap Labor

- Semi-periphery - China and India - Periphery

Exogamy and endogamy in the United States

- Sex (orientation) exogamy - Racial endogamy

What emerges at séances? (2)

- Sexual joking - Sorcery inquisition can end in homicide

Gender in school

- Shy girls - Confident boys

Sorcery and Investigation

- Signs from the corpse - Spilling fluid, moaning, bulging, or bursting eyes - Accused killed on spot

Capitalist World Economy (3)

- Single world system committed to production for sale and exchange - Maximize profits - Less emphasis on supplying domestic need

Mate attraction patterns change

- Sister exchange marriage less common - Men now attract mates using signals and participation in modernity - Sister exchange gone wrong - Good intentions can have bad results - Intent and unexpected outcomes

The awkward anthropologist (4)

- Sitting in longhouse watching for hookups - Need to observe before projecting - Female playmate spirit above house - The anthropologist is propositioned

Sorcery and Marriage (4)

- Sorcery accusations high with unreciprocated marriage exchanges - Persons related by marriage more likely accused of sorcery - 2/3 Gebusi death by homicide - Higher rate than Yanomamo - Most homicide = execution of sorcery suspects

The Postcolonial

- Study of interactions between European nations & the societies they colonized - Period after colonialism - Formation of new nations that gained independence from colonial powers

Church

- Traditional séance, spirit singing stopped - Male sexual joking minimized - Homicides cease completely - Women more involved

Industrial Revolution 18th century

- Transition from traditional to modern society - Industrialization of the economy

Emergency of the World System (Details)

- Transoceanic trade - Europe became more accustomed to nonlocal goods like sugar and cotton - Remote areas shifted from subsistence production to commodity production for Europe - Cotton and sugar drove slave trade and contributed to world system

Bruce Knauft

- U Michigan - 1998 - Winter 2008 - 2 weeks in 2013

1994 NAFTA

- US and Mexico subsidize domestic maize production - Mexico had maize import tariffs - Democratic neoliberalist pushes NAFTA - World Bank gave major loan toMexico - Required end to import tariffs and nationalized food stores - Tariffs supposed to be phased out in 15 years; ended in 30 months. - NAFTA crushed traditional rural economy; created economic migrants

Male initiation ceremony details

- Ugas - Red bird-of-paradise - Communitas - Women are involved - Religion reflects society

Male Gebusi Dancers in Spirit costumes

- Upper world spirits: Bird and possums - Lower world spirits: Crocodile and crayfish

Spirits, sex, and celebration of Gebusi

- Variation - Not easily fitting our categories

Three, separate & correlated, parts of social stratification

- Wealth (economic situation) - Prestige (status situation ) - Power (party)

Women sold ______ of products brought to market

<50%

What happens to the past?

Adapting to a world of continued growth, unforeseen challenges, and potential limitations

Erotic desire is related to _______________

Aggressiveness (sex and violence)

During the 1980s patriarchy among the Gebusi is evidence in (choose all that apply) a. sleeping arrangement b. spiritual practices c. music d. economic activities

All of the above

Wa Kawala

Boy/child becomes big - Growth - Assuming costume

Ethnology and ethnography (Gebusi)

Gebusi don't easily fit into anthropological categories

The Gebusi live in a. Cameroon b. Venezuela c. Papua New Guinea d. Brazil e. India

C. Papua New Guinea

__________ need not always involve a strong imperial presence

Colonies

The Protestant Work Ethic

Cultural values - industry, thrift, dissemination of new knowledge, inventiveness, willingness to accept change

Ethnographic writing

Emerges as a process of piecing together and making sense of fragments

During Knauft's first fieldwork among the Gebusi, they relied heavily on river transport True False

False

Eric Wolf argued that anthropology needed to focus on studying isolated cultures True False

False

The Gebusi fit neatly into standard anthropological categories like bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states True False

False

Both ___________ and ______________entail imposition of power on a foreign land

Imperialism; colonies

Focal vocabulary

Large vocabulary of plants and animals

The Gebusi have a _____________ counting system.

Limited

_________ impedes global class solidarity

Nationalism

Modern World System

Nations are economically and politically interdependent (NO isolated cultures)

Sibling Exchanges

New married brothers and sisters often live together

Where are the Gebusi located?

Papua New Guinea

Yibihilu

Place of the deep water

What is imperialism?

Policy of extending rule of an empire over foreign sovereigns, taking and holding foreign colonies

What is Colonialism?

Political, social, economic, cultural domination of a territory and its people by foreign power for an extended times (establishing settlements)

Neoliberalism 1970's and 80's

Used in context of Augusto Pinochet, Chile

Uga

Wigs

Most sellers (91%) were ________

Women

The industrial revolution saw a. a shift away from the domestic mode of production b. increased reliance on exchange labor c. massive improvement in material goods d. growing poverty

a. a shift away from the domestic mode of production b. increased reliance on exchange labor c. Massive improvement in material goods d. growing poverty

Kogwayway is (Choose all that apply) a. an emic concept b. etically described as a "key symbol" c. a false mythical concept d. a set of values projected

a. an emic concept b. etically described as a "key symbol" d. a set of values projected

In the late 1990s the Gebusi had... (choose all that apply) a. better access to modern material goods b. more pronounced expression of kogwayay c. a less varied diet d. a more varied diet e. lesser access to modern material goods

a. better access to modern material goods d. more varied diet

Wallerstein's world system theory is built around which types of nations a. core b. first c. semiperiphery d. second e. periphery f. third

a. core c. semiperiphery e. periphery

In writing about his second field season, Knauft argued that schools taught... a. Subjects like reading and writing b. New values like being on time c. Old customs like gardening and craftwork

a. subjects like reading and writing b. new values like being on time

As an economic historian, Marx stressed the theory of a. Hegelian dialects and the importance of idealism b. Historical materialism and economic relationships c. Religious views as key to shaping the rest of society d. Hegemony as a way of keeping the population in line

b. Historical materialism and economic relationships

Knauft characterizes the Gebusi as structured around a. generalized reciprocity b. balanced reciprocity c. negative reciprocity d. classical neoliberalism e. Keynesianism

b. balanced reciprocity

When Knauft returned for his second season of fieldwork in the late 1990s, most of the men Knauft's age were... a. grandparents b. dead c. heads of households and earning money cutting grass d. in polygamous marriages and had boom boxes

b. dead

Fernand Braudel Believed the world is the ____________ world system

biggest

For the Gebusi, the first contact with the outside world occurred in? a. 1860 b. 1910 c. 1960 d. 1980 e. 202-

c. 1960

When Knauft returned for his second season of fieldwork in the late 1990s the Gebusi were... a. living at Yibihilu increased their dependence on the forest b. situated between the capital of Port Moresby and the Huli c. situated between Nomad Station and the forest

c. Situated between Nomad station and the forest

Knauft suggests that the prevalence of nationalistic religious fundamentalism a. indicates Marx was wrong b. indicates Marx was right c. indicates that assumptions about secular modernity are false d. indicates that assumptions about secular modernity are true e. indicates Weber's central thesis about the protestant work ethic

c. indicates that assumptions about secular modernity are false

Max Weber saw _____ as key to the rise of capitalism a. the economic base b. colonialism c. protestantism d. Marxism

c. protestantism

Scheper Hughes medical anthropology research on child health took place in Brazil. Wallerstein would characterize this nation as a. core b. first c. semiperiphery d. second e. periphery f. third

c. semiperiphery

Which types of nations are the largest suppliers of cheap labor a. core b. first c. semiperiphery d. second e. periphery f. third

c. semiperiphery e. periphery

When Knauft returned for his second season of fieldwork in the late 1990s a. The long house was larger and better built b. The longhouse was placed in Nomad station c. There was no longhouse d. There was a symbolic longhouse but no one lived in it

c. there was no longhouse

In writing about his second field season, Knauft observed ______ different christian denominations present Gasumi Corners a. one b. two c. three d. four

c. three

Knauft argued that changes in Gebusi homicide rates suggest that a. violence is a biological imperative that culture cannot surpress b. violence increases with exposure to the modern world c. violence is influenced by attitudes and beliefs

c. violence is influenced by attitudes and beliefs

During Knauft's first fieldwork, most sorcery accusations a. were the outcome of thefts b. were directed at people who didn't work in the garden c. were among unreciprocated marriage exchanges d. were directed at non-Gebusi ousiders

c. were among unreciprocated marriage exchanges

In 1998, things in the Gebusi society were generally _________

calmer

In 1998, the Gebusi had less ________ than before

camaraderie

Market transactions women's opportunity for _______

cash

After late 1990's influence of _________, particularly the "hard" (SDA and Evangelical) forms faded

christianity

In 1998, the Gebusi had an imposition of ___________-

christianity

More material goods

clothing

Papua New Guinea achieved colonial independence in what year? a. 1875 b. 1910 c. 1940 d. 1975 e. 1990 f. 2000

d. 1975

Core nations a. supply the bulk of labor to the world system b. send out more capital than they accumulate c. are the least powerful economically d. exhibit the greatest degree of economic complexity

d. exhibit the greatest degree of economic complexity

Knauft's characterization of women's participation in the market illustrates evidence of a. profit maximizing b. risk minimizing c. utility maximizing d. none of the above

d. none of the above

Proletarianization is a. the rise of the working class to overthrow the bourgeoisie b. the development of class consciousness and growing tensions c. the casting off of capitalist power relations and a return to the land d. the separation of workers from the means of production

d. the separation of workers from the means of production

According to Kottak's interpretation of Wallerstein's theory, what development sparked the beginning of the modern world system a. urbanization b. industrialization c. imperialism d. transoceanic trade

d. transoceanic trade

In 1998, the Gebusi had a more varied _________

diet

Intensification of process that begins with __________ states

early

Imperialism need not alway entail the ___________ of _____________

establishment; colonies

Capital

wealth, resources invested in business with the intent of using means of production to make a profit

In 1998, the Gebusi had lowered levels of __________

homicide

In 1998, the Gebusi were passive recipients of _____ from the outside

ideas

Fernand Braudel Believed society is composed of

interrelated parts assembled into a system

Given time and labor investment, participation is ________

irrational

The 1990's began the participation in _________

market - Grew greater variety of crops

Periphery nations produce raw ____________, ______________ commodities, and human _________ for export

materials agricultural labor

Bag of rice cost is about _______ earnings

months

Gebusi sexuality also includes ___________ tales and __________ joking

morality; male

Syncretism

people often find ways to assert organic or homemade versions of spiritual and aesthetic expression

Semiperiphery nations industrialized by_______ and _____________of core nations

power; economic dominance

Economic liberalism ___________ until the depression

prevailed

Class consciousness

recognition of collective interests, personal identification w/ one's economic group

Proletarianization

separating workers from means of production

New _________, new way of life

settlement

Hybridity

the process of mixing genres within a culture and across cultures

In 1998, the Gebusi had a new sense of ______

time

Gebusi culture is a set of ___________ projected. Values behaved may be ___________.

values; different