anthropology final

homo erectus dates from around _____ million years ago

1.8

Modern-looking humans evolved about __________ years ago

100,000

Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago.

150,000

by about _______ B.C.E., archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations

3500

while English has 26 letters, it has _____ significant sounds

46

the earliest writing systems are about ______ years old

6,000

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ b.c.

8,000

the first clear indication of changeover to food production took place in the near east about ______ B.C.E

8,000

what species is the earliest known australopithecine?

A. anamensis

Why are some long-term acclimatizations difficult to distinguish from adaptations?

Acclimatizations may persist even after the individual moves to another environment.

the tool tradition identified with homo erectus is the

Acheulian

Homo ergaster is a name given by some archaeologists to what others consider to be Homo erectus found in __________.

Africa

the earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in

Africa

why did cities and states emerge in Mesoamerica later than in the Near East?

Agriculture started later in the New world than in the old world

What is the relationship between the terms hominoid and hominin?

All hominins are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominins.

who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which led to the taxonomic system we use today?

Carolus Linnaeus

How do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties?

Certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process.

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.

Fertile Crescent

most archaeologists believe that the ____ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication

Fertile Crescent

What is one possible factor in the observation that boys tend to be more aggressive than girls?

Girls are given more tasks, and therefore spend more time around adults.

The earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species?

H. habilis and H. rudolfensis

the earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species?

H. habilis and H. rudolfensis

What was one of the ways that Franz Boas brought about the end of the evolutionism period in early anthropology?

He was strongly opposed to "race" theory, and emphasized the importance of cultural context.

to what language family does English belong

Indo-European

hominin footprints

Laetoli

Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land?

Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.

lemurs

Madagascar

what feature of Mousterian tools suggest that were hafted?

Many of them were thinned or shaped on one side.

When did the hominoids first appear?

Miocene

Louis and Mary Leakey

Paleoanthropology

Cross-culturally, how do pastoralists compare with farmers in terms of adult behavior?

Pastoralists are more likely than farmers to express aggression.

which statement is true of syntax?

Speakers of a language are usually not consciously aware of the rules of syntax.

which of these is a common task for young children

Tending animals

How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture?

They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior

Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture?

a high degree of craft specialization

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.

a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies

who are the Denisovans?

a recently discovered hominin species

The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.

acculturation

The rapid diversification and adaptation of an evolving population into new ecological niches is known as __________.

adaptive radiation

the relative diversity of early hominins may reflect ____ of these animals to a rapidly changing environment

adaptive radiation

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.

agency

what is the relationship between the terms hominoid and hominin?

all hominins are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominins.

What is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?

allowing for larger populations

what is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?

allowing for larger populations

anything made or modified by a human is called an

artifact

The __________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.

assimilation

Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using __________.

atlatl

Olduwan tools

australopithecines

Into what principal types of political organization did Elman Service suggest most societies could be classified?

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

in the near east, dogs seem to have been domesticated

before the rise of agriculture

How long did Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?

between 20,000 and 60,000 years

which of the following hominin characteristics came first?

bipedalism

how do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties

certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process

Jane Goodall

chimpanzees

which of these is an example of tool use among primates?

chimpanzees termite fishing

animal systems, such as sound or odor, represent _____ but not _______

communication; language

which of these fields focuses on the relationship between a society and its environment

cultural ecology

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __________.

cultural relativism

Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?

cultural relativism

For most horticulturalists, people __________.

do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it

undisputed bipedal early hominins lived in _____ about 4 million years ago

east africa

The earliest Neolithic societies were __________.

egalitarian

earliest neolithic societies were

egalitarian

Which anthropological term may be used in place of socialization?

enculturation

A major reason for the decline of states appears to be __________.

environmental degradation

The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________.

ethnocentrism

Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________.

ethnogenesis

_____ is the study of descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time

ethnohistory

Hunting-and-gathering societies have always existed in marginal environments.

false

True/False: According to paleontological evidence, human beings are descended from modern-day chimpanzees.

false

True/False: By 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, Homo erectus populations were firmly established in all parts of the Old World (Asia, Africa, and Europe) and the New World (both North and South America).

false

most anthropologists find the term "chiefdom" to be outdated and no longer useful for anthropological research

false

how many separate political units exists in the world today

fewer than 200

What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?

food collection

The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of __________.

food sharing

The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in __________.

food-getting, economy, and social stratification

the different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in

food-getting, economy, and social stratification

What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?

foraging

Which societies tend to show more warmth and affection toward their children?

foraging

On what factors is the division of labor based in most foraging societies?

gender and age

founder effect is a variety of

genetic drift

Diane Fossey

gorillas

In a population, height is determined by which two factors?

heredity and environment

Zhoukoudian Cave

homo erectus

historical linguists are interested in

how people spoke in ancient times

anthropology is literally the study of

humans

Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.

hunting

toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from

hunting

Among horticulturalists __________.

individuals almost always make all their own tools

among horticulturalists

individuals almost always make all their own tools

The Harappan civilization was located in the __________ Valley.

indus

from what group of animals do scientists believe primates developed?

insectivores

In archaeological terms, _______ refers to the use of inputs of increased human labor and technology such as plowing or irrigation to increase agricultural productivity.

intensification

Which of these specific features allows for the emergence of cities in state-level organizations?

intensive agriculture

Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.

intensive agriculture or industrialization

intensive agriculture utilizes ______

irrigation and fertilizers

How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?

it is broader in scope, both geographically and historically

How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees?

it is more efficient over long distances

An anthropologist would agree with which of the following statements concerning ethnocentrism?

it is not appropriate to judge another society by the valves and standards of one's own society

why did the earliest writing systems emerge?

it was used for record-keeping for goods and transactions

The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.

language

the controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that

language affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality

the prosimians include

lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

Which of these features is characteristic of a band?

low population density

which term can be used to refer to the entire culture of Homo erectus?

lower paleolithic

the wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated

maize

The sickle-cell allele continues to be transmitted in some populations because it confers protection against __________.

malaria

when did the hominoids first appear?

miocene

The threats of famine and disease are __________ intensive agriculture.

more likely with

What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?

more sedentary way of life

The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________.

move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries

Charles Darwin

natural selection

The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called

natural selection

mousternian tools

neanderthals

what does it mean to say that a word or sound is arbitrary?

one cannot just guess the meaning from the sound

how were early stone tools made?

one stone was struck with another to create a sharp flake

Which cultural development would you expect to see only after states appear?

organized religion

A unique research strategy of anthropologists that involves learning the language and culture of a group by participating in the group's daily activities is called __________.

participant observation

The origins of agriculture are related to all of the following except:

pastoralism

What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society?

people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced

participant-observation refers to the

practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society

Ethnocentrism is a __________.

practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own society

What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods?

production

in ___, anthropologists compare ethnographic information obtained from societies found in a particular region

regional-controlled comparisons

Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?

shivering

primates have a stronger sense of ____ and a weaker sense of _____ than other mammals

sight; smell

The term "ideology" refers to __________.

signs and symbols used to communicate particular ideas

Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies.

social inequality

humans share which of the following characteristics with other primates

stereoscopic vision

In which societies can there be no profit motive for work?

subsistence economies

The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.

suggests that they have a culture

Which species was domesticated independently in North America?

sunflowers

which of the following is absent among hominoids

tail

In what region do we see the very first evidence of a changeover to food production, dating to around 8000 B.C.?

the Near East

what is culture?

the customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves

A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as

the holistic approach

A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as __________.

the holistic approach

A. afarensis was sexually dimorphic, which means that

the males had larger body sizes than the females

From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein?

the milk and blood of the animals they raise

What is the modal response for a cultural rule?

the most frequently encountered response

in 1859, Charles Darwin published

the origin of species by means of natural selection

In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________.

the resolution of disputes

in addition to government and politics, political life includes

the resolution of disputes

bipedalism freed the hands, which allowed tools to be carried. why was this an advantage?

the tools could be used as weapons against predators, if necessary

Gregor Mendel

theory of simple inheritance

how do primates differ from other mammals?

there is a combination of physical traits that are unique to the Order Primates

What is an important argument against bipedal development as an adaptation for life on the savannas?

there is evidence there were few savannas at this time

the traditional explanation for the emergence of primates relates to an adaptation for

tree living

in a _____ production system, most people produce their own food, but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production

tributary

The first domesticated animal was the dog.

true

There are clear differences in social, political, and economic organization between societies that had writing and those that did not.

true

True/False: Neanderthals were overly specialized, leading to their rapid extinction.

true

True/False: Variation within species and reproductive success are the basis of natural selection.

true

which of the following traits do most primates share?

two bones in the lower portion of the forelimbs

the anthropological curiosity is primarily interested in

typical characteristics of populations

what do linguists mean when they refer to grammar?

unconscious principles that predict how most people talk

why are we so unsure about the adaptations of the earliest primates?

we still have very little fossil evidence of these animals