Anthropology Unit 3 Connect Reading 1

According to Karl Marx, _____ hastened the process of proletarianization.

industrialization

Horticulture is cultivation that does NOT make intensive use of

labor. machinery. land.

The vast farming systems of industrial nations are different from nonindustrial horticulture and agriculture because they use

large areas of land. machinery. petrochemicals.

During the 19th century, labor movements in England were focused on

limiting working hours for women and children. removing young children from factories.

Domestic animals are used in agriculture for

manure for fertilizer. pulling equipment such as plows. transport.

In a foraging society, a person might be able to join multiple bands based on

marriage. kinship.

Bands in foraging societies were exogamous, which meant people

married outside their own band.

In the United States in 2019, the top fifth of American households earned Blank______ of all income generated in the country.

more than half

Pastoral _____ is a system in which every member of a group moves with the animals throughout the year.

nomadism

What is the term for countries that have the least amount of political power and wealth in the form of capital?

periphery

In agricultural societies,

permanent fields tend to keep farmers tied to their land. there is more need to regulate interpersonal relations, including conflicts of interest. growth in population size and density increases contact between individuals and groups.

Max Weber contended that social stratification was based on

prestige. wealth. power.

According to Karl Marx, the ______ were the working people who owned no property and had to sell their labor to survive.

proletariat

Unlike bands and tribes, industrial economic systems

seek perpetual expansion.

Horticulture is also called

shifting cultivation

Gerhard Lenski argued that advanced industrial societies tend to experience

social mobility. social equality. the growth of a powerful middle class.

Associated (correlated) with each adaptive strategy is a bundle of particular

sociocultural features.

Nonindustrial economies can be arranged along a cultivation continuum because

some nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture.

When horticulturalists shift their plantings from plot to plot,

some villages remain in one place for many years while the farming plots are shifted. the decision to move the village or leave it in place often depends on how large its buildings are. the entire village sometimes relocates to stay near the crops.

One of the earliest and most popular things imported to England from distant lands was

sugar

New World plantation economies were mostly based on which two crops?

sugar cotton

A country practices imperialism (becomes an empire) when it

takes and holds colonies on foreign soil. rules other nations.

While workers in the United States sometimes own stock in a corporation, the means of production is controlled by

the CEO or chairman of the board of directors.

Name two of Africa's foraging societies in recent times.

the Mbuti, Efe, and other "pygmies" of the equatorial forest the San ("Bushmen") of the Kalahari Desert

Animal domestication (initially of sheep and goats) and plant cultivation (of wheat and barley) began 12,000 to 10,000 years ago in

the Middle East.

Prior to 1492, pastoralism occurred almost exclusively in

the Old World.

Neoliberalism, also known as economic liberalism, contends that

the economy will perform better if government bureaucrats are not trying to manage it. free trade, free enterprise, and competition create a thriving economy. a nation's economy improves when commerce and trade are liberated from stifling government regulations.

Pastoral nomadism is a system in which

the entire group of men, women, and children moves with the herd to different places throughout the year.

According to Gerhard Lenski, advanced industrial societies have experienced a shift in political power to the masses due to

the growth of a middle class of skilled and professional workers.

Agricultural areas tend to be more densely populated than horticultural areas because

the land produces far more yield in the long run. the yield is more dependable. most of the land can be used continuously instead of lying fallow for periods of time.

In modern times, the division between workers and capitalists is complicated by the fact that

the workers often own part of the company.

Before Europe established regular contact with the Americas, most rural people throughout the world produced goods

to purchase trade items, such as salt and iron. for their own needs. to pay taxes.

In slash-and-burn horticulture,

tree saplings and bushes are cut down to clear a plot of land. crops are cultivated on a given plot of ground for only a year or two. grass and weeds are burned in place.

Intensive agriculture has significant environmental effects, including

trees and forests being cut down to be replaced by fields. irrigation ditches and fields becoming repositories for organic wastes, chemicals, and disease microorganisms. a loss of environmental diversity.

According to Karl Marx, proletarianization

was beneficial to the bourgeoisie. meant workers had become separated from the means of production. happened because people had left their land and moved to cities

Before Australia became part of the British empire, the aborigines there

were always foragers and never produced their own food.

During the Industrial Revolution, wages for factory workers

were relatively high at first, then slipped downward.

Class conflicts tend to occur

within nations

What is the name for the system that divides the world in economic ways?

world stratification

The foraging social unit called a band

-consisted of people related by kinship or marriage. -sometimes split up for part of the year. -consisted of fewer than 100 people.

Irrigation is used in agriculture because it

-establishes a unique ecosystem that enriches the soil -makes it possible to cultivate a plot of land for many successive years -increases the fertility of the soil and therefore the value of the land

Keynesian economics contends that

-government should promote the common good -full employment is necessary for capitalism to grow -government and central banks should intervene to increase employment

Industrialization during the 20th century created

-millions of new jobs -a culture of consumption -hundreds of new industries

Workers organized during the 19th century to

-obtain higher wages -form trade unions -secure better working conditions

At what point was the unionized percentage of the American workforce at its highest?

1950s

Which of the following led to the capitalist world economy?

A huge increase in international trade during and after the 15th century

Why don't agriculturalists need to maintain a reserve of uncultivated land?

A single field sustains its owners year after year.

Which of the following are among the five adaptive strategies identified by Yehudi Cohen?

Agriculture Pastoralism Foraging

The genocide in Rwanda pitted Tutsi and Hutus against each other. How were those identities determined for the colonial registers which were used for systematic "ethnic" identification?

Colonial Belgian officials had based designations on numbers of cattle a person owned.

What major forces have influenced cultural interaction among nations during the past 500 years?

Commercial expansion Industrial capitalism The dominance of colonial and core nations

___is an association or covariation between one or more variables.

Correlation

Karl Marx said that a wealthy commercial class of people had been created by

Europe's capitalist ventures overseas.

What type of society consists of people who "live off the land" by hunting and gathering resources from nature instead of cultivating crops or raising domestic animals?

Foraging

____ always has fallow periods

Horticulture

Which of the following are largely responsible for the migration of Mexican workers to the United States?

NAFTA New technologies that negatively impacted Mexican farming systems

Which of the following are true of the world's foraging societies?

Northernmost foragers tend to focus on large game. Tropical foragers tend to hunt and gather a wide range of species.

Why were critics displeased with the legal verdict that allowed the Basarwa of southern Africa to return to their ancestral lands?

Of the 3,000 Basarwa who wanted to return, only 189 were allowed to do so. The Basarwa would be allowed to use only enough water for subsistence needs. The Basarwa were required to obtain permits for hunting.

In which of Cohen's three adaptive strategies based on food production in nonindustrial societies is herding key?

Pastoralism

Which of the following statements about environmental hazards in communities on the American periphery are accurate?

Polluting facilities are often built in neighborhoods undergoing demographic and social transition. Polluting industries are more likely to target communities with fewer resources to organize a resistance. Environmental hazards are located disproportionately in minority and poor neighborhoods. Poorer communities are more likely to be victims of toxic waste exposure than are more affluent or even average (middle class) communities.

In Keynesian economics, what are government's roles?

Promote the common good. Intervene to increase employment.

In what sort of environment is a foraging society most likely to survive into modern times?

Regions where there are major obstacles to food production

The production of what food crop includes using cattle to trample fields?

Rice

What event do critics claim turned the previously free Basarwa San Bushmen of Botswana in Africa into communities dependent on food aid and government handouts?

The government of Botswana forced them to leave their ancestral territory because it was being converted into a wildlife reserve.

What is the primary reason why attempts to unite all the workers of the world have been unsuccessful?

The workers feel patriotism to their individual countries.

In which of the following ways have NAFTA and other international forces impacted Mexican farming?

They have destroyed traditional Mexican farming systems. They have displaced Mexican farmers and workers. They have resulted in the degradation of Mexican agricultural land.

Which of the following are true about the most affluent people in the United States?

They hold as large a wealth share as they did in the 1920s. The top 1 percent holds more than half the national wealth invested in stocks and mutual funds.

Research indicated that polluting facilities are often built in which neighborhoods?

Those in transition

Some people have not recognized the difference in wealth and income between the richest and poorest people in the United States because

U.S. workers often perceive themselves as part of a vast middle class instead of a lower working class.

Which of the following statements about American labor unions is true?

Union membership in the United States has fallen to its lowest point in more than 70 years.

A society's main system of economic production—its way of making a living—is known as its

adaptive strategy.

Yehudi Cohen argued that the most important reason for similarities between two (or more) unrelated societies is their possession of a similar

adaptive strategy.

The trans-Atlantic slave trade to the New World flourished primarily to supply cheap labor for

agriculture

Cultivation that features more intensive labor demands than horticulture is called

agriculture.

In nonindustrial societies, the adaptive strategies based on food production are

agriculture. horticulture. pastoralism.

Young people today

are abandoning traditional subsistence pursuits and seeking cash. are better educated and wiser in the ways of the world than ever before.

All contemporary foragers

are in contact with food-producing neighbors and other outsiders. are influenced by national and international policies and the world system. live in nation-states.

The basic social organization of a foraging society was typically the

band

According to Karl Marx, the ______ were the capitalist owners of the factories, mines, large farms, and other means of production.

bourgeoisie

Terracing is a labor-intensive form of agriculture because

building the terraces requires great effort. the retaining walls must be maintained each year. canals must be dug to divert spring water throughout the terraces.

The ______ world economy is a single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits rather than supplying domestic needs.

capitalist

Karl Marx contended that 19th-century society had become sharply divided into what two classes of people?

capitalist business owners workers

In modern political language, someone advocating the "economic liberalism" described in Adam Smith's capitalist manifesto The Wealth of Nations would be called a

capitalist conservative.

The Industrial Revolution

caused cities to become more crowded and polluted. created low-paying jobs for women and children. created jobs that paid relatively well for some workers.

Karl Marx expected workers to stage revolutions propelled by their sense of

class consciousness.

The recognition of collective interests and personal identification with one's economic group is called

class consciousness.

What is the term for the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time?

colonialism

The United States generates a large percentage of the world's products and also

consumes a large percentage of the world's resources.

Irrigation can damage the land because sometimes the water

contains salts that eventually make the field unusable.

What is the term for the countries that have the greatest political power and wealth in the form of capital?

core

In world-system theory, which are the positions of economic and political power?

core, periphery, and semiperiphery

A(n) ______ is an association or covariation between two or more variables.

correlation

According to world-system theory,

countries occupy three different positions based on their differential economic and political power. a global system was formed when the Old World established regular contact with the New World. individual countries are part of a global system based on differences in wealth and power.

Terracing is an agricultural technique that involves

cutting laterally into a steep hillside to form level plots of ground that resemble steps.

The pastoral economy of the Navajo in what is now the southwestern United States

did not exist before Europeans introduced domesticated sheep.

Horticulturalists who use slash-and-burn techniques

do not use a plot of land continuously; often they farm it for only a year or two.

Agriculture often involves the use of

domesticated animals. terracing. irrigation.

Ethnographic studies across many societies have revealed many correlations between

economy and social life. foraging and marginal environments.

Foraging societies tend to be

egalitarian

True or false: Because correlations are universal, they indicate that all foraging societies share certain sociocultural features.

false

True or false: Young people today seek paying jobs, but work is scarce, leading them to return to traditional subsistence pursuits.

false

Anthropologists believe that until approximately 12,000 years ago, all human societies subsisted by

foraging.

Foragers make few status distinctions, and the ones they make are based mainly on

gender. age. personal qualities or achievements.

The deliberate policy of exterminating a group of people through warfare or murder is called

genocide