Anthropology Final Exam REVIEW

The text states that the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups? a. Jews, Italians, and Finns b. Irish, Jews, and Egyptians c. Italians, Madagascans, and Brazilians d. Brazilians, New Zealanders, and Jews

a. Jews, Italians, and Finns

Salins & Service (1960) typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as... a. a chief b. headman of a tribe c. a big man d. a bureaucrat in a centralized state

a. a chief

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called... a. a cultural landscape b. an ecosystem c. a subsistence strategy d. a metaphor

a. a cultural landscape

Why was symbolic anthropologists Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws? a. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety b. because they helped people avoid disease c. because they were wrong d. because they are strictly biological

a. because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety

In the Melanesian conception of time, the future is spatially located... a. behind the body b. above the head c. in the spirit of a river d. in front of the body

a. behind the body

The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as... a. cultural imperialism b. hybridization c. cultural relativism d. localization

a. cultural imperialism

According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services? a. economic systems b. political systems c. holistic systems d. kinship systems

a. economic systems

What social distinction classifies people according to descent? a. ethnicity b. class c. caste d. race

a. ethnicity

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development results in... a. expanding state power b. poverty alleviation c. improvement of working conditions for farmers d. enhancing access to new technologies such as cell phones

a. expanding state power

Jim Crow laws in the US South after the Civil War are a good illustration of... a. explicit discrimination b. invisible racism c. hidden privileges d. hegemony

a. explicit discrimination

A yurvedic medicine is a good example of... a. folk medicine b. the subjectivity of illness c. medicalization d. medical malpractice

a. folk medicine

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things? a. foraging b. horticulture c. pastoralism d. intensive agriculture

a. foraging

What is the "subjectivity of illness"? a. how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level b. the idea that diseases cannot be measured objectively c. the process of testing that determines if a patient is really sick or not d. the effort to blame people for their own sickness

a. how people understand and experience their condition on a personal level

The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of... a. information about solar patterns embedded in art and religion b. religious myths that are fictions c. primitive art by an "artist" d. modern science

a. information about solar patterns embedded in art and religion

Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by... a. interconnections between societies b. the isolation of communities c. innovations within a single society d. insulated incidences of rapid technological change

a. interconnections between societies

Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because... a. it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based b. it illustrates how government agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fight racism c. it shows how social classifications like ethnicity are normalized d. it illustrates clearly how different racial groups have different biology

a. it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

The exercise of political power requires... a. legitimacy b. force c. violence d. authority

a. legitimacy

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"... a. marginalizes women's voices in work contexts b. contributes to gender equality in the workplace c. demonstrates that women and men are equal d. builds certainty and trust

a. marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures? a. medical anthropology b. physical anthropology c. linguistic anthropology d. biological anthropology

a. medical anthropology

Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender? a. men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from b. foods take on qualities associated with one gender or another c. men and women are enculturated to eat certain foods d. foods are linked to gender-appropriate behaviors

a. men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from

_____ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries a. migrants b. immigrants c. refugees d. exiles

a. migrants

Animal call systems... a. only express to responses to stimuli in their present environment b. fail to communicate in response to real-world stimuli c. are highly irregular among primates d. combine calls to make new call meanings

a. only express to responses to stimuli in their present environment

For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool? a. persuasion b. force c. formal authority d. corruption

a. persuasion

A distinct unit of sound in a specific language that distinguishes one word from another and changes meaning... a. phoneme b. morpheme c. syntax d. metaphor

a. phoneme

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as... a. a pidgin language b. a creole language c. language ideology d. slang

a. pidgin language

Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of... a. political power b. age-grades c. adjudication d. mediation

a. political power

For anthropologists, political power refers to how... a. power is used to attain goals for the good of the community b. elected officials use power c. violence is used by the nation-state to subdue dissent d. politics operates informally

a. power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as... a. prestige economies b. capitalist c. surplus value d. market exchange

a. prestige economies

The purpose of fieldnotes is to... a. provide written records of information that an anthropologists collects b. avoid collecting personal information about informants c. engage in deep analysis of the data d. record results from blood samples

a. provide written records of information that an anthropologists collects

Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called... a. rituals b. magic c. ceremonies d. witchcraft

a. rituals

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach between conservationists and indigenous people can be so challenging? a. scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims b. indigenous communities do not have scientifically rigorous knowledge which is necessary for conservation c. collaboration is unnecessary for sustainable development d. the fact that indigenous people often want to continue living on their land upholds conservation goals

a. scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

In some Pentecostal and charismatic Christian religious, adherents experience an ecstatic religious happening (often associated with shamanism by non-believers), which is known as... a. speaking in tongues b. praying c. pilgrimage d. meditation

a. speaking in tongues

One explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is... a. the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies b. to decrease the prestige of physicians c. the denial among people to see social problem in scientific terms d. inaccurate, as there is a movement towards demedicalization

a. the growth in profits for insurance and pharmaceutical companies

For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk? a. the ways cultural beliefs and practices can support milk consumption b. the absence of genetic aspects of the practice among humans c. the way human children innately crave cow's milk d. the lack of social and political power of the milk industry

a. the ways cultural beliefs and practices can support milk consumption

Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law a. true b. false

a. true

Beliefs, (an unbelief) get most of its power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other group behaviors a. true b. false

a. true

Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic a. true b. false

a. true

Diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated a. true b. false

a. true

Exchange is a human universal a. true b. false

a. true

In some societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control a. true b. false

a. true

Race can become biology, by shaping people's biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets, exposure to certain kinds of diseases, and other factors that can make people either sick or healthy a. true b. false

a. true

To understand political action, one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions a. true b. false

a. true

The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that... a. women "decontaminate" money by using it to sustain the household b. women are better at saving money than men c. women are the political leaders d. men do not value money

a. women "decontaminate" money by using it to sustain the household

The Kung people of south Africa are an example of what kind of society? a. structural-functional b. acephalous c. segmentary lineage d. lawless

b. acephalous

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called... a. rapid appraisal b. action anthropology c. development anthropology d. participant observation

b. action anthropology

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as... a. advocates of USAID and other development institutions b. advocates of poor and marginalized people c. objective observers d. advocates for policy planners

b. advocates of poor and marginalized people

A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"? a. diabetes b. alcoholism c. albinism d. HIV

b. alcoholism

Early British settlers in the 1600s mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, is was... a. an ecosystem b. an anthropogenic landscape c. a cultural landscape d. an example of sustainable exploitation

b. an anthropogenic landscape

How do religious rituals commonly function politically? a. they do not function politically b. by legitimizing community authority c. by reducing fear d. by fostering disputes

b. by legitimizing community authority

A key difference between caste and social class is... a. irrelevant, there is no differences between caste and social class b. caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms c. class divides people in terms of biological relatedness, caste in terms of social relatedness d. class divides people in terms of moral purity, caste in socioeconomic terms

b. caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of... a. equality b. class c. discrimination d. prejudice

b. class

Financial globalization has allowed for... a. wealth to be evenly distributed throughout the world b. corporations to move factories from one country to another c. the minimum wage to stay the same d. industries to stabilize in their traditional geographic areas

b. corporations to move factories from one country to another

Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy? a. neoclassical economies b. cultural economies c. substantivism d. marxism

b. cultural economies

The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people in known as environmental... a. balance b. determinism c. relativism d. collapse

b. determinism

Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called... a. prejudice b. discrimination c. violence d. racism

b. discrimination

The human ability to speak about the past, about items not present and about imaginary worlds is called... a. a call system b. displacement c. productivity d. imagination

b. displacement

Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called... a. linguistics b. ethnoscience c. pseudoscience d. mythological studies

b. ethnoscience

Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity (similarity) in the use of language in the United States a. true b. false

b. false

Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are "natural" environmentalists a. true b. false

b. false

For anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices a. true b. false

b. false

It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine a. true b. false

b. false

The use of money is a human universal a. true b. false

b. false

There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world a. true b. false

b. false

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same a. true b. false

b. false

Which type of money is created and guaranteed by a government, such as the American dollar bill? a. sphere money b. fiat money c. commodity money d. limited purpose money

b. fiat money

Which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology? a. interviews b. fieldwork c. observations d. fieldnotes

b. fieldwork

The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by... a. separating the poor European farmers and the poor African farmers b. including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population c. making skin color the chief marker of status and difference d. linking blood type with racial difference

b. including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population

The people anthropologists gather data from are called... a. partners b. informants c. employees d. subjects

b. informants

Why was meat eating important for human biological development? a. it broke down toxins in the body b. it provided high-quality protein for human brain development c. it provided us with more muscle d. it is not important for human evolution

b. it provided high-quality protein for human brain development

A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that... a. it helps shed light on distinct cultures of capitalism b. it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships c. it helps the economy d. it helps us understand the innate superiority of some people in society

b. it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships

A voodoo doll is a good example of... a. magic that follows the law of contagion b. magic that follows the law of similarity c. animism d. totemism

b. magic that follows the law of similarity

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways? a. primates walked bipedally b. meat consumption increased c. humans learned to make tools d. humans developed language

b. meat consumption increased

"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of... a. cultural landscapes b. metaphors of human-nature interaction c. ecosystems d. idioms

b. metaphors of human-nature interaction

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called a. phonology b. morphology c. syntax d. cognates

b. morphology

Traditional ecological knowledge is... a. rarely shared in local languages b. not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place c. not useful in the contemporary world d. extremely valued by Westerners

b. not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure? a. langue b. parole c. cognate d. phonology

b. parole

_____ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out" a. thoughtful analysis b. participant observation c. personal survey d. parachute anthropology

b. participant observation

According to the medical anthropologists Csordas and Kleinman, of the four therapeutic processes that bring healing, which of the following are not included? a. clinical processes b. placebo effect c. social support d. surgery

b. placebo effect

A pre-formed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is... a. racism b. prejudice c. discrimination d. stereotyping

b. prejudice

Animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human language is called... a. garrulousness b. productivity c. displacement d. gossip

b. productivity

Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except... a. ensuring informant confidentiality b. protecting themselves c. controlling and protecting access to fieldnotes d. being open about their research

b. protecting themselves

Censuses interest anthropologists because they... a. are stable over time b. reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people c. indicate the permanence of social categories d. specialize in quantitative data collection and analysis

b. reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people

Which of the following groups of people were significantly instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races? a. artists b. scientists c. clergy d. politicians

b. scientists

A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in... a. phenomena b. social behavior and social action c. historical documents d. dogma

b. social behavior and social action

Which of the following is a current example of American totemism? a. the cross b. sports team mascots c. money d. beauty

b. sports team mascots

The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in... a. God b. supernatural things c. the afterlife d. Jesus

b. supernatural things

Clifford Geertz proposed an interpretive approach to religions, arguing that religion was a system of... a. myths b. symbols c. rules d. deceptions

b. symbols

According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is... a. less valued b. the domestic mode of production c. capitalism d. neoclassical economics

b. the domestic mode of production

The earliest anthropologist to compare religious and spiritual beliefs around the world was E.B. Tylor. For him the heart of religious belief was the belief in... a. spirits b. the sacred c. magic d. mana

b. the sacred

The in-class lecture elaborated on the 3 stages of rites of passage. The liminal stage is... a. the stage of preparing for and separating from the "normal" life b. the stage of learning, disorientation and change of perspective c. the stage of returning and reintegrating into the former life d. the stage of rejecting a disorienting perspective

b. the stage of learning, disorientation and change of perspective

Hawaiians and other Polynesian islanders traditionally believed that mana, sacred, or supernatural power, existed within certain objects, at sacred spaces, and in persons, including all of the following except... a. the chief's shadow b. the sun c. things the chief had touched d. the sites where rituals were performed

b. the sun

A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when... a. things are stable b. there are many changes in society c. there is peacetime d. people are in rural settings

b. there are many changes in society

Lineage or clan ownership of land and livestock, with little sense of private property, characterizes the... a. band b. tribe c. chiefdom d. state

b. tribe

The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists... a. find macrolevel economic transactions irrelevant b. try to understand and predict economic patterns c. do not assume economic transactions are the same everywhere d. tend to look at the day-to-day economic decisions of people

b. try to understand and predict economic patterns

Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different... a. access to medical technology b. ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons c. access to education and medical training d. class backgrounds

b. ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons

The way a people conceptualizes the world provides a set of unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works. Anthropologists call these conceptualizations a _____ a. superstition b. worldview c. philosophy d. bias

b. worldview

Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government? a. Sahlins and Service b. Calvin and Hobbes c. Hobbes and Locke d. Smith and Marx

c. Hobbes and Locke

A political system that governs 10,000 persons, whose central leader is determined by heredity and supported by a class of elites, with informal laws, the beginnings of intensive agriculture and labor specialization is... a. a band b. a state c. a chiefdom d. a tribe

c. a chiefdom

A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is... a. a factory owner prevents labor unions from forming in the factory b. a worker shows up to work late and gets his pay reduced, generating more profit for the owner c. a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15 d. a worker improves her or his efficiency by not taking bathroom breaks

c. a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15

The most important goal of Congolese sapeur is to... a. imitiate European consumers b. steal and resell secondhand clothes c. accumulate prestige d. acquire smartphones

c. accumulate prestige

What is the "fortress conservation"? a. an approach to national parks that includes building high-security fences and walls for protection b. the protection of old walled cities, castles, and forts c. an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature d. an approach to conservation that allows for human-animal interaction

c. an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, American doctors often had second jobs as... a. nutritionist b. morticians c. barbers d. politicians

c. barbers

Fieldwork involves... a. speaking through a state-provided interpreter b. excavating sites without written documents c. becoming involved in people's lives d. statistical analysis of gendered distributions of labor

c. becoming involved in people's lives

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because we... a. have much larger brains b. can learn American Sign Language c. can speak using a larynx d. have much smaller brains

c. can speak using a larynx

Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in the way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as... a. climate change b. environmental determinism c. carrying capacity d. cultural relativism

c. carrying capacity

Words that originate from a common word in the same ancestral language are called... a. loan words b. synonyms c. cognate words d. phonology

c. cognate words

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to more thoroughly consider _____ in their field studies? a. local languages b. economies c. colonial history d. sexuality

c. colonial history

People who study the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships and the impacts of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups are... a. medical anthropologists b. ecological anthropologists c. environmental anthropologists d. naturalist anthropologists

c. environmental anthropologists

A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is... a. political ecology b. demography c. environmental justice d. political economy

c. environmental justice

Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time? a. analyzing secondary materials b. genealogy c. ethnohistory d. participant observation

c. ethnohistory

The study of how people classify things in the world is called... a. ethnography b. sociolinguistics c. ethnoscience d. biological determinism

c. ethnoscience

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in _____ with respect to the child a. negative reciprocity b. delayed reciprocity c. generalized reciprocity d. balanced reciprocity

c. generalized reciprocity

A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists... a. are living backward lives and need to modernize b. are inefficient in their adaptation to nature c. have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape d. are a relatively new example of cultural adaptation to nature

c. have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is... a. transhumance b. subsistence farming c. intensification d. localization

c. intensification

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships? a. objective b. subjective c. intersubjective d. ethnographic

c. intersubjective

Which of the following is a feature of human language? a. it is rarely used to communicate b. it is unsystematic c. it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar d. it is only used by the civilized races

c. it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

World systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except... a. it is useful for analyzing postcolonial conditions b. it highlights resistance at the periphery c. it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology d. it explains how and why global capitalism has disrupted so many societies

c. it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

The ability to digest milk into adulthood is due to... a. transhumance b. arrested development c. lactose persistence d. lactose intolerance

c. lactose persistence

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to... a. ethnocentrism b. cultural relativism c. language death d. language learning

c. language death

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of... a. globalization b. immigration c. localization d. migration

c. localization

Frank pulled his back out and went to see a chiropractor, an orthopedic surgeon, and an acupuncturist. Which of the following practices was Frank engaging in? a. medicalization b. the placebo effect c. medical pluralism d. medical singularism

c. medical pluralism

All biological approaches to race are problematic because... a. they accurately describe an actual individual or characterize whole groups of people b. they do not take into account variation in nail growth variation c. one trail is assumed to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character d. the sampling is too broad and focuses only on invisible traits

c. one trail is assumed to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character

What is a life cycle ritual marks a person's transition from one social state to another? a. magic b. animism c. rite of passage d. totemism

c. rite of passage

When anthropologist Robert Welsch got sick in Papua New Guinea, most of the villagers thought that the cause of his illness was... a. the flu b. malaria c. sorcery d. homesickness

c. sorcery

The difference between a survey and a structured interview is... a. survey questions are asked orally; in a structured interview, they are written b. the goal of using survey questions is typically to produce qualitative data, while for structured interviews it is to produce quantitative data c. survey questions are closed-ended; structured interviews are not d. there is no difference between surveys and structured interviews

c. survey questions are closed-ended; structured interviews are not

Slash-and-burn agriculture, also called _____, is the most effective farming technique in tropical areas when population densities are low a. transhumance b. horticulture c. swidden agriculture d. crop rotation

c. swidden agriculture

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because... a. they are only found in pristine, untouched societies b. they are economically insignificant in market-based economies c. the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies d. reciprocity is rarely embedded in social relations

c. the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies

Reciprocity is... a. is the attempt to get something for nothing, to haggle one's way into a favorable personal outcome b. is giving something without the expectation of return, at least not in the near term c. is the give-and-take that builds and confirms relationships d. occurs when a person gives something, expecting the receiver to return an equivalent gift or favor at some point in the future

c. the give-and-take that builds and confirms relationships

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings? a. planting practices b. harvesting practices c. the idea that maize has a soul d. taxonomy

c. the idea that maize has a soul

What is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat? a. they love carbohydrates most of all b. relishes define a tasty meal c. there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat d. the intersections between culture and biology

c. there is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that... a. they explain the rise of cultural conflict in the world b. they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity c. they articulate how and why cultures converge through mixture and hybridity d. they explain how and why global capitalism has disrupted so many societies

c. they articulate how and why cultures converge through mixture and hybridity

Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens? a. to get elected to local government b. to follow a religious doctrine c. to justify African slavery d. to illustrate the intersectional nature of identity

c. to justify African slavery

Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as a... a. postcolonial community b. global community c. transnational community d. hybridized community

c. transnational community

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to... a. detect genetic traits linked to disease b. identify the myths society tells its members c. understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community d. determine what plants are used for

c. understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

The comparative method... a. compares cognate words in different languages b. focuses on one society over a long period of time c. uses data from many different societies d. emphasizes statistical regressions

c. uses data from many different societies

An anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because a. he or she has ample research funding to go into other field sites b. statistical evidence suggests that participant observation is unnecessary c. there is little data about the field site produced by others d. there is conflict or violence in the field site

d there is conflict or violence in the field site

What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer? a. a simplified physical model of the body with all the organs affected by the cancer identified in it b. a general approach to explaining the incidence of cancer among various groups c. a biological theory that explains why certain people get cancer and others do not d. a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer

d. a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer

Koko and Washoe were two primates who had learned... a. call sounds b. morse code c. english d. american sign language

d. american sign language

An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking... a. an etic perspective b. tunnel vision c. primary sources d. an emic perspective

d. an emic perspective

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called... a. exchange value b. gift exchange c. surplus value d. appropriation

d. appropriation

Medical anthropologists Nancy Scheper-Hughes uncovered a large criminal network engaged in the black-market sale of... a. illegal drugs b. children c. bacteria d. body parts

d. body parts

When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process? a. persuasion b. medicalization c. symbolic process d. clinical therapeutic process

d. clinical therapeutic process

Hybridization is about... a. maintaining distinct ethnic boundaries b. technological inequality c. defining a direction for change d. cultural mixing

d. cultural mixing

Welsch & Vivanco argue that the importance of "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it... a. demonstrates the difficulty of locating structural power b. demonstrates why PNG men think women are irrational c. demonstrates why men are controlling towards women d. demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising power

d. demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising power

Push-pull factors... a. describe the factors that contribute the elevation of tides worldwide b. explain why colonists adventured to the new world c. provide the foundation for determining the difference between core and periphery nations d. describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries

d. describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries

What is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective? a. there is often little difference in perspective among these experts b. physicians will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will focus only on the patient's symptoms c. doctors will not be concerned with the patient's feelings since as physicians they know what is happening, while the medical anthropologist will be concerned with the patient's anxiety and fear during treatment d. doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologist will want to look at the illness from all perspectives

d. doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspective s

For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol? a. metaphor b. summarizing symbol c. narrative symbol d. elaborating symbol

d. elaborating symbol

The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as... a. horticulture b. intensification c. life systems d. foodways

d. foodways

What are people called who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles? a. believers b. practitioners c. faithful d. fundamentalists

d. fundamentalists

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists as a feature of globalization is that... a. anthropologists have not been locally focused b. it is easier to study local settings than global settings c. it is rapidly disappearing as a phenomenon d. global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

d. global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

When anthropologists go into the field, they... a. go as a completely clean slate, without reading anything about the topic beforehand b. never change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing c. seek to interrupt the flow of everyday life d. go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered

d. go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered

Health and illness... a. can readily be objectively measured by doctors with the right equipment b. form a straightforward concept well understood by physicians c. are stable and unchanging across the world d. have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

d. have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

Anthropologists study the diversity of diets, the complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and political and economic processes, meaning that they study food... a. ethnocentrically b. structurally c. indifferently d. holistically

d. holistically

Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of... a. pastoralism b. foraging c. horticulture d. intensification

d. intensification

Until the 1920s anthropologists interpreted totemism as evidence of a group's... a. spiritual flexibility b. sophistication c. solidarity d. limited intellectual capacity

d. limited intellectual capacity

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of... a. exchange value b. surplus value c. general-purpose money d. limited-purpose money

d. limited-purpose money

Eating practices are... a. unique to each culture, and rarely show similarities across cultures b. disconnected from political and economic processes in a society c. influenced only by elders in a society d. marked by identities, such as gender, age, and ethnic group

d. marked by identities, such as gender, age, and ethnic group

You and your siblings are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of... a. avoidance b. adjudication c. negotiation d. mediation

d. mediation

Nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called... a. medicalization b. the sick role c. symbolic treatment d. medical pluralism

d. medical pluralism

The human diet is... a. vegan b. vegetarian c. carnivorous d. omnivorous

d. omnivorous

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called... a. ethnoscience b. racism c. prejudice d. racialization

d. racialization

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called... a. capitalism b. exchange c. production d. redistribution

d. redistribution

Which of the following social structures is a way that African societies maintain order? a. parliamentary systems b. educational systems c. presidential authority and nepotism d. religious practices and beliefs about witches

d. religious practices and beliefs about witches

A good example of disguised discrimination is when... a. formal laws prevent certain social groups from being full citizens b. the police do racial profiling c. a teacher divides her or his class into brown eye and blue eye groups d. shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

d. shopkeepers or security guards follow clack customers through stores

In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on... a. genetic markers b. skin color c. eye color d. social behaviors

d. social behaviors

Violence is... a. unmanageable b. static c. inherited d. socially constructed

d. socially constructed

Globalization is the... a. idea that cultural characteristics result from internal historical dynamism b. process of relationships being limited to those within nation-state boundaries c. field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism d. widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

d. widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would always be black (dark), white (light), and _____

red