Anthropology Final Exam Prep
Is human nature violent?
- After Doliay's revenge killing Knauft knew of no other homicides among Gebusi - Transition from highest homicide rate recorded to zero in less than a generation - Violence influenced by attitudes and beliefs
Discovering Norms by Breaking Them
- Asking for change in the market - Buyers are supposed to have exact change - Piles of food had fixed prices - Seller had to tap social network to make change - Cultural differences in market transactions
Gebusi and their neighbors
- Bedamini (3000) raided Gebusi ( 450) - Australians pacified Bedamini (allowing Gebusi to survive) - Australians left Gebusi alone
Sorcery and causes of death
- Bogay: parcel sorcery (slow) - Ogowili: assault sorcery (fast)
More changes after late 90's (3)
- Bride price expectations declined - Renewed homosocial joking - No evidence of widespread homosexual relations
Industrialization of the Economy
- Capital for investment, provided by transoceanic trade - More investment by wealthy - Farming, manufacturing production increases - Capital, scientific innovation spur invention
Bourgeoisie
- Capitalists - gained wealth overseas - own means of production
Gebusi Kinship
- Clan and some lineages - Patrilineal
Analytical Perspectives
- Closed details view or distant synthetic view - Experience near and far - Emic and etic views - Society wide= census data, residence, and kinship diagrams
Gebusi sister exchange (4)
- Consistent with balanced reciprocity - Bride to be has veto power - Sibling exchanges - Romantic marriages do occur
The work of fieldwork (3)
- Constant stream of dramas - Participant observation, oral history, genealogy, reflexivity, and life cycle - Mourning, sorcery, shamanism, stigma, and scapegoating
Development
- Control over former colonies sought indirectly - Intervention philosophy: ideological justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions - No longer coercion/force, but ideological - Policy (IMF, World Bank, Free Trade Agreements)
Settlement patterns and subsistence (5)
- Described as "nomads" - Frequent logistical forays - Horticulturalists "feeling on top of the trees" - Hunting and gathering - Semi-nomadic and semi-domesticated
Women and the market (4)
- Difficulty selling products - Women didn't want to talk about success or failure - Fear of jealousy - Transactions swift and secret
Emergence of Industrialization
- Domestic system of manufacture - Replaced by factories
Testing the limits of Cultural relativism
- Dugawe had a violent past - From our perspective Sialim stood up for herself - She was berated by Dugawe's female kin
Anthropology debates
- Emphasis on traditional cultures - Those who focus on change
1940's Green Revolution
- Encouraged use of "improved varieties" - Distributed free and low price early - Price increased overtime - Improved varieties depended on inputs - Inputs altered soil - Farmers could not afford improved varieties and soil didn't support traditional varieties
________, _________, _________, _________, and others could take priority over class
- Ethnicity - Religion - Race - Nationality
Marriage
- Exogamous patriclans - Levirate - sister-exchange (preferred)
Categorizing Nations
- First world - Democratic west - Second World - Ruled by Communism - Third World - Less developed, developing nations
Gebusi Subsistence (6)
- Fishing - Hunting - Semi-domesticated Pigs - Plantains - Gardening - Semi-foraging
Sexual Horseplay
- Gendered ideas and behaviors - Norms vs actual practice
Illness and Malnutrition
- High parasite load - "Sago belly" - Infant mortality
Life and Death (3)
- Hight infant mortality - Infants are not fully human until teeth emerge - All natural deaths attributed to sorcery
Culture change, Culture Loss (6)
- Impacts of religion, economic intrusions - Health, family, gender, marriage, identity - Syncretism, hybridity - Gebusi and agency - Tradition to folklore - Promise of "progress"
Levirate Marriage
- In patriclans keeps woman's residence, labor, and children in same clan as deceased husband
Keynesian approach to counter act depressions (1945-1980)
- Increases in government spending - tax cuts - Monetary expansion
Semiperiphery countries
- Intermediate position - Less power, wealth, and influence
Sorcery
- Investigation - Causes of death
Kogwayay
- Kog (togetherness) - Wa (to talk) - Yay (cry out loudly)
_ of 6 of Knauft's initiates were still alive in the 90's
3 (Yuway and Doliay)
Gebusi sexuality also includes feeding forbidden ________
desires
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory
Countries occupy 1 of 3 positions - Core - Semiperiphery - Periphery
Core countries
- dominant position - Most powerful industrial nations - Greates degree of economic complexity - Highest level of capital accumulation
Initiation Ceremony- Liminality
"In-between" initiation costume
Fine dance between "________ _______" and "________ ________" a people or situation
"living with" ; "writing up"
Toward Global Empires
- 1400s, Age of "Discovery" - Exploration, exploitation of Africa, Caribbean, Americas - Late 1800s - European nations compete for colonies
Neoliberalism (5)
- Adam Smith's (1776) Wealth of Nations - Replaced mercantilism and physiocracy - Economic liberalism - Laissez-faire economics - Open international trade, investment
Better Conditions in the Core
- Advanced industrialized places- some lessening of division - Workers, unions fight for rights - Labor protections - Middle class - Sharp divisions at global scale
Proletariat
- working class - must sell labor to survive
Tradition as Farce
- Making fun of tradition - Commentaries on change
Class conflict occurs within _________
nations
Fernand Braudel Believed societies are
sub-systems of larger systems
Gebusi Male sexuality
- Joking homosocial rather than homosexual - Hookups between joking pairs of older men - Hookups between uninitiated and older men - Young consume semen of elders to build masculinity - Boys must be grown with the life force of semen - Young develop self discipline
What are the changes Knauft sees?
- Kinship structures still present - Small individual houses - No more longhouse - Kogwayay muted
Gebusi 1998 (4)
- Kinship, social organization, and ritual - Market, churches, schools, nationalism, and global phenomena - Armed traders and state empires - PNG colonized by Germans, British, and Australians before independence 1975
Emergency of the World System
- Large states, empires existed prior to W European colonial expansion - Dramatic change w/ European colonization of Africa, New World - Shifts in production to luxury items, monocrops
Periphery Countries
- Least privileged and least powerful - Mechanized economic activities with some industrialization
Getting along with Kin and Killers (6)
- Life between drama and a sport - Need to know the players - Conflicts erupt seemingly randomly - Need to know how people sort out - Kinship and marriage critical - In small scale societies relations are understood via kinship
Prosperity increases Unevenly
- Living standards drop for some - Labor becomes cheap - Pollution - Overcrowding - Sanitation problems - Rampant disease - Death rates increase
Depression caused by excess supply
- Loss of aggregate - Rise in inventory slowed production
Sahlins "original affluent society"
- Low work effort sustain - Modernity's labor saving devices bring demands for more productive work
Maize in Mexico (5)
- Maize domesticated in Mexico - ca 7000 years old - Three sisters - Shifting cultivation - Sustained large population over long period of time
Mysterious romance and marital choice
- Male-male relationships unknown - Sister-exchange marriages change - Increased choice of women - Stress for everyone
2000's ________ and ________ economy collapse
- Old subsistence patterns re-emerged - Maintained greater variety of crops - Better nutrition - Larger but fewer villages - Villages more permanent - Shifting settlement was to avoid attacks by Bedamini neighbors
Gasumi station: Between two worlds
- On the edges of Nomad Station and Forest - Yibihilu old village abandoned
What are Knauft's methods?
- Participant-observation - Interviews
Troubling Sides of Gebusi culture
- Patriarchy - Kogwayay - Séances
Reciprocity
- Plantains and the gift - Behavior that reinforces social bonds - Balanced reciprocity - Gift exchange name
Assumptions of neoliberalism (6)
- Profit by lowering costs - Improve productivity; Lay-offs, lower wages - Deregulation leads to economic growth - Trickle-down economics - Austerity measures - Cut government expenses
Complications to Marx Scheme (5)
- Publicly traded companies - Capitalist/worker grey area - Middle class of skilled professionals - Lenski (1966) growth of middle class saw rise of equity with industrialization - Growing inequality in US
The Role of England
- Results of industrialization - Massive improvement in material goods - Increased inequality - Natural resources, geography, and initial loyalty of colonists
Sources of Cheap Labor
- Semi-periphery - China and India - Periphery
Exogamy and endogamy in the United States
- Sex (orientation) exogamy - Racial endogamy
What emerges at séances? (2)
- Sexual joking - Sorcery inquisition can end in homicide
Gender in school
- Shy girls - Confident boys
Sorcery and Investigation
- Signs from the corpse - Spilling fluid, moaning, bulging, or bursting eyes - Accused killed on spot
Capitalist World Economy (3)
- Single world system committed to production for sale and exchange - Maximize profits - Less emphasis on supplying domestic need
Mate attraction patterns change
- Sister exchange marriage less common - Men now attract mates using signals and participation in modernity - Sister exchange gone wrong - Good intentions can have bad results - Intent and unexpected outcomes
The awkward anthropologist (4)
- Sitting in longhouse watching for hookups - Need to observe before projecting - Female playmate spirit above house - The anthropologist is propositioned
Sorcery and Marriage (4)
- Sorcery accusations high with unreciprocated marriage exchanges - Persons related by marriage more likely accused of sorcery - 2/3 Gebusi death by homicide - Higher rate than Yanomamo - Most homicide = execution of sorcery suspects
The Postcolonial
- Study of interactions between European nations & the societies they colonized - Period after colonialism - Formation of new nations that gained independence from colonial powers
Church
- Traditional séance, spirit singing stopped - Male sexual joking minimized - Homicides cease completely - Women more involved
Industrial Revolution 18th century
- Transition from traditional to modern society - Industrialization of the economy
Emergency of the World System (Details)
- Transoceanic trade - Europe became more accustomed to nonlocal goods like sugar and cotton - Remote areas shifted from subsistence production to commodity production for Europe - Cotton and sugar drove slave trade and contributed to world system
Bruce Knauft
- U Michigan - 1998 - Winter 2008 - 2 weeks in 2013
1994 NAFTA
- US and Mexico subsidize domestic maize production - Mexico had maize import tariffs - Democratic neoliberalist pushes NAFTA - World Bank gave major loan toMexico - Required end to import tariffs and nationalized food stores - Tariffs supposed to be phased out in 15 years; ended in 30 months. - NAFTA crushed traditional rural economy; created economic migrants
Male initiation ceremony details
- Ugas - Red bird-of-paradise - Communitas - Women are involved - Religion reflects society
Male Gebusi Dancers in Spirit costumes
- Upper world spirits: Bird and possums - Lower world spirits: Crocodile and crayfish
Spirits, sex, and celebration of Gebusi
- Variation - Not easily fitting our categories
Three, separate & correlated, parts of social stratification
- Wealth (economic situation) - Prestige (status situation ) - Power (party)
Women sold ______ of products brought to market
<50%
What happens to the past?
Adapting to a world of continued growth, unforeseen challenges, and potential limitations
Erotic desire is related to _______________
Aggressiveness (sex and violence)
During the 1980s patriarchy among the Gebusi is evidence in (choose all that apply) a. sleeping arrangement b. spiritual practices c. music d. economic activities
All of the above
Wa Kawala
Boy/child becomes big - Growth - Assuming costume
Ethnology and ethnography (Gebusi)
Gebusi don't easily fit into anthropological categories
The Gebusi live in a. Cameroon b. Venezuela c. Papua New Guinea d. Brazil e. India
C. Papua New Guinea
__________ need not always involve a strong imperial presence
Colonies
The Protestant Work Ethic
Cultural values - industry, thrift, dissemination of new knowledge, inventiveness, willingness to accept change
Ethnographic writing
Emerges as a process of piecing together and making sense of fragments
During Knauft's first fieldwork among the Gebusi, they relied heavily on river transport True False
False
Eric Wolf argued that anthropology needed to focus on studying isolated cultures True False
False
The Gebusi fit neatly into standard anthropological categories like bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states True False
False
Both ___________ and ______________entail imposition of power on a foreign land
Imperialism; colonies
Focal vocabulary
Large vocabulary of plants and animals
The Gebusi have a _____________ counting system.
Limited
_________ impedes global class solidarity
Nationalism
Modern World System
Nations are economically and politically interdependent (NO isolated cultures)
Sibling Exchanges
New married brothers and sisters often live together
Where are the Gebusi located?
Papua New Guinea
Yibihilu
Place of the deep water
What is imperialism?
Policy of extending rule of an empire over foreign sovereigns, taking and holding foreign colonies
What is Colonialism?
Political, social, economic, cultural domination of a territory and its people by foreign power for an extended times (establishing settlements)
Neoliberalism 1970's and 80's
Used in context of Augusto Pinochet, Chile
Uga
Wigs
Most sellers (91%) were ________
Women
The industrial revolution saw a. a shift away from the domestic mode of production b. increased reliance on exchange labor c. massive improvement in material goods d. growing poverty
a. a shift away from the domestic mode of production b. increased reliance on exchange labor c. Massive improvement in material goods d. growing poverty
Kogwayway is (Choose all that apply) a. an emic concept b. etically described as a "key symbol" c. a false mythical concept d. a set of values projected
a. an emic concept b. etically described as a "key symbol" d. a set of values projected
In the late 1990s the Gebusi had... (choose all that apply) a. better access to modern material goods b. more pronounced expression of kogwayay c. a less varied diet d. a more varied diet e. lesser access to modern material goods
a. better access to modern material goods d. more varied diet
Wallerstein's world system theory is built around which types of nations a. core b. first c. semiperiphery d. second e. periphery f. third
a. core c. semiperiphery e. periphery
In writing about his second field season, Knauft argued that schools taught... a. Subjects like reading and writing b. New values like being on time c. Old customs like gardening and craftwork
a. subjects like reading and writing b. new values like being on time
As an economic historian, Marx stressed the theory of a. Hegelian dialects and the importance of idealism b. Historical materialism and economic relationships c. Religious views as key to shaping the rest of society d. Hegemony as a way of keeping the population in line
b. Historical materialism and economic relationships
Knauft characterizes the Gebusi as structured around a. generalized reciprocity b. balanced reciprocity c. negative reciprocity d. classical neoliberalism e. Keynesianism
b. balanced reciprocity
When Knauft returned for his second season of fieldwork in the late 1990s, most of the men Knauft's age were... a. grandparents b. dead c. heads of households and earning money cutting grass d. in polygamous marriages and had boom boxes
b. dead
Fernand Braudel Believed the world is the ____________ world system
biggest
For the Gebusi, the first contact with the outside world occurred in? a. 1860 b. 1910 c. 1960 d. 1980 e. 202-
c. 1960
When Knauft returned for his second season of fieldwork in the late 1990s the Gebusi were... a. living at Yibihilu increased their dependence on the forest b. situated between the capital of Port Moresby and the Huli c. situated between Nomad Station and the forest
c. Situated between Nomad station and the forest
Knauft suggests that the prevalence of nationalistic religious fundamentalism a. indicates Marx was wrong b. indicates Marx was right c. indicates that assumptions about secular modernity are false d. indicates that assumptions about secular modernity are true e. indicates Weber's central thesis about the protestant work ethic
c. indicates that assumptions about secular modernity are false
Max Weber saw _____ as key to the rise of capitalism a. the economic base b. colonialism c. protestantism d. Marxism
c. protestantism
Scheper Hughes medical anthropology research on child health took place in Brazil. Wallerstein would characterize this nation as a. core b. first c. semiperiphery d. second e. periphery f. third
c. semiperiphery
Which types of nations are the largest suppliers of cheap labor a. core b. first c. semiperiphery d. second e. periphery f. third
c. semiperiphery e. periphery
When Knauft returned for his second season of fieldwork in the late 1990s a. The long house was larger and better built b. The longhouse was placed in Nomad station c. There was no longhouse d. There was a symbolic longhouse but no one lived in it
c. there was no longhouse
In writing about his second field season, Knauft observed ______ different christian denominations present Gasumi Corners a. one b. two c. three d. four
c. three
Knauft argued that changes in Gebusi homicide rates suggest that a. violence is a biological imperative that culture cannot surpress b. violence increases with exposure to the modern world c. violence is influenced by attitudes and beliefs
c. violence is influenced by attitudes and beliefs
During Knauft's first fieldwork, most sorcery accusations a. were the outcome of thefts b. were directed at people who didn't work in the garden c. were among unreciprocated marriage exchanges d. were directed at non-Gebusi ousiders
c. were among unreciprocated marriage exchanges
In 1998, things in the Gebusi society were generally _________
calmer
In 1998, the Gebusi had less ________ than before
camaraderie
Market transactions women's opportunity for _______
cash
After late 1990's influence of _________, particularly the "hard" (SDA and Evangelical) forms faded
christianity
In 1998, the Gebusi had an imposition of ___________-
christianity
More material goods
clothing
Papua New Guinea achieved colonial independence in what year? a. 1875 b. 1910 c. 1940 d. 1975 e. 1990 f. 2000
d. 1975
Core nations a. supply the bulk of labor to the world system b. send out more capital than they accumulate c. are the least powerful economically d. exhibit the greatest degree of economic complexity
d. exhibit the greatest degree of economic complexity
Knauft's characterization of women's participation in the market illustrates evidence of a. profit maximizing b. risk minimizing c. utility maximizing d. none of the above
d. none of the above
Proletarianization is a. the rise of the working class to overthrow the bourgeoisie b. the development of class consciousness and growing tensions c. the casting off of capitalist power relations and a return to the land d. the separation of workers from the means of production
d. the separation of workers from the means of production
According to Kottak's interpretation of Wallerstein's theory, what development sparked the beginning of the modern world system a. urbanization b. industrialization c. imperialism d. transoceanic trade
d. transoceanic trade
In 1998, the Gebusi had a more varied _________
diet
Intensification of process that begins with __________ states
early
Imperialism need not alway entail the ___________ of _____________
establishment; colonies
Capital
wealth, resources invested in business with the intent of using means of production to make a profit
In 1998, the Gebusi had lowered levels of __________
homicide
In 1998, the Gebusi were passive recipients of _____ from the outside
ideas
Fernand Braudel Believed society is composed of
interrelated parts assembled into a system
Given time and labor investment, participation is ________
irrational
The 1990's began the participation in _________
market - Grew greater variety of crops
Periphery nations produce raw ____________, ______________ commodities, and human _________ for export
materials agricultural labor
Bag of rice cost is about _______ earnings
months
Gebusi sexuality also includes ___________ tales and __________ joking
morality; male
Syncretism
people often find ways to assert organic or homemade versions of spiritual and aesthetic expression
Semiperiphery nations industrialized by_______ and _____________of core nations
power; economic dominance
Economic liberalism ___________ until the depression
prevailed
Class consciousness
recognition of collective interests, personal identification w/ one's economic group
Proletarianization
separating workers from means of production
New _________, new way of life
settlement
Hybridity
the process of mixing genres within a culture and across cultures
In 1998, the Gebusi had a new sense of ______
time
Gebusi culture is a set of ___________ projected. Values behaved may be ___________.
values; different