anthropology final
homo erectus dates from around _____ million years ago
1.8
Modern-looking humans evolved about __________ years ago
100,000
Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago.
150,000
by about _______ B.C.E., archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations
3500
while English has 26 letters, it has _____ significant sounds
46
the earliest writing systems are about ______ years old
6,000
The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ b.c.
8,000
the first clear indication of changeover to food production took place in the near east about ______ B.C.E
8,000
what species is the earliest known australopithecine?
A. anamensis
Why are some long-term acclimatizations difficult to distinguish from adaptations?
Acclimatizations may persist even after the individual moves to another environment.
the tool tradition identified with homo erectus is the
Acheulian
Homo ergaster is a name given by some archaeologists to what others consider to be Homo erectus found in __________.
Africa
the earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in
Africa
why did cities and states emerge in Mesoamerica later than in the Near East?
Agriculture started later in the New world than in the old world
What is the relationship between the terms hominoid and hominin?
All hominins are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominins.
who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which led to the taxonomic system we use today?
Carolus Linnaeus
How do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties?
Certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process.
Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.
Fertile Crescent
most archaeologists believe that the ____ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication
Fertile Crescent
What is one possible factor in the observation that boys tend to be more aggressive than girls?
Girls are given more tasks, and therefore spend more time around adults.
The earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species?
H. habilis and H. rudolfensis
the earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species?
H. habilis and H. rudolfensis
What was one of the ways that Franz Boas brought about the end of the evolutionism period in early anthropology?
He was strongly opposed to "race" theory, and emphasized the importance of cultural context.
to what language family does English belong
Indo-European
hominin footprints
Laetoli
Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land?
Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.
lemurs
Madagascar
what feature of Mousterian tools suggest that were hafted?
Many of them were thinned or shaped on one side.
When did the hominoids first appear?
Miocene
Louis and Mary Leakey
Paleoanthropology
Cross-culturally, how do pastoralists compare with farmers in terms of adult behavior?
Pastoralists are more likely than farmers to express aggression.
which statement is true of syntax?
Speakers of a language are usually not consciously aware of the rules of syntax.
which of these is a common task for young children
Tending animals
How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture?
They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior
Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture?
a high degree of craft specialization
Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.
a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies
who are the Denisovans?
a recently discovered hominin species
The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.
acculturation
The rapid diversification and adaptation of an evolving population into new ecological niches is known as __________.
adaptive radiation
the relative diversity of early hominins may reflect ____ of these animals to a rapidly changing environment
adaptive radiation
Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.
agency
what is the relationship between the terms hominoid and hominin?
all hominins are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominins.
What is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?
allowing for larger populations
what is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?
allowing for larger populations
anything made or modified by a human is called an
artifact
The __________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.
assimilation
Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using __________.
atlatl
Olduwan tools
australopithecines
Into what principal types of political organization did Elman Service suggest most societies could be classified?
bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states
in the near east, dogs seem to have been domesticated
before the rise of agriculture
How long did Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?
between 20,000 and 60,000 years
which of the following hominin characteristics came first?
bipedalism
how do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties
certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process
Jane Goodall
chimpanzees
which of these is an example of tool use among primates?
chimpanzees termite fishing
animal systems, such as sound or odor, represent _____ but not _______
communication; language
which of these fields focuses on the relationship between a society and its environment
cultural ecology
To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __________.
cultural relativism
Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?
cultural relativism
For most horticulturalists, people __________.
do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it
undisputed bipedal early hominins lived in _____ about 4 million years ago
east africa
The earliest Neolithic societies were __________.
egalitarian
earliest neolithic societies were
egalitarian
Which anthropological term may be used in place of socialization?
enculturation
A major reason for the decline of states appears to be __________.
environmental degradation
The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________.
ethnocentrism
Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________.
ethnogenesis
_____ is the study of descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time
ethnohistory
Hunting-and-gathering societies have always existed in marginal environments.
false
True/False: According to paleontological evidence, human beings are descended from modern-day chimpanzees.
false
True/False: By 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, Homo erectus populations were firmly established in all parts of the Old World (Asia, Africa, and Europe) and the New World (both North and South America).
false
most anthropologists find the term "chiefdom" to be outdated and no longer useful for anthropological research
false
how many separate political units exists in the world today
fewer than 200
What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?
food collection
The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of __________.
food sharing
The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in __________.
food-getting, economy, and social stratification
the different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in
food-getting, economy, and social stratification
What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?
foraging
Which societies tend to show more warmth and affection toward their children?
foraging
On what factors is the division of labor based in most foraging societies?
gender and age
founder effect is a variety of
genetic drift
Diane Fossey
gorillas
In a population, height is determined by which two factors?
heredity and environment
Zhoukoudian Cave
homo erectus
historical linguists are interested in
how people spoke in ancient times
anthropology is literally the study of
humans
Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.
hunting
toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from
hunting
Among horticulturalists __________.
individuals almost always make all their own tools
among horticulturalists
individuals almost always make all their own tools
The Harappan civilization was located in the __________ Valley.
indus
from what group of animals do scientists believe primates developed?
insectivores
In archaeological terms, _______ refers to the use of inputs of increased human labor and technology such as plowing or irrigation to increase agricultural productivity.
intensification
Which of these specific features allows for the emergence of cities in state-level organizations?
intensive agriculture
Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.
intensive agriculture or industrialization
intensive agriculture utilizes ______
irrigation and fertilizers
How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?
it is broader in scope, both geographically and historically
How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees?
it is more efficient over long distances
An anthropologist would agree with which of the following statements concerning ethnocentrism?
it is not appropriate to judge another society by the valves and standards of one's own society
why did the earliest writing systems emerge?
it was used for record-keeping for goods and transactions
The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.
language
the controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that
language affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality
the prosimians include
lemurs, lorises, tarsiers
Which of these features is characteristic of a band?
low population density
which term can be used to refer to the entire culture of Homo erectus?
lower paleolithic
the wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated
maize
The sickle-cell allele continues to be transmitted in some populations because it confers protection against __________.
malaria
when did the hominoids first appear?
miocene
The threats of famine and disease are __________ intensive agriculture.
more likely with
What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?
more sedentary way of life
The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________.
move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries
Charles Darwin
natural selection
The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called
natural selection
mousternian tools
neanderthals
what does it mean to say that a word or sound is arbitrary?
one cannot just guess the meaning from the sound
how were early stone tools made?
one stone was struck with another to create a sharp flake
Which cultural development would you expect to see only after states appear?
organized religion
A unique research strategy of anthropologists that involves learning the language and culture of a group by participating in the group's daily activities is called __________.
participant observation
The origins of agriculture are related to all of the following except:
pastoralism
What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society?
people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced
participant-observation refers to the
practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society
Ethnocentrism is a __________.
practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own society
What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods?
production
in ___, anthropologists compare ethnographic information obtained from societies found in a particular region
regional-controlled comparisons
Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?
shivering
primates have a stronger sense of ____ and a weaker sense of _____ than other mammals
sight; smell
The term "ideology" refers to __________.
signs and symbols used to communicate particular ideas
Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies.
social inequality
humans share which of the following characteristics with other primates
stereoscopic vision
In which societies can there be no profit motive for work?
subsistence economies
The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.
suggests that they have a culture
Which species was domesticated independently in North America?
sunflowers
which of the following is absent among hominoids
tail
In what region do we see the very first evidence of a changeover to food production, dating to around 8000 B.C.?
the Near East
what is culture?
the customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves
A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as
the holistic approach
A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as __________.
the holistic approach
A. afarensis was sexually dimorphic, which means that
the males had larger body sizes than the females
From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein?
the milk and blood of the animals they raise
What is the modal response for a cultural rule?
the most frequently encountered response
in 1859, Charles Darwin published
the origin of species by means of natural selection
In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________.
the resolution of disputes
in addition to government and politics, political life includes
the resolution of disputes
bipedalism freed the hands, which allowed tools to be carried. why was this an advantage?
the tools could be used as weapons against predators, if necessary
Gregor Mendel
theory of simple inheritance
how do primates differ from other mammals?
there is a combination of physical traits that are unique to the Order Primates
What is an important argument against bipedal development as an adaptation for life on the savannas?
there is evidence there were few savannas at this time
the traditional explanation for the emergence of primates relates to an adaptation for
tree living
in a _____ production system, most people produce their own food, but an aristocracy controls a portion of the production
tributary
The first domesticated animal was the dog.
true
There are clear differences in social, political, and economic organization between societies that had writing and those that did not.
true
True/False: Neanderthals were overly specialized, leading to their rapid extinction.
true
True/False: Variation within species and reproductive success are the basis of natural selection.
true
which of the following traits do most primates share?
two bones in the lower portion of the forelimbs
the anthropological curiosity is primarily interested in
typical characteristics of populations
what do linguists mean when they refer to grammar?
unconscious principles that predict how most people talk
why are we so unsure about the adaptations of the earliest primates?
we still have very little fossil evidence of these animals