AP APUSH
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
- President Truman ordered atomic bomb droppings on these two Japanese cities
National Recovery Act (NRA)
A gov't agency that set up separate self-governing priv associations in 6 industries.
Battle of Little Bighorn
1876, Col. Custer led 210 men into an ill-considered attack on Sitting Bull's camp where every last attacker was killed, Custer's stand heroised by American press, last military victory of the Plains Indians against the U.S. Army
Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox)
A general and leader of the German Afrika Korps. Defeated by General Eisenhower + General Patton
"Return to Normalcy"
A return to the way of life before World War I (peace + isolation from other countries); --> candidate Warren G. Harding's campaign promise in the election of 1920
neomercantilism
A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation, especially in the Northeast; encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange
Boston Tea Party
Group of colonists angry at the Tea Act disguised themselves as Indians and threw about 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor
Puritans
Protestants that didn't separate from Church of England
Prohibition
Rural + native born Protestants achieved this longtime goal concerning liquor.
nullification
Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 declared null and void by SC state convention
Young Americans for Freedom
The largest student political organization in the country, whose conservative members defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam
Causes of the Cold War
began on the heels of WWII and ended in 1991; US and the USSR only two geopolitical powers left standing after WWII, divided by geography, history, ideology, and strategic interest
Emma Willard
first American advocate of higher education for women, opened Middlebury Female Seminary in Vermont (1814) and founded girls' academies in Waterford and Troy, NY
Pulitzer and Hearst and yellow journalism
yellow journalists turned the plight of Cuban civilians into a cause célèbre, and their coverage of Spanish atrocities fed a surge of nationalism
Specie Circular
1836, an executive order by Jackson that required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain; Source for anger after Panic of 1837
Schecter Poultry vs. United States
1935: the Supreme Court unanimously ruled the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional --> b/c it gave Congress' lawmaking power to the executive branch AND extended federal authority to intrastate commerce (rather than inTERstate).
Wagner Act
1935: this act:
Rape of Nanjing
1937:
Nonaggression Pact
1939:
"arsenal of democracy"
1940: Congress vote approved large increase in defense spending + instituted the 1st peacetime draft in American history.
Hideki Tojo
1940: he became the war minister.
Japanese invasion of French Indochina
1941:
Lend-Lease Policy
1941: GB no longer able to pay for weapons, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to pass this act:
Revenue Acts of 1942 and 1943
1942 Act: expanded # of ppl paying income taxes (paid 1/2 cost for war)
Battle of Stalingrad
1942-1943 WWII Battle.
General Dwight Eisenhower
1942-1943, this general led Allied troops (along w/ General George Patton) to defeat German Afrika Korps
Executive Order 9066
1942: FDR responds to anti-Japanese fears by issuing this order:
Tehran Conference
1943
John L. Lewis/United Mine Workers Strike
1943: .5 mil+ United Mine Workers went on strike + demanded higher wage.
Battle of the Philippines
1944:
Korematsu v. United States
1944:
Yalta Conference
1945
National Origins Act
1924: Congress passed this Act. It used backdated census to establish a baseline, that: in the future, annual immigration from each country could not exceed 2% of nationality's percentage of US population as it had stood in 1890.
Dust Bowl
1930s: the severe drought in the semiarid states in the midwest/Great Plains.
Silver Legion
1930s: this fringe paramilitary group, aligned w/ Hitler's Nazis.
Bonus Army
1932: this determined group of 15,000 unemployed WWI veterans hitchhiked to Washington to demand immediate payment of pension awards that were due to be paid in 1945.
SEC Securities and Exchange Commission
1934, Congress established this commission to regulate the stock market.
Social Security Act
1935: 1 of the most popular govt programs. This act had 3 main provisions:
Supreme Court and the New Deal
1935: The SUpreme court had struck down a series of New Deal measures by 5 to 4 --> the future of the New Deal rested in the hands of a few elderly, conservative judges,
Viet Cong
A Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam
smallpox
A European disease that destroyed Indian populations b/c they had no immunities
Spanish-American War
(1898) War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines that lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
Foraker Act
(1900) established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory, Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and a governing council
Anthracite Coal Strike
(1902) a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coalfields of eastern Pennsylvania, who struck for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union; resolved when Roosevelt threatened to place the mine in federal control, mine owners conceded to a 40% wage increase and a 9 hour work day
Newlands Reclamation Act
(1902) allowed the federal government to sell public lands to raise money for irrigation projects that expanded agriculture on arid lands
Elkins Act
(1903) prohibited discriminatory railway rates that favored powerful customers
Hepburn Act
(1906) enabled the Interstate Commerce Commission to set shipping rates
Nye Committee
- Gerald P. Nye's investigation launch in the profits of equipments during WWI
Rhineland
- Hitler rearmed Germany, went against Treaty of Versailles but wasn't stopped
Munich Agreement
- Hitler sent troops to annex German-speaking Austria + planning to seize part of Czechoslovakia, who was allied w/ Franc, thus the war seemed inevitable
Benito Mussolini
- Il Duce (the leader)
Strikes in 1919
- Seattle: walkout of shipyard workers sparked general strike that shut down city; Another: strike disrupted steel industry, as 350,000 workers demanded union recognition + end to 12 hours shifts --> Elbert - Gary, head of US Steel Corporation, refused to negotiate + hired Mexican + African American replacements + broke strike, - Boston police force demanded union + went on strike to get it --> MA gov Coolidge declared, "there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime" --> Coolidge fired entire police force
"lebensraum"
- a new region of settlement, farming, + source of natural resources
Appeasement
- accepting demands in order to avoid conflict (or, in this case, capitulating to Hitler's demands)
African American, Native American and Mexican American Involvement in the war
- all of these races participated in the war
Adolph Hitler and Nazi Party
- b/c Germany = in such bad shape after WWI (reparations, depression, communism fear, labor/unemployment unrest) --> fueled this from emerging
Impact of the Depression on the people
- prices for crops/raw materials fell by half
Roanoke Colony
117 settlers on Roanoke Island, unsupplied for several years, vanished. Still a mystery today
Valley Forge
12,000 soldiers from Washington's army suffered horribly without good food, lodging, clothes, and with terrible weather; 200 officers resigned, 1,000 deserted, and 3,000 died from malnutrition
Black cabinet
An informal cabinet of prominent African American intellectuals that advised New Deal agencies.
World Bank
An international bank created to provide loans for the reconstruction of wartorn Europe as well as for the development of former colonized nations in the developing world.
Bretton Woods
An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
John Dickinson/Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
A Founding Father, his work (1768) urged colonists to remember their ancestors and oppose parliamentary taxes
Beatniks
A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals, advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against social standards.
Medicare
A health plan for the elderly passed in 1965 and funded by a surcharge on Social Security payroll taxes
Medicaid
A health plan for the poor passed in 1965 and paid for by general tax revenues and administered by the states
military-industrial complex
A term President Eisenhower used to refer to the military establishment and defense contractors who, he warned, exercised undue influence over the national government
"Waving the bloody Shirt"
A term of ridicule used in the 1880s and 1890s to refer to politicians — especially Republicans — who, according to critics, whipped up old animosities from the Civil War era that ought to be set aside.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960
Gifford-Pinchot Affair
Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination; divided the Republican Party.
Roger Sherman
CT delegate that was a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence and proposed a bicameral legislation w/ dual representation in the 'Great Compromise'
Richard Nixon
California Republican congressman who doggedly pursued the case against Alger Hiss
Mexican Revolution
Diaz was the dictator of Mexico who was overthrown by Madero and the radicals, in 1913 Madero was murdered by conservative-backed General Huerta who claimed control of the government for himself
End of the Vietnam War
Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973. The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year.
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Discovered Ihla da Vera Cruz (later named Brazil)
New Netherland
Dutch colony founded based on fur-trading; the dutch didn't have the population or resources to support this colony, after fighting with Algonquians because of land New Netherland was weak and surrendered to English; became New York
Henry Hudson
Dutch mariner who was send to find route to East Indies, found major fur trading hub in modern-day New York \
Mary McLeod Bethune
Part of the "black cabinet".
Eugene "Bull" Connor
Police Commissioner who personally supervised a brutal effort to break up the peacful marches, arresting hundreds of demonstrators and using attack dogs, tear gas, electric cattle prods, and fires hoses in full view of television cameras
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Police had to notify those being arrested of their rights ("you have the right to remain silent..." etc.). Protected rights of defenders.
Radio
Politicians discovered the publicity value of this invention, and also through film, to foreign relations.
Election of 1848
Polk declined to run a second term, Democrats nominated Senator Lewis Cass (expansionist and squatter sovereignty), Free Soilers nominated Van Buren, Whigs nominated General Zachary Taylor (won)
consumerism
Post-war consumerism became widespread after buying restrictions were lifted and America faced a new prosperity (in addition to war-time savings they had amassed), in 1940, 43% owned homes, by 1960, 62% did
Women's roles in the 1950s
Postwar obsession with femininity and motherhood bore a remarkable similarity to the nineteenth century's notion of domesticity; mothers couldn't find "perfection," if mothers were too protective, criticized for hampering their children's preparation for adult life, on the other hand, mothers who wanted to work were criticized for they were supposed to be constantly available for their children;
Georges Clemenceau
Premier of France imposed harsh punishments on Germany in Paris Peace Conference, Britain + France had already made secret agreements to divide Germany's African colonies + take them as spoils of war, At Versailles: also forced Germany to pay 33 billion in reparations + surrender coal supplies, merchant ships, valuable patents, territory near French border, --> caused resentment + economic hardship in Germany.
Charles Grandison Finney
Presbyterian minister whose emotional revival meetings stressed conversion rather than doctrine, man a "moral free agent" who could choose salvation, popular in new middle class as well all other ends of the social spectrum; Revivalists from NE to Midwest copied Finney's message and techniques
Peace Corps
Program launched by President Kennedy in 1961 through which young American volunteers helped with education, health, and other projects in developing countries around the world
Pennsylvania
Established 1681, a proprietary, Quaker, main export: wheat, had religious freedom, gender equality, peace and good relation with the Natives, and a vote to all property-owning men (every male head-of-house got 50 acres)
Freedmen's Bureau
Established in 1865 by Congress, aided blacks and other war refugees, extended in 1866 to give it direct funding and authorized its agents to investigate southern abuses
Citizen Genet
French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution
French Catholic Missionary Work
French Catholic Jesuit priests lived with Indians and tried to spread Christianity, but Indians were skeptical and whenever anything went wrong they would blame + turn against missionaries
Napoleon
French Leader from 1799 to 1815. Was ambitious: wanted to dominate Europe and own US
Marquis de Lafayette
French aristocrat who fought in the Revolutionary War, convinced King Louis XVI to dispatch troops to the American mainland (GUNS AND SHIPS)
XYZ Affair
French foreign minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats to stop the French seizings of American merchant ships; Adams charged Talleyrand's agents (X, Y, and Z) with insulting America's honor; In response, Congress cut off trade with France (1798) and authorized American privateering
Martin Luther
German Monk who didn't like Christianity b/c it was kinda elitist, so he translated the bible to make it more accessible, focused on a direct connection with God
settlement in Kentucky,Tennessee, Ohio
Greenville treaty sparked a wave of white migration; by 1800--Poor allowed to buy vacant lands at reduced prices, in reality (ex: Ohio) still similar to VA with land distribution
Chicano moratorium committee
Group founded by activist Latinos to protest the Vietnam War
Anti-Imperialists and the Anti-Imperialist League
Group that battled against American colonization of the Philippines, which included such influential citizens as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie
Election of 1892
Grover Cleveland won
Taft-Hartley Act
Law passed by the Republican-controlled Congress in 1947 that overhauled the 1935 National Labor Relations Act, placing restrictions on organized labor that made it more difficult for unions to organize workers
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth
Equal Pay Act
Law that established the principle of equal pay for equal work. Trade union women were especially critical in pushing for, and winning, congressional passage of the law
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal. It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment
Lexington and Concord
Militiamen confronted British soldiers here in the first battle of the Revolutionary War, 73 British soldiers and 49 militiamen killed
Life in Puritan New England
Most adult men had a vote in town meetings, but there was an intolerance for other religions and few rights for women
Secessionist schemes
NE Federalists feared that western expansion would hurt region and party, talked openly of leaving Union, won support of Burr (vice-president at time); (1805) Burr launches into another secessionist scheme in the Southwest, tried to convince Wilkinson (military govt. of Louisiana Territory) to seize territory in New Spain/establish Louisiana as separate nation; Wilkinson (actually a Spanish spy) betrayed Burr and arrested him, Burr was eventually acquitted of treason
Woodrow Wilson
NJ governor who was nominated for (and won) the presidency in 1912 by Democrats
Alexander Hamilton
NY delegate that emerged as a major political leader during the CC, outspoken leader of Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers; Secretary of Treasury under Washington
Sunbelt
Name applied to the Southwest and South, which grew rapidly after World War II as a center of defense industries and non unionized labor
Greenbacks
Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Longer term program for jobs, as part of the New Deal.
Suburbanization
Migration to the suburbs had been going on for a hundred years, but never before on the scale that the country experienced after World War II, by 1960, one-third of Americans lived in suburbs
NATO
Military alliance formed in 1949 among the United States, Canada, and Western European nations to counter any possible Soviet threat; first permanent peacetime alliance
New Frontier
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.
Commodore Matthew Perry
U.S. Navy Commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the world.
Panama Canal
US lent covert assistance to independence movement of Panama and obtained a perpetually renewable lease on a canal zone when Panama gained independence; gave U.S. naval vessels quick access to the Pacific and provided the United States with a commanding position in the Western Hemisphere
Impact on African Americans
Unemployment rates among black men doubled at the rate of white men.
Clara Barton
Union nurse, founded American Red Cross
impact of Civil War on Native Americans
Union too focused on the war to realize the corruption in Minnesota where Indian agents, contractors, and Minnesota's territorial government pocketed most of the funds meant for the Sioux in return for settlement on a specific plot of land, left Sioux children starving
Bacon's Rebellion
Rebellion led by Bacon, participants include indentured servants, slaves, and freemen, intended to gain more land for colony and end corrupt reign of power, ended up in the massacre of many Indians and the burning of Jamestown
Tecumseh
Shawnee Indian political leader and war chief aided by British that took part in a series of raids in Kentucky and Tennessee (1780s), the settlement he founded, Prophet's Town was destroyed during the Battle of Tippecanoe; Key piece in War of 1812
William T. Sherman and fight against Native Americans in the West
Sherman commanded commanded the army in the West, swore to defeat the Indians, but could not secure defeat, after a year of expensive and inconclusive fighting (1868) the Sioux told a peace commission that they would not sigh any treaty unless the US abandoned its forts along the Bozeman Trail, the commission agreed
Christopher Columbus
Sketchy mariner who tried to sail to Asia but discovered America; named West Indies
Hardhat rally
Some blue-collar construction workers of New York rioted against protesters against the war. The union workers were for the war because they were vehemently against communism as it would hurt their livelihood
Trent affair
a diplomatic incident in 1861 during the American Civil War that threatened a war between the United States and the United Kingdom in which the U.S. Navy illegally captured two Confederate diplomats from a British ship; the UK protested vigorously
Fort Sumter
a federal garrison in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina's new government demanded the surrender of the garrison after Buchanan's timidity, president refused to use the navy to supply the fort, fort seized by Davis after Lincoln dispatched an unarmed ship to resupply it
Panic of 1857
a financial panic in the United States caused by the declining international economy and over-expansion of the domestic economy, first worldwide economic crisis.
Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy"
a form against American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries
Dual Revolution Theory (in class)
a school of thought by conflict historians that believes that while the American Revolution was occurring there was other revolutions occurring in the colony relating to women, slaves, and the poor's roles in society
Pancho Villa
a thug to his enemies, but a heroic Robin Hood to many poor Mexicans; killed sixteen American civilians and raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico in 1916
South Atlantic System
a trade system with its center in Brazil/West Indies, used thousands of slaves for labor to produce sugar, tobacco, rice, and other products for European consumption bringing wealth to the entire European economy
Trench warfare
a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery
Liberty Bonds
a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I
Two-front war
a war in which fighting takes place on two geographically separate fronts
Scalawags
a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit, term was used derisively by white Southern Democrats who opposed Reconstruction legislation.
Pequot War (1634-1638)
armed conflict in which 400-700 Pequots murdered (some burned alive) by English colonists allied with other Native tribes
Bank of North America/Robert Morris
became the superintendent of finance in 1781 and persuaded Congress to charter the Bank of North America (private institution in Philadelphia) as well as creating a central bureaucracy to manage the Confederation's finances and wanted to enact a 5% import tax
John Adams
became the second president of the United States, continued pro-British foreign policy and criticized French seizures of American merchant ships; responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts, prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair
Washington's Farewell Address
document by George Washington (1796), when he retired from office; stressed staying away from permanent alliances with foreign countries, spoke against partisan bitterness
"City upon a hill"
document by John Winthrop saying how New England should be a colony that all others look up to
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
document written by Stamp Act Congress that declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their consent was unconstitutional
Southern economy
domestic slave trade sustained the wealth of slave owners in the Upper South, sold surplus black workers, tobacco, rice, and grain producers adding 20% to income
Boxer Rebellion
secret society of Chinese nationalists (known as "Boxers" outside China) rebelled against foreign occupation in 1900, shut down by US troops, led to "2nd open door policy"
Fugitive Slave Act
part of the Compromise of 1850, required federal magistrates to determine the status of alleged runaways and denied them a jury trial or the right to testify
Halfway Covenant
partial church membership created in New England (1622)
Terms of the Compromise of 1850
passage of five separate laws passed by Whig leaders Henry Clay and Daniel Webster and Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, included a new Fugitive Slave Act, admitted CA as a free state, abolished slave trade in DC, organized conquered Mexican lands into territories; preserved national unity
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
passed by the U.S. Congress, it allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, finished off the Whig Party, resulted in Bleeding Kansas and a railroad for Douglas
Assumption of debt and Washington DC
proposed by Hamilton, would enhance public credit by assuming war debts, cost $22 million, favored by well-to-do creditors (ex: Abigail Adams)
American System
proposed by Henry Clay, consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts; 1. tariff to protect and promote American industry; 2. national bank to foster commerce, 3. Bonus Bill
10 percent plan
proposed by Lincoln, granted amnesty to most ex-Confederates and allowed each rebellious state to return to the Union as soon as 10 percent of its voters had taken a loyalty oath and the state had approved the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery; rejected by Confederate states
Crittenden Compromise
proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky, had two parts, first part called for constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in any state where it already existed, second part called for the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line (3630' north latitude) to the California border banning slavery north of the line and allowing it to those south of the line--> included any territories acquired later; first part approved by Congress, second part shot down by Lincoln and Republicans for fear it would unleash new imperialist adventures
Hartford Convention
proposed secession (federalists); wanted to end VA dynasty and get a majority for an embargo; death of Federalist party
Red Scare in the 1890s
prosperous Americans were fearful of Populism and that they would embrace socialism or Marxism
Middle Passage
the sea journey by slaves from West Africa to the West Indies, involved horrendous conditions including little-to-no food/water, and severe overcrowding
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
the southern Vietnamese soldiers with whom US troops fought against communism and forces in the North during the Vietnam War
Wilson and moralistic foreign policy
the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation
"Crime of 1873"
the term used by critics to refer to the omission of the standard silver dollar from the coinage law due to the transfer to the gold standard in 1873
Francis Cabot Lowell
wealthy Boston merchant, secretly created drawings of British textile mills, and used mechanic (Moody) to copy and improve the designs
Nathaniel Bacon
wealthy Englishman, leader of Bacon's Rebellion
Social classes in the Chesapeake
wealthy planters, yeoman farmers, landless farmers, indentured servants, slaves
Hydrogen Bomb
weapon deriving a large portion of its energy from the nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes
William McKinley
when he took office in 1897, he took a tough stance on the Cuban rebellion, informing Spain that it must ensure an "early and certain peace" or the United States would step in
Criticism of U.S. involvement in WWI
the Espionage and Sedition acts shut down criticism of U.S. involvement in WWI
Food and Fuel Administrations
the Fuel Administration introduced daylight saving time to conserve oil and coal; while the Food Administration (led by Herbert Hoover) convinced farmers to nearly double their acreage of grain
role of Protestant Work Ethic
the business elite and middle class gave this idea a secular twist by celebrating work as the key to individual social mobility and national prosperity
General William Westmoreland
the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam, escalating demands of McNamara and Westmoreland combined pushed Johnson to Americanize the ground war in an attempt to stabilize South Vietnam
Taney Court
the court partially reversed nationalist and vested-property-rights decisions of the Marshall Court and gave constitutional legitimacy to Jackson's policies of state's rights and free enterprise
Panamanian Revolution
Panamanians chafed under Colombian rule, lent assistance by US to an independence movement; triggered bloodless revolution
Family life in the 1700s
Parents only able to provide one child with suitable inheritance, caused much smaller family sizes; women and children worked in groups to spin, sew, and shuck corn
Invasion of Ethiopia
1935-1936:
maroon communities Brazil and Carribean
Societies formed by escaped slaves
Protestant Work Ethic
Pilgrim's religious discipline encouraged a strong work ethic
Oil Embargo
- US response to the Japanese invasion of French Indochina
Warhawks
Americans wanting to seize territory in British Canada and Spanish Florida
Ho Chi Minh
Communist leader of North Vietnam
Speakeasies
Illegal drinking sites.
D Day
June 6, 1944:
Poor People's Campaign
Movement advocated for by King; purpose was to fight economic injustice
September 1, 1939
On this day:
America First Committee
aka the AFC.
Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States
disliked bc strengthened central govt. too much
Elias Howe
made sewing machine that could make 250 stitches a minute
Advertising in the 1920s
During this time period, advertising industry reached new levels of ambition + sophistication.
Anti-rent riots (New Jersey)
1753 - Riots in New Jersey where families refused to pay rent.
Age of consensus
"Actions intellectuals" in White House shared belief that US had entered age of consensus. Argued that economic growth combined with prudent government social programs would provide Americans with a minimum standard of living and opportunity for success. JFK said politics should avoid clashes of ideology and be directed to achieve goals - DECADE
Bob Dylan
"Blowin' in the Wind" reflected the impatience of people whose faith in America was wearing thin
Blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
Equal Rights Amendment
"Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States." However, opponents pointed out that this would threaten recent labor laws that protected women from workplace abuses. --> these laws recognized women's vulnerable place in heavily sex-segregated labor market. The question of a theoretical statement of "equality" help poor/working women more than existing protections divided the women's rights advocates.
Mary E. Lease
"Yelling' Mary Ellen"
"dynamic conservatism"
"conservative when it comes to money, liberal when it comes to human beings," Eisenhower's approach
Tobacco farming
"staple" of Chesapeake colonies, first planted by John Rolfe, boomed in England
Structure of European Society 1400s
#TBT to Feudalism (Monarchs at the top, Nobles still have significant power, Nobles own lords, Lords own estates, peasants work on estates), basically just work work work work work, using seasons to tell how time spent
Joseph Smith
(105-1833) born in Vermont to poor farming and shopkeeping family, began to have religious experiences in 1820, published Book of Mormon in 1830 and established the Latter-day Church, encouraged practices that led in individual success in the age of capitalist markets and factories and justified polygamy, murdered in Illinois jail in 1844
Treaty of Greenville
(1795) American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, in return for various payments the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio; Indian people agreed to accept American sovereignty
Eli Whitney
(1765-1825) designed the cotton gin and built machine tools that could rapidly produce interchangeable musket parts
Annapolis Convention
(1786) Congress's inability to control commerce and interstate squabbling was causing issues; VA called for a convention at Annapolis, MD; 9 states appointed delegates, 5 were actually represented Alexander Hamilton called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the following year
Constitutional Convention (CC)
(1787 in Philadelphia) Convention w/ purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, had representatives from every state except RI
"Report on Manufactures"
(1791, Hamilton) urged the expansion of American manufacturing
Whiskey Rebellion
(1794) western PA farmers rebelled against Hamilton's tax on whiskey; tax cut demand for the whiskey the farmers distilled, disbanded by Washington
Haitian Revolution
(1798) by black slaves led by Toussaint L'Ouverture (former slave-owning planter), seized control of the nation, became Haiti (1803)
Dorothea Dix
(1801-1887), model for improvement of public institutions by women, father an alcoholic, became a successful author and used money from her grandparents to set up charity schools; 1841-persuaded MA lawmakers to enlarge state hospitals to house mental patients rather than jailing female mental patients alongside male criminals, began a national movement to establish state asylums for the mentally ill
Marbury v. Madison
(1803) James Madison (new secretary of state) refused to deliver commision of one of midnight appointees (Marbury); Federalist Marshall ruled that Marbury had right to appt. but Court did not have constitutional power to enforce; Voided section of Judiciary Act of 1789
Louisiana Purchase
(1803) land deal between the United States and France; French ruler offered to sell entire territory for 15 million (about $500 million today) for he no longer needed it after the Haitian Revolution; Forced Jefferson to reconsider strict interpretation of the Constitution
William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator
(1805-1879) most determined abolitionist, born in MA, published antislavery newspaper The Liberator, demanded immediate abolition without compensation to slave owners, helped found American Anti-Slavery Society
Williams Lloyd Garrison
(1805-1879) most determined abolitionist, born in MA, worked in antislavery newspapers, demanded immediate abolition without compensation to slave owners; Accused American Colonization Society of perpetuating slavery, helped found American Anti-Slavery Society
National Road
(1806) first highway built entirely on federal funds, authorized under Jefferson; approved by Congress, construction began in 1811 at head of navigation of the Potomac River, ended in Illinois (1839)
Margaret Fuller
(1810-1850) explored possibilities of freedom for women, started a transcendental "conversation" for educated women in Boston (1839), published "Woman in Nineteenth Century" (1844) and was the literary critic of the New York Tribune; embraced the transcendental principle that all people could develop a life-affirming mystical relationship with God --> all women deserved psychological and social independence (inspired generation of women writers and reformers)
William Henry Harrison/Battle of Tippecanoe
(1811) between American forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison and Native Americans; aim: to attack Prophet's Town, a training center for Native Americans warriors, after Natives were demoralized and deserted camp
American Colonization Society
(1817) founded by prominent citizens (Henry Clay), slavery hindered economic progress, believed in emancipation and removal
Henry David Thoreau
(1817-1862) young NE intellectual who heeded Emerson's call to free oneself from the "courtly muse" of Old Europe, sought inspiration in the natural world, wrote "Walden" (1854)
Walt Whitman
(1819-1892) worked as a printer, teacher, a journalist, editor of the Brooklyn Eagle, and an influential publicist for the Democratic Party; dreamed of poetry: "Leaves of Grass" (1855)
Susan B. Anthony
(1820-1906) most prominent political operative of suffrage activists' legislative campaign, Quaker, had acquired political skills in the temperance and antislavery movements, created an activist network for women
Erie Canal
(1821) waterway in New York that runs from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, at Lake Erie, completing a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes; increased trade between east coast and NYC with the West, immediate financial success; 1817, NY legislature financed, 364-mile waterway connecting Lake Erie and the Hudson River, backed by Governor De Witt Clinton; spurred building of many other canals
David Walker's Appeal
(1829) Walker, free black from NC who had moved to Boston, published his "Appeal," in which he ridiculed the religious pretensions of slaveholders, justified slave rebellion, and (biblical language) warned of a slave revolt if justice was delayed
Maysville Road veto
(1830) Jackson vetoed a bill that would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington to Maysville
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
(1831) Marshall denied claim of the Cherokees as a "foreign country," declared Indian peoples were "domestic dependent nations"
Worcester v. Georgia
(1832) Marshall sided with Cherokees against Georgia, ruled that Indian nations were "distinct, political communities"
American Anti-Slavery Society
(1833) founded by Garrison, Weld, and 60 other religious abolitionists (black and white), won financial support from Arthur and Lewis Tappan; Carried out a "great postal campaign" in 1835, flooded nation with literature
Briscoe v. Bank of Kentucky
(1837) Taney allowed a bank owned by Kentucky to issue currency (went against wording of Article 1, Section 10 of Constitution)
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
(1837) Taney declared that a legislative charter (in this case to build and operate a toll bridge) did not necessarily bestow a monopoly and that legislature could charter a competing bridge to promote general welfare
Mayor of New York v. Miln
(1837) Taney ruled that NY could use its "police power" to investigate the health of arriving immigrants
Spread of Railroads
(1852) Capitalists in Boston, NY, and London secured state charters for railroads and invested heavily in new lines, by 1860: had become main carriers of wheat and freight from the Midwest to the Northeast; the Erie, Pennsylvania, New York Central (Vanderbilt), and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads connected the Atlantic ports to the expanding Great Lakes cities of Cleveland and Chicago and connected these cities to adjacent states
Slaughterhouse Cases
(1873) Supreme Court ruled that the 15th and 14th amendments did not guarantee federal protection of individual rights against discrimination by their own state governments-distinction between state citizenship and national citizenship
U.S. v. Cruikshank
(1876) Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could only regulate the actions of states regarding civil rights, it was up to the states to regulate the actions of individuals, limited the power of the 14th and 15th amendments, as well as the Civil Rights Acts
Eisenhower
(1890-1969) a five-star general in the US Army and the 34th president of the US
Nikita Khrushchev
(1894-1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War (after Stalin died)
Annexation of Hawaii
(1898) Congress voted for annexation over the protests of Hawaii's deposed queen
Muller v. Oregon and the Brandeis Brief
(1908): upheld an Oregon law limiting women's workday to ten hours, based on the need to protect women's health for motherhood (Brandeis Brief); divided women's rights activists, however, because some saw its provisions as discriminatory
Payne-Aldrich Bill
(1909) bill that raised certain tariffs on goods entering the United States; outraged progressive wing of Republicans
Break up of Standard Oil Company
(1911) Supreme Court agreed with Taft's Justice Department that John D. Rockefeller's massive oil monopoly should be broken up into several competing companies, after this ruling, Taft's attorney general undertook antitrust actions against other giant companies.
Federal Reserve Act
(1913) central bank system of the United States, helped to set the money supply level, thus influencing the rate of growth of the U.S. economy, and seeks to ensure the stability of the U.S. monetary system
Clayton Anti-trust Act
(1914) strengthened federal definitions of "monopoly" and gave more power to the Justice Department to pursue antitrust cases; it also specified that labor unions could not generally be prosecuted for "restraint of trade," ensuring that antitrust laws would apply to corporations rather than unions
Keating-Owen Act
(1916) a short-lived statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods produced by factories that employed children under fourteen; declared unconstitutional in 1918
Abrams v. U.S.
(1919) SCOTUS ruled that authorities could prosecute speech they believed to pose "a clear and present danger to the safety of the country."
Schenck v. U.S.
(1919) Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a socialist who was jailed for circulating pamphlets that urged army draftees to resist induction
Smith Act
(1940) made it an offense to advocate or belong to a group that advocated the violent overthrow of the government, was the basis of later prosecutions of members of the Communist and Socialist Workers parties
Shelly v. Kraemer
(1948) outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities, however the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
(1971) landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously upheld busing programs that aimed to speed up the racial integration of public schools in the United States
Roe v. Wade
(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy
Horace Mann
(MA) led movement to increase elementary schooling and improve the quality of instruction, from 1837-1848: lengthened school year; established teaching standards in reading, writing, and arithmetic; and hired well-educated women as teachers
Quakers
(a.k.a Society of Friends) religious sector that condemned extravagance and differed from the Puritans in their views of salvation for all and gender equality
Jonathan Edwards and "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
(grandfather of Aaron Burr) an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening; Most well known for "Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God" sermon which served the powerful purpose of reminding the congregation of the reality of hell and their dependence on God
Smith-Connolly Bill (War Labor Disputes Act)
- .5 mil United mine workers went on strike to demand higher wages
Consequences of the war
- 100 million soldiers/civilians, 30 mil homeless
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- 1933: the most extensive New Deal environmental effort, also an effort to keep farmers, saw this as the 1st step to modernize the South
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
- 1935: effort to keep farmers
Grapes of Wrath
- 1939, by John Steinbeck
Richard Wright Native Son
- 1940, he was the author of this book
Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God
- black folklorist, novel who wrote this book while in the Florida FWP
Federal Writers' Project
- created by the WPA
Women's involvement in the war
- enlisted in WAC, WAVES, WASPs
Causes of the crash
- huge growth in consumer lending
African Americans and the New Deal
- the New Deal did not lessen the discrimination of African Americans, BUT they did receive benefits from it + believed the White House cared about their plight.
General Francisco Franco and the Spanish Civil War
- the Popular Front (those who were unhappy with capitalism that were being encouraged by the Soviet Union) supported the backing of the loyalists in their fight against this person in this war, even if US, France, and Britain all remained neutral
Isolationist sentiment
- the belief in America that the U.S. should limit its involvement in world affairs
Okie
- the mass exodus of ppl who left because of the Dust Bowl in the 1930s
Neutrality Act of 1935
- this act imposed an embargo on selling weapons to warring countries
Mexican Americans during the Depression
- this group of people were deported during Hoover and FDR
Charles Lindbergh
- well respected figure
Jeannette Rankin
FAV<3; first woman elected to Congress; voted against WWI and WWII
Alexis de Tocqueville and Democracy in America
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Impact of the revolution on religion
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Indian wars
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Slaves and Native Americans' roles in the war
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Social classes in the North
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Women in War
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continentals and economic woes during war
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Renaissance
1300-1450 cultural transformation of the arts and learning, introduced civic humanism - ideology that praise virtue and service, affected European and American gov't long after
WAC and WAVES
140,000 women served in the Women's Army Corps (WAC).
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494 agreement with Spain and portugal saying lands west of a line in the Atlanic belong to Spain and East belong to Portugal
13, 14, 15 Amendments
14th amendment: declared all people born or naturalized in the US were citizens and no state could abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States
Albany Congress
1754, British Board of Trade called a meeting meant to mend relations with the Iroquois, Benjamin Franklin proposes Albany Plan of Union
Battle of Quebec
1759, armada led by British general James Wolfe takes Quebec, heart of France's American empire
Pontiac's Rebellion
1763-inspired by Neolin's vision to expel all white people, Pontiac led a major uprising in Detroit and Indians throughout the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley followed his example and seized many forts and killed/captured more than 2K settlers
Boston Massacre
1770-a group of nine redcoats fired upon a crowd and killed five townspeople
Quebec Act
1774, allowed Quebec colonists freedom to expand to the Ohio River Valley and allowed the practice of Roman Catholicism in Quebec
Industrial Revolution
1790-1860: burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron
Fletcher v. Peck
1810, Property Rights; Significance: protects property rights through broad reading of Constitution's contract clause
Macon's Bill No. 2
1810, intended to motivate GB and France to stop seizing American vessels
Governor DeWitt Clinton
1811: introduced bill to Senate to build Erie Canal, largely responsible for the construction and promotion of the Erie Canal
Battle of New Orleans
1815, troops led by General Jackson crushed British forces attacking in New Orleans, redeemed nation's battered pride and undercut Hartford Convention
Adams-Onis Treaty
1819 Adams persuades Spain to cede the FL territory to the United States; In return, U.S. accepted Spain's claim to Texas
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819, Supremacy of National Law; Significance: interprets Constitution to give broad powers to national govt.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1819; Significance: Safeguards property rights, especially of chartered corporations
Gibbons v. Ogden
1824; Significance: gives national government jurisdiction over interstate commerce
Commonwealth vs. Hunt
1842--MA Supreme Court ruled workers could form unions
Mexican-American War
1846-1848, provoked by Polk in a move to acquire Mexico's other northern provinces, ended up controlling much of northeastern Mexico and CA, Polk expected these great victories to end the war but underestimated the Mexican's national pride
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, repealed by the U.S. in 1881
Treaty of Kanagawa
1854, allowed U.S. ships to refuel at two ports in Japan, opened Japan up from isolation
Brooks-Sumner Caning
1856: Preston Brooks came into the Senate with his cane and started beating Charles Sumner until he was unconscious, first type of violence shown about sectionalism
Dred Scott v. Sanford
1857, raised the controversial issue of Congress's constitutional authority over slavery, Dred Scott was an enslaved African American who had lived with his master in the free state of Illinois and argued that his residence in a free state made him free (7/9 justices declared Scott was still a slave), invalidated Missouri Compromise
Battle of Bull Run
1861, Lincoln hoped a quick strike against the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA would end the rebellion, order McDowell's army of 30,000 men to attack Beauregard's force of 20,000 troops at Manassas, resulted in Confederate victory showing the strength of the rebellion
Legal Tender Act
1862: authorized $150 million in paper currency (greenbacks) and required the public to accept them as legal tender
Homestead Act
1862: gave 160 acres of federal land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property, Republicans hoped the bill would help build up the interior West
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
1903, Supreme Court ruled that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties
Draft Riots
1863 immigrant's hostility to conscription and blacks sparked riots in NYC, burned offices, sacked Republican homes, and attacked the police; lynched and mutilated African Americans; Mobs suppressed by Lincoln and Union troops from Gettysburg, killed more than 100 rioters
Bread riots
1863, The war had caused intense food shortages, which caused a group of hungry and desperate women to descend upon the Confederate capitol in Richmond demanding relief which sparked a spontaneous protest by the crowd. Shouting "Bread, Bread, Bread!" the mob vented its frustrations by smashing store windows and stealing their contents
Battle of Gettysburg
1863: The Army of the Potomac and Lee's army met by accident at Gettysburg, PA in a decisive confrontation as Lee worked to maneuver his army north and the Army of the Potomac worked to defend D.C.; Battle lasted three days, the Confederates had 28K casualties while the Union had 23K, a great Union victory, combined with Vicksburg marked a major military, political, and diplomatic turning point
Sand Creek Massacre
1864, fearing attack, Cheyenne chief Black Kettle contacted U.S. agents who told him to settle along Sand Creek (May), in November, Chivington's Colorado militia attacked the camp while most of the men were out hunting and slaughtered more than one hundred women and children
Wade-Davis Bill
1864: tougher substitute to the Ten Percent Plan proposed by Congress, required an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state's white men, new governments formed only by those who had never taken up arms against the Union, and permanent disenfranchisement; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln
Black Codes
1865: laws designed to force former slaves back to plantation labor, reflected plantation owners' economic interests, imposed severe penalties on blacks who did not hold full-year labor contracts and set up procedures for taking black children from their parents and apprenticing them to former slave masters
Fetterman Massacre
1866, 1,500 Sioux warriors executed a perfect ambush, luring Captain Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and wiping them out, succeeded in closing the private road under army protection that served as the main route into Montana, Bozeman Trial
Tenure of Office Act
1867: required Senate consent for removal of any federal official whose appointment had required Senate confirmation; violated by Johnson
Purchase of Alaska (Seward's Folly)
1868, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia, critics deemed the arctic tract as "Seward's Icebox," and "Seward's Folly"
Burlingame Treaty
1868, guaranteed the rights of U.S. missionaries in China and set official terms for the migration of Chinese laborers, orchestrated by Seward
15th Amendment
1869: forbade states to deny citizens the right to vote of the grounds of race, color, or "previous condition of servitude"
Ku Klux Klan Act
1871: authorized the president to use federal prosecutions and military force to suppress conspiracies to deprive citizens of the right to vote and enjoy the equal protection of the law
Munn v. Illinois
1877: the Supreme Court affirmed that states could regulated key businesses, such as railroads and grain elevators, that were "clothed in the public interests"
Dawes Act of 1887
1887, the Reformer's most sweeping effort to assimilate Indians, the dream of Senator Dawes of Ma (leader in Indian Rights Association), hoped that by dividing tribal lands he could force Indians onto individual landholdings, just like those of white farmers; a disaster, played right into the hands of whites who coveted Indian land causing native peoples to lose 66% of their land from 1880s-1930s due to corruption, BIA management, and pressure to sell to whites
Massacre at Wounded Knee
1890, December 29 (!!!): 7th Cavalry caught up with fleeing Lakotas and killed at least 150, perhaps as many as 300; final indictment of decades of relentless U.S. expansion
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
1890; required the U.S. government to purchase nearly twice as much silver as before, but also added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation
Sino-Japanese War
1894-95:
Wilson-Gorman Act
1894; set the tariff at 41.3%; not as low as Democrats wanted it to be. Cleveland was outraged that it did not go by his campaign pledges. He had to sign it to have a lower tariff, but he was annoyed with its ineffectiveness. It also was the first bill to introduce an income tax, but that was later struck down as unconstitutional.
Philippine-American War
1899-1902: fought to quell Filipino resistance to American control of the Philippine Islands, Filipino guerrilla soldiers surrendered when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured.
Lodge Corollary
1912: forbidding any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind from acquiring sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere so as to put that government in "practical power of control"
Seventeenth Amendment
1913, calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures
anti-Japanese sentiment in California
1913: Cali legislature passed a law declaring that "aliens ineligible to citizenship" couldn't own "real property".
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1914: Serbian revolutionary assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne; the system of European alliances pushed all the powers into war
Leo Frank
1915: rising anti-Semitism example: this Jewish factory supervisor in Georgia was lynched --> wrongly accused of the rape/murder of a 13-year-old girl.
National Defense Act of 1916
1916-A compromise between those who argued for national preparedness and the (mostly rural) people wary of a national army, expanded the federal army and national guard, made provisions for training, and set up training camps for civilians
Naval Construction Act of 1916
1916-Authorized the expansion of the US navy, seen as less of a threat than an army, and thus was met with less opposition
18th Amendment
1919: prohibited alcohol
Treaty of Versailles
1919: the harsh treaty that ended WWI, Wilson intervened repeatedly to soften conditions imposed on Germany, He also worked w/ other Allies to fashion 9 new nations --> buffer to protect Western Europe from communist Russia, This also embodied Wilson's principle of self-determination for European states, British established Palestine (now Israel) --> crucial, b/c under British mandate: thousands of Jews moved there + purchased land, and as early as 1920: riots between Palestinians + Jews, So this treaty created conditions for horrific future bloodshed, judged as 1 of history's great catastrophes. But Wilson remained optimistic when he came home even w/ his failing health.
Sacco and Vanzetti
1920: police arrested Nicola Sacco + Bartolomeo Vanzetti for the murder of 2 men during robbery in MA. These 2 men = Italian aliens + anarchists who evaded the draft. They were in jail for 6 years + Judge Webster Thayer sentenced them to death. Their case = clearly biased by prosecutors' emphasis on their ties to radical grouops.
Rise of the KKK
1920s brought resurgence to this white supremacist group that was originally formed in post Civil War South.
Adkins v. Children's Hospital
1923 court case: voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia --> reversed the gains that had been achieved through Muller v. Oregon.
French- Indochina War
1946-1954; France came back to Vietnam after WWII to continue colonial rule; Vietnamese resisted. Fighting between the French and the Viet Minh ended with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu
Internal Security Act of 1950
1950 - Required Communists to register and prohibited them from working for the government, Truman described it as a long step toward totalitarianism. Was a response to the onset of the Korean war
Geneva Accords
1954, partitioned Vietnam temporarily at the 17th parallel and called for elections within two years to unify the strife-torn nation; rejected by the US and purposefully undermined
Office of Economic Opportunity (Sargent Shriver)
1965 - Part of the war on poverty, it was headed by R. Sargent Shiver, and was ineffective due to the complexity of the problem. It provided Job Corps, loans, training, VISTA, and educational programs.
Phyllis Schlafly
1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s
Milliken v. Bradley
1974 Supreme Court case that ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, which was a victory for anti-busing proponents who felt that Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was an injustice
Rutherford B. Hayes
19th President, Hayes entered office after the scandalous election of 1887. His opponent Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, but the electoral votes from four states (three of which were under military occupation) were disputed. The election was settled with the Compromise of 1877, which stated that if Hayes became president, he would pull federal troops out of the South and end Reconstruction, and at least one southerner would be on his cabinet.
George Washington
1st President of the USA, general of Patriot army, responsible for victory at Yorktown (and other victories)
Role of women during Civil War
200,000 women worked as volunteers in the Sanitary Commission and Freedman's Aid Society, and as nurses, clerks, and factory operatives, as well as farm tasks and school and office jobs
James Garfield
20th President of the United States (1881) and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. he Held office from March to September of 1881, President Garfield was in office for a total of six months and fifteen days.
Chester A. Arthur
21st president, took office after the assassination of James Garfield, he devoted his presidency to civil service reform and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act.
Warren Harding
29th president of the US; Republican, won in election of 1920.
John F. Kennedy
35th president of the United States, "ask what you can do for your country," the expectations he embodied, combined with his ability to inspire a younger generation, laid the groundwork for an era of liberal reform; legislative record did not live up to image due to congressional partisanship
Iroquois Confederacy
5 nations between Hudson River and lake Erie (Mowhawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas) band together, matriarchal, fought with settlers a lot; wanted to continue influencing tribes of Ohio Valley
Long Telegram
8,000-word cable — a confidential message to the U.S. State Department — from Keenan at his post at the U.S. embassy in Moscow proposing containment
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral; U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal
Bay of Pigs
A failed U.S.-sponsored invasion of Cuba in 1961 by anti-Castro forces who planned to overthrow Fidel Castro's government
Root-Takahira Agreement
A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria
Zimmerman Telegram
A 1917 intercepted dispatch in which German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman urged Mexico to join the Central Powers and promised that if the United States entered the war, Germany would help Mexico recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Published by American newspapers, the telegram outraged the American public and help precipitate the move toward U.S. entry in the war on the Allied side
Geneva Accords
A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956
Interstate Highway Act
A 1956 law authorizing the construction of a national highway system
National Defense Education Act
A 1958 act, passed in response to the Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite, that funneled millions of dollars into American universities, helping institutions such as the University of California at Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, among others, become the leading research centers in the world
The Affluent Society by Galbraith
A 1958 book by John Kenneth Galbraith that analyzed the nation's successful middle class and argued that the poor were only an "afterthought" in the minds of economists and politicians
The Other America by Harrington
A 1962 book by left-wing social critic Michael Harrington, chronicling "the economic underworld of American life." His study made it clear that in economic terms the bottom class remained far behind
Port Huron Statement
A 1962 manifesto by Students for a Democratic Society from its first national convention in Port Huron, Michigan, expressing students' disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and the gulf between rich and poor, as well as a rejection of Cold War foreign policy, including the war in Vietnam
Chicago Democratic National Convention
A 1968 convention held in Chicago during which numerous antiwar demonstrators outside the convention hall were tear-gassed and clubbed by police. Inside the convention hall, the delegates were bitterly divided over Vietnam
Glass-Steagall Banking Act
A banking law that restored public confidence in their bank $, through creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
Southern Tenant Farmers Union
A biracial organization founded in 1934.
Dixiecrats
A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South, formed for the 1948 election, its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats
Cold War liberalism
A combination of moderate liberal policies that preserved the programs of the New Deal welfare state and forthright anticommunism that vilified the Soviet Union abroad and radicalism at home. Adopted by President Truman and the Democratic Party during the late 1940s and early 1950s
political machines
A complex, hierarchical party organization such as New York's Tammany Hall, whose candidates remained in office on the strength of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters, especially working-class immigrants who had little alternative access to political power
Total war
A conflict of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render beyond use of their rival's capacity to continue resistance
Why We Fight
A documentary series that explained war aims to conscripted soldiers.
Cambodia
A country bordering South Vietnam to the west, and was a stronghold for Viet Cong troops to build up and then penetrate S. Vietnam borders with ease. Consequently, Nixon proceeded to enact a military procedure to eradicate Communist troop bases and villages in this country. While he believed that this plan would allow him to end the war quickly and decisively, it only succeeded in igniting a civil war in this country and a new procession of protests in America
Counterculture
A culture embracing values or lifestyles opposing those of the mainstream culture. Became synonymous with hippies, people who opposed and rejected conventional standards of society and advocated extreme liberalism in their sociopolitical attitudes and lifestyles
National War Labor Board
A federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime), endorsed equal pay for women, and supported workers' right to organize
Veterans Administration
A federal agency that assists former soldiers. Following World War II, the VA helped veterans purchase new homes with no down payment, sparking a building boom that created jobs in the construction industry and fueling consumer spending in home appliances and automobiles
War Industries Board
A federal board established in July 1917 to direct military production, including allocation of resources, conversion of factories to war production, and setting of prices
Schlesinger and the "vital center"
A few high-level espionage scandals and the Communist victories in Eastern Europe and China reenergized the Republican Party, which forced Truman and the Democrats to retreat to what historian Arthur Schlesinger called the "vital center" of American politics
Zoot Suit Riots
A form of racial conflict in Los Angeles.
Alliance System
A formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense
IMF
A fund established to stabilize currencies and provide a predictable monetary environment for trade, with the U.S. dollar serving as the benchmark
mugwumps
A late-nineteenth-century branch of reform-minded Republicans who left their party in 1884 to support Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland. Many Mugwumps were classical liberals who denounced corruption and advocated a reduction in government powers and civil service reform
Title IX of the Higher Education Act
A law passed by Congress in 1972 that broadened the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, Title IX made women's athletics a real presence on college campuses
GI Bill of Rights 1944
A law passed in 1944 that provided educational and other benefits for people who had served in the armed forces in World War II. Benefits are still available to persons honorably discharged from the armed forces
National Security Act
A law that provided for (1) a centralized Department of Defense that replaced the War Department to coordinate operations of the Army, Navy, and Air Force; (2) the creation of the National Security Council to coordinate the making of foreign policy in the Cold War; (3) the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments. To further modernize its military capability, the Selective Service System and peacetime draft were instituted.
caucus
A meeting held by a political party to choose candidates, make policies, and enforce party discipline
Yalta Conference
A meeting in Yalta of President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, and Joseph Stalin in February 1945, in which the leaders discussed the treatment of Germany, the status of Poland, the creation of the United Nations, and Russian entry into the war against Japan
Black Panthers
A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities, where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects, but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police
Warsaw Pact
A military alliance established in Eastern Europe in 1955 to counter the NATO alliance; it included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union
Ho Chi Minh Trail
A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam
vietnamization
A new U.S. policy, devised under President Nixon in the early 1970s, of delegating the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese in the Vietnam War. American troop levels dropped and American casualties dropped correspondingly, but the killing in Vietnam continued
Harlem Renaissance
A period in the 1920s when African American achievements in art and music and literature flourished.
collective bargaining
A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers, which after World War II translated into rising wages, expanding benefits, and an increasing rate of home ownership
Loyalty-Security Program
A program created in 1947 by President Truman that permitted officials to investigate any employee of the federal government for "subversive" activities
Head Start
A program funded by the federal government and designed to prepare children to start school; provides locally run child care to lower-income and disadvantaged children from birth to five years old
Thomas Paine/Common Sense
A recent British migrant who published this pamphlet (1776) providing a logical argument for war against Britain
Rough Riders
A regiment of volunteers, run by TR and Colonel Leonard Wood, rushed to Cuba and battled at El Caney stormed up San Juan Hill
Nation of Islam
A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s. Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of Islam, anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice
Duke Ellington
A star of jazz, helped Harlem become the hub of commercially lucrative jazz.
SNCC
A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker. SNCC initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr. As violence toward civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s, SNCC expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X
Cuban Revolution
A successful communist revolt in Cuba, lead by Castro, that overthrew President Batista in 1959, replacing him with Fidel Castro
Corrupt Bargain
A term used by Andrew Jackson's supporters for the appointment by President John Quincy Adams of Henry Clay as his secretary of state, the traditional stepping-stone to the presidency. Clay had used his influence as Speaker of the House to elect Adams rather than Jackson in the election in 1824
Manchuria
A territory of northeastern China constantly disputed over by Russia, China, and Japan between WWI and II
literacy tests
A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote
Domino theory
A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.
Dien Bien Phu
A town of northwest Vietnam near the Laos border. The French military base here fell to Vietminh troops on May 7, 1954, after a 56-day siege, leading to the end of France's involvement in Indochina.
Stonewall Riots
A two-day riot by Stonewall Inn patrons after the police raided the gay bar in New York's Greenwich Village in 1969; the event contributed to the rapid rise of a gay liberation movement
Freehold society in New England
A yeoman society of relatively equal landowning farm families
La Malinche
AKA Dona Marina, she was Cortez's wife and had a kid with him
Women and their involvement in WWI
About 1 million women joined the paid labor force for the first time, while another 8 million gave up low-wage service jobs for higher-paying industrial work; created a new comfort level with women's employment outside the home and with women's suffrage
Molasses Act
Act of the Parliament which imposed a tax of sixpence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-English colonies.
Morrill Land Grant
Act of the U.S. Congress (1862) that provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in "agriculture and the mechanic arts."
Tea Act of May 1773
Act that provided financial relief for the East India Company by giving them a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies
Langston Hughes
African American poet
Zora Neale Hurston
African American writer during the Harlem Renaissance.
George Marshall/Marshall Plan
Aid program begun in 1948 to help European economies recover from World War II
Early Africa Slave Trade
Africans would sell each other into slavery, considered normal, Portuguese weren't interested at first but eventually set up trading posts to exploit African Slave trade, African Slaves became extremely popular in plantations
Berlin Blockade/Berlin Airlift
After WWII, Germany was broken up into four zones, each being owned by a major European Ally. The Soviet's zone contained Berlin, but Berlin was also broken up. In June 1948, the Soviets cut off all access by land to West Berlin. Truman ordered U.S planes to fly in supplies to the people within the blockade. The supplies was flown in until the blockade ended. Seeing that their blockade was useless, the Soviets opened the highways to Berlin in May 1949 as not to escalate the situation into war. As a result, Germany was divided for the remainder of the Cold War.
Lord Dunmore and slaves
After being deposed by Patriots he issued a controversial proclamation promising freedom to slaves and indentured servants who joined the Loyalist cause
Sherman's March
After capturing Atlanta, Sherman advocated moving south and cutting a "swath through to the sea" rather than pursuing the retreating Confederate army, argued his march would be a demonstration to the world that the Union have a power that Davis could not resist, marched 300 miles from Atlanta to Savannah leaving destruction in his wake, caused the demoralization of many Confederate soldiers and their desertion, then invaded capital of SC, Columbia, as punishment for the instigators of nullification and secession, and linked up with Grant in NC
Stone Mountain
After praise for the film Birth of a Nation (1915) that portrayed the KKK in heroic terms, a group of Southerners gathered here to revive the group.
fascism
An antidemocratic movement that originated in Italy (Mussolini) during the 1920s + was developed by Germany (Hitler), Spain (Franco), and Japan (Tojo).
French and Indian War and economic fallout
After the French and Indian War (and Seven Years' War), debt of Britain greatly increased, began to tax colonies to try and restore treasury
SCLC
After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders formed the SCLC in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South
"Remember the Maine!"
After the U.S. battle cruiser Maine exploded in Havana harbor, the New York Journal rallied its readers to "Remember the Maine," galvanizing popular support for the U.S. war against Spain. Evidence of Spanish complicity in the explosion was not found; the likely cause was later found to have been internal to the ship.
U.S. "neutrality"
After war broke out, President Wilson called on Americans to be neutral; but due to the British control of the sea, trade with Britain and France grew fourfold over the next two years, with banks loaning the Allies $2.5 billion and Germany merely $56 million--> America benefited more if the Allies won
Nullification
Alien and Sedition Acts nullified (in effect) by VA and Kentucky Resolutions
Gulf of Tonkin incident
Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964. Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam.
Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg
Allen Ginsberg: poet, author of "Howl" (1956), which became a manifesto of the Beat generation; Jack Kerouac: author of On the Road (1957) a novel in which the Beats glorified spontaneity, sexual adventurism, drug use, and spirituality
Franco-American Alliance 1778
Alliance between France and America during the American Revolutionary War in which France provided aid and soldiers in return for the recognition of French conquests in the West Indies
SEATO
Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia
General Douglas MacArthur
Along w/ Admiral Chester Nimitz, commanded US military forces in WWII against Japan:
Huitzilopochtli
Aztec tribal God, sacred birthplace in the center of city where many sacrifices were made to keep order in cosmos
Holocaust
Also known as Hitler's "final solution".
Lodge Bill
Also known as the Federal Elections Bill of 1890, a bill proposing that whenever 100 citizens in any district appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board could investigate and seat the rightful winner. The defeat of the bill was a blow to those seeking to defend African American voting rights and to ensure full participation in politics
1948 Election
Although Dem wanted to dump Truman, the split of the left to the Progressive Party (Henry A. Wallace nominated); Rep: Thomas Dewey; Strom Thurmond (Dixiecrats)--> Truman won
Race and anticommunism
Although, Truman worried that the USSR used American racism as means of discrediting the US abroad, furthering the civil rights movement; McCarthyism held back the movement as civil rights opponents charged that racial integration was "communistic"
Liberty cabbage
American caught up in the war fervor, started hating all things German;...sauerkraut was now called "Liberty cabbage" and hamburger called "liberty steak"
MacArthur Constitution
American occupation forces under General Douglas MacArthur drafted a democratic constitution and paved the way for the restoration of Japanese sovereignty in 1951
credibility gap
American public's growing distrust of statements made by the government during the Vietnam War
James Blaine
American statesman who served in the House thirteen years (1863-1876), followed by a little over four years in the Senate (1876-1881). He served as Speaker of the House from 1869 to 1875. As secretary of state under James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur, he advocated a "Big Sister" policy of United States domination in Latin America.
Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)
An 1883 law establishing a nonpartisan Civil Service Commission to fill federal jobs by examination. The Pendleton Act dealt a major blow to the "spoils system" and sought to ensure that government positions were filled by trained, professional employees
Interstate Commerce Act
An 1887 act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates
Omaha Platform
An 1892 statement by the Populists calling for stronger government to protect ordinary Americans.
Williams vs. Mississippi
An 1898 Supreme Court ruling that allowed states to impose poll taxes and literacy tests. By 1908, every southern state had adopted such measures.
teenage culture
American youth culture, focused on the spending power of the "teenager," emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the postwar decades; Hollywood movies played a large role in fostering teen culture
Platt Amendment
American-imposed restriction written into the constitution of Cuba that guaranteed American naval bases on the island and declared that the United States had the right to intervene in Cuba
Rosenbergs
Americans who were members of the NYC Communist Party. Ethel Rosenberg's brother had supposedly turned over detailed diagrams of America's first atomic bomb to the Rosenbergs, who then gave them to the Soviet consul in NYC
Ernest Hemingway
An American novelist who wrote A Farewell to Arms (1929) that portrayed the war's futility + dehumanizing consequences.
John Locke
An English philosopher who was a major contributor to the Enlightenment, he stressed that political authority was not a god-given power, but instead came from social contracts made by the people to preserve their natural rights
Teller Amendment
An amendment to the 1898 U.S. declaration of war against Spain disclaiming any intention by the United States to occupy Cuba. The amendment assured the public that the United States would uphold democracy abroad as well as at home
Economic Opportunity Act
An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society.
Social Darwinism and foreign policy
An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest."; this theory led to a fear of ruthless competition and subsequent investment in the latest weapons
Rosie the Riveter
An image created by Norman Rockwell that encouraged women to take jobs in defense industries --> created new image of working women.
Young Lords Organization
An organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the United States and in the Caribbean. Though immediate victories for the YLO were few, their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness
Industrial Workers of the World
An umbrella union and radical political group founded in 1905, dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism, nicknamed the Wobblies, it advocated direct action by workers, including sabotage and general strikes
Federalists and Anti-federalists
Anti-federalists opposed the development of a strong federal govt. preferring the power to remain with the states, opposed the constitution, had opposite of federalist beliefs
French Indochina
Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
Potsdam Conference
At this conference:
Robert F. Kennedy
Attorney general under JFK, ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.
Tenochitlan
Aztec capital, amazed Europeans who first saw, very large ppl 250,000, priests sacrificed many war enemies here
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
B/c Hoover saw that his principle of initiative, voluntarism, and high tariffs weren't really working, he called on state/local govts to provide jobs through investing in public projects.
Courtpacking
Basically b/c the Supreme Court judges were v conservative and were striking down New Deal measures, Roosevelt proposed adding a new justice for every member over 70,
Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Battles that took place on these small Japanese islands:
Chinese Civil War
Began in 1930 with Communist forces under Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) fight Nationalist forces under Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek), United States provided $2 billion to Jiang's army in order to stop communist forces but once Truman realized that Mao held the advantage he cut off aid
Barbary Pirates
Beginning in 1780s, Barbary States of North Africa had raided merchant ships, U.S. paid annual massive national bribe to protect its vessels; Jefferson refused to pay and ordered Navy to attack pirate's home ports, after 4 years captured city of Derna and signed peace treaty allowing for ransom for returned prisoners; Algerian ships soon taking American sailors hostage again
Second Great Awakening
Begun in 1790s by evangelical denominations, feminization of religion (middle class women very involved), free will played key role in salvation, believed in perfectionism and conversions, made the US a genuinely Christian society and fostered cooperation among religious denominations
William Penn
Bestowed Pennsylvania in 1681 as payment for a debt to his father from Charles II, was a Quaker and settled Pennsylvania with Quaker principles
Double V Campaign
Black leaders waged this type of campaign:
Watts Riots
Black motorist was arrested in Los Angeles in August 1965 in the Watts section of the city; as a result, 6 days of rioting ensued; 34 people were ultimately dead; believed that African-Americas would no longer wait for the evolutionary process until they are given rights; will instead fight for them
Buying on credit
Both poor and affluent families shared this thing in common --> through new forms of borrowing, like auto loans or installment plans.
John Foster Dulles and Brinkmanship
Brinkmanship: the act of pushing a situation to the verge of war in order to threaten and encourage one's opponent to back down; the acquistion by each side of a hydrogen bomb--> mutually assured destruction; John Foster Dulles was responsible for the creation of SEATO
Causes of the War of 1812
Britain violated America's commercial rights as a neutral nation
John Maynard Keynes (Keynesian economics)
British economist disagreed w/ classic liberalism, and instead claimed that individual liberty = preserved when the gov't assisted the needy + guaranteed basic welfare of citizens.
General Braddock
British general that alienated the Indians and colonial officers and advanced on Fort Duquesne where he was killed and more than half his troops killed/wounded by French and Indian force
General Gage
British general, military governor of MA, ordered British troops to seize Patriot armories nearby, dispatched soldiers to capture colonial leaders at Concord (began Battle of Lexington and Concord)
Battle of Saratoga
Burgoyne leisurely fought allowing the Americans to halt to progress of the British and forced him to surrender (October 1777)
JP Morgan
Business man -refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competing railroads - marketed US government securities on large scale
Eli Whitney and the cotton gin
CT born, built machines (called gins) that efficiently extracted seeds from the strands of cotton
reconquista
Campaign by Ferdinand and Isabella to drive away Muslims from Europe, capture Grenada (Christian territory possessed by Muslims)
John Fremont
Captain dispatched by Polk on an "exploring" mission into Mexican territory in CA
Chiefdom vs Confederacy
Chiefdom = smaller villages w/ chiefs band under more power leader; Confederacy = power to counicls of sachems, leaders
Anglican Church
Church of England; maintained most Catholic Practices but was somewhat Protestant too
Cahokia
City in Mississippi River Valley, worshipped sun, maize allow more complex social structure, after 1350 ended in ruinous warfare and bad environment
CORE
Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) that espoused nonviolent direct action. In 1961 CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce
John Chivington
Colorado militia leader (and aspiring politician), determined to quell public anxiety relating to the violence of the Indians and make his career, slaughtered more than one hundred women and children in the Sand Creek Massacre
Warren Commission
Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assassination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren
Committees of Correspondence
Committees set up by colonial government that allowed Patriots to communicate with leaders in other colonies about threats to liberty
Matthew Perry
Commodore that, in 1854, succeeded in getting Japanese officials to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa
Viet Minh
Communist-dominated Nationalist Movement. Ruled Vietnam when Japanese rule ended. Leader was Ho Chi Minh.
Western Confederacy
Confederacy led by Miami chief Little Turtle, crushed American expeditionary forces sent by Washington (1790-91); Made of Chippewas, Delawares, Ottawas, Wyandots, Shawnees, Miami, and Potawatomi
Andersonville
Confederate prisoner-of-war camp during Civil War
Election of 1928
Conflicts over race, religion, + ethnicity created stormy climate for this presidential election.
Benevolent Empire
Congregational and Presbyterian ministers created organizations of conservative social reform, became prominent in 1820s, women formed a crucial part of the Empire; goal: to restore the 'moral govt. of God' by reducing consumption of alcohol and other vices that resulted in poverty
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
Congress created this to refinance home mortgages for those who could not meet payments.
House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)
Congressional committee especially prominent during the early years of the Cold War that investigated Americans who might be disloyal to the government or might have associated with communists or other radicals
The National Review
Conservative newspaper avoiding extremism
Three C's
Consumer protection, Control of corporations, Conservation of natural resources
Birth of a Nation
Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Convention of 30 men and 70 women set up by Stanton and Mott, issued rousing manifesto extending to women the democratic republican ideology found in the Declaration of Independence (Declaration of Sentiments)
Election of 1924
Coolidge (Republican) --> limited govt + tax cuts for business.
Yorktown
Cornwallis surrounded by Washington/Rochambeau's army from the north and the French blocking reinforcements in the Chesapeake, surrenders in October 1781, final major conflict of Revolutionary War
George Creel and the Committee on Public Information
Creel--> headed Committee on Public Information which was an organization set up by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I to increase support for America's participation in the war; a national propaganda machine that helped create a political climate intolerant of dissent
Dollar Diplomacy
Critics denounced loan guarantees + military interventions as this.
Bear Flag Republic
Declared independent by American settlers in the Sacramento River Valley after staging a revolt (supported by Fremont's forces), American forces seized control of CA early in 1847
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 -- "a day which will live in infamy"
General William Howe
Defeated the Americans in the Battle of Long Island and forced their retreat to Manhattan and later past the Hudson River, opposed Coercive Acts and hoped for political compromise
Election of 1952
Democrats nominated Adlai E. Stevenson to run for the presidency in the election of 1952. Republicans chose General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Richard M. Nixon was chosen for vice-president to satisfy the anticommunist wing of the Republican Party.Dwight Eisenhower won the election of 1952 by a large majority
Experiences of the soldiers
Despite the efforts of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, dysentery, typhoid, malaria, mumps, and measles, spread through the cames killing about 250,000 Union soldiers (nearly twice the 135,000 that died in combat), however Union troops had a far lower mortality rate than those in 19th century European wars, Confederate soldiers did not have an organized health system and suffered from scurvy and muscle ailments leaving them with a low resistance to camp diseases
poll taxes
Device to restrict blacks from exercising their right to vote by requiring them to pay a fee or require some form of property qualification
Sharon Statement
Drafted by founding members of the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), this manifesto outlined the group's principles and inspired young conservatives who would play important roles in the Reagan administration in the 1980s
Workers/unions after WWI
Dramatically decreased in number after WWI, especially with court cases and the erosion of workers' rights.
Kamikaze pilots
During the battles of Iwo Jimo and Okinawa:
GI Bill of Rights
aka the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, 1944.
Bunker Hill
Early battle of the Revolutionary War in which the Americans were defeated but provided them with an important confidence boost
Russian Revolution
Eastern Front collapsed following the Communist overthrow of the Russian tzar; led by Lenin who sought peace with the Central Powers
"New Look"
Eisenhower FP that emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats, both conventional and nuclear, from the Eastern Bloc of nations headed by the Soviet Union
Grover Cleveland
Elected 1892; administration was out of step with rural and working-class demands; advocated free silver policy
Freedom Riders
Emboldened by SNCC's sit-in tactics, (1951) the CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South, with the aim of calling attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce; both black and white signed on, knew they were taking their lives in their hands; club-wielding Klansmen attacked the buses when they stopped in small towns, riders were beaten and viciously attacked and in one instance a bus was firebombed; state authorities refused to intervene, and although JFK was cautious about civil rights, the violent actions forced Attorney General RFK to dispatch federal marshals
Henry VIII
English King who formed Church of England so he could get a divorce
Massachusetts Bay Colony
English colony around the Massachusetts Bay Colony governed by John Winthrop (Puritan)
Plymouth Colony
English colony near p.d. Cape Cod first settled by the Pilgrims
Maryland
English colony settled by Lord Baltimore
John Smith
English explorer famously "saved" by Pocahontas, maintained that "He that will not work shall not eat"
George Whitefield
English minister that traveled along North American coast transforming the local revivals of preachers to the Great Awakening through his masterful open-air preaching which proved very influential and compelling, regularly published work from his journals,
Issues facing the Plains Indians
European diseases and guns thinned the ranks of Plain Indians and altered the geography of native peoples, success of the gun-laden Sioux came at the expense of the buffalo-->between 1820-1870 buffalo northern herd shrunk from 5 million to less than 2 million
US Foreign Policy in the 1920s
Even though the US didn't join the League of Nations, the federal gov't = deeply engaged in foreign affairs.
first televised war
Every night during the Vietnam War, Americans saw the carnage of war on their television screens, including images of dead and wounded Americans.
Federal Employee Loyalty Program
Executive Order 9835, instituted invasive measures designed to identify and remove Communist sympathizers from government
Integration of the military by executive order
Executive order 9981: Truman
William Pitt
Expansionist-minded British statesman, served as an architect in the war effort, mobilized the British colonists' troops by paying half the cost for the troops and supplies as well as a fleet of British ships; Also a former prime minister who believed Parliament had legislative authority for the colonies but did not believe they should levy internal taxes on the colonies, helped secure the Stamp Act's repeal
Hernan Cortes
Explorer, lead 600 men to conquer Aztecs, well-received by emperor but then took him hostage, w/ diseases on his side he was able to take control of Aztecs
Election of 1944
FDR runs for 4th term (Democratic) vs. Thomas Dewey (Republican).
Harry Truman
FDR's VP in the election of 1944.
Fireside Chats
FDR's evening radio addresses to the American public, helped make him an intimate presence in ppl's lives.
Executive Order 8802
FDR: prohibiting racial discrimination in defense industries
Stalwarts
FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by Roscoe Conkling; favored machine politics; support patronage
crop-lien system
country storekeepers gave sharecroppers provisions and took croppers' shares as collateral
Gettysburg Address
Famous speech delivered by Abraham in 1863, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield, lasted two minutes
Half-Breeds
Favored tariff reform and social reform, major issues from the Democratic and Republican parties. They did not seem to be dedicated members of either party. Between stalwarts and Mugwumps were the Halfbreeds, who were less patronage-oriented than the Stalwarts, but not as reform-minded as the Mugwumps.
U.S. response to the French Revolution (Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans)
Federalists supported neutrality and D-R supported siding with France
Suffragists and the 15th Amendment
Fifteenth Amendment bittersweet for women Unionists, hoped to have women included in the amendment but prominent abolitionists feared it would detract from African-American males' chance to get the vote
Benjamin Franklin
Founded Philadelphia Gazette, one of colonies' most influential newspapers, deist, popularized Enlightenment in Poor Richard's Almanack, and invented bifocals and the lightning rod
Bartolome de Las Casas
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.
JFK and flexible response
First goal of JFK admin was to build up nation's armed forces, JFK wanted to build up the nuclear weapons so the US could call on a wide spectrum of force for a communist threat.
Election of 1824
Five Republicans ran for president, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, Henry Clay, and General Andrew Jackson; Republican caucus selected Crawford as official nominee, other candidates took case to the voters; Clay, excluded from House of Representatives' choice of president, used influence as Speaker to thwart Jackson's election and elect Quincy Adams president
Second Red Scare
Following Truman's lead, many state and local governments, universities, political organizations, churches, and businesses undertook their own antisubversion campaigns; in the labor movement, charges of Communist domination led to the expulsion of a number of unions; Civil Rights groups also expelled Communists and "fellow travelers," or Communist sympathizers-->Red Scare spread from the federal government to the farthest reaches of American organizational, economic, and cultural life
rise of corporations
For over half a century, the consolidation of economic power into large corporate firms had characterized American capitalism, in the postwar decades, that tendency accelerated. By 1970, the top four U.S. automakers produced 91 percent of all motor vehicles sold in the country; the top four firms in tires produced 72 percent; those in cigarettes, 84 percent; and those in detergents, 70 percent
Dutch West India Company
Formed by Dutch gov't, founded New Netherland, brought in farmers and Artisans but after Indian war destroyed colony neglected it
National Woman's Party
Formed in 1916 as an outgrowth of the Congressional Union, which in turn was formed in 1913 by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to fight for women's suffrage, ignoring all other issues.
Peter Minuit
Founded New Amsterdam
NASA
Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and power with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s.
James Oglethorpe
Founder of Georgia; wanted a colony that produced wine/silk, had no slaves, and was a debtor's colony
Alice Paul
Founder of the National Woman's Party. 1923: she persuaded congressional allies to consider Equal Rights Amendment to US Constitution w/ women + men having equal rights.
Slave rebellions
Gabriel Prosser: planned slave rebellion, he and 30 others were hanged; Denmark Vesey; Nat Turner; John Brown and Harper's Ferry
Suez Canal
Gamal Abdel Nasser, leader of Egypt after a military coup, nationalized the Suez Canal, the lifeline for Western Europe's oil; Britain and France (w/ Israel) seized the canal; Eisenhower called France and GBR to fall back in order to prevent a larger war
William Tecumseh Sherman
General in the Union army, instructed by Grant to invade GA and take Atlanta (railway hub at the heart of the Confederacy) in May, 1864, by September, 1864 Atlanta had fallen to Sherman's army; sympathized with the planter class and slavery as a young military officer but believed in the Union, distinguished himself at Shiloh and Vicksburg, famous for Sherman's March
Robert Prager
German man who tried to enlist for US army and is rejected and then lynched
Hessians
German soldiers who fought with the British during the Revolutionary War
Albert Einstein
German-born refugee
Sudetenland
German-speaking border area of Czechoslovakia.
Predestination
God chose certain people to be saved before they were born and condemns the rest to Hell
California Gold Rush
Gold first found by John Sutton in 1848, by mid-1848 Americans, Indians, Mexicans, etc pouring into CA, gold seekers called forty-niners
Peter Stuyvesant
Governor of New Amsterdam, ruled in Authoritarian fashion, all the people hated him and were happy to be taken over by the English
Election of 1868 and 1872
Grant easily won presidency in 1868, and then ran and won again in 1872
Grant's peace policy
Grant inherited Indian policy in disarray, introduced a peace policy based on recommendations from Christian advisors and offered appointments to the reformers, who, although they argued that native peoples had the innate capacity to become equal to whites, viewed the situation as more of an "Indian problem" than a "white problem:
econmiendas
Grant of Indian Labor given by Kings to prominent men; Indians would give tribute(work) in exchange for protection and Christianity
Burr-Hamilton Duel
Hamilton accused Burr of planning to destroy the Union, they fought in an illegal pistol duel that led to Hamilton's death
First International American Conference (1889)
Harrison invited heads of Latin-American nations to discuss the creation of an inter-American common market. this lofty ideal failed, but did lead to pan American highway and lenient tariffs from Latin American Nations
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Harry Hopkins lead this.
Harry Hopkins
He directed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) and headed the Civil Works Administration (CWA).
John Collier and the Bureau of Indian Affairs
He helped raise attention to the Native Americans' plight through this bureau of affairs.
Henry Ford and the automobile industry
He pioneered welfare capitalism before WWI, famously paying $5 a day (a lot). Was later cut back b/c og the financial pressures in 1920s. Offered a profit-sharing plan to employees who met standards of its Social Department (which investigated to make sure workers' priv lives met company's moral standards)
Dr. Francis Townsend (Townsend Plan)
He spoke for the nation's elderly, who had no pensions + feared poverty.
La Follette and the Progressive Party
He was a senator of this party, who tried to resuscitate the Progressive Party.
Strom Thurmond
He was nominated for president on a States' Rights Party (Dixiecrats) in the 1948 election. Split southern Democrats from the party due to Truman's stand in favor of Civil Rights for African American. He only got 39 electoral votes.
General MacArthur
He was one of the most-known American military leaders of WWII, liberated the Philippines and made the Japanese surrender at Tokyo in 1945, also he drove back North Korean invaders during the Korean War, responsible for the MacArthur Constitution
Admiral Chester Nimitz
He was the commander of the Pacific Fleet during WWII, along w/ MacArthur
General George Patton
He, along w/ General Eisenhower, helped lead Allied troops to defeat the German Afrika Korps.
de Lome Letter
Hearst's New York Journal published a private letter in which a Spanish minister (Dupuy de Lôme) to the United States belittled McKinley, he resigned, but exposure of the de Lôme letter intensified Americans' indignation toward Spain
Hoover's approach to the Depression
His approach was through drawing on 2 powerful American traditions:
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
House brought eleven counts of misconduct against Jackson, most relating to infringement of the powers of Congress, fell one vote short of the 2/3 vote majority required
Slave experience ("peculiar institution")
Hundreds died each year from disease, overwork, and brutal treatment
First Americans
Hunter-gatherers who crossed glaciers to get to North America 15,000 years ago, came in 3 waves
Role of Native Americans in Imperial Wars
Imperial wars exposed natives to danger, but allowed them leverage with certain alliances, and allowed them better relations in the Southeast
Annexation of Texas
In 1836 American rebels proclaimed the independence of Texas and adopted a constitution legalizing slavery, Santa Anna attempted to suppress in the Alamo but only drew more rebels to fight, became 28th state in December 1845 following election of Polk
1862 Dakota attacks on Minnesota and response
In 1862 a decade of anger boiled over, Dakota fighters fanned out through the countryside, killing immigrants and burning farms; more than four hundred whites lay dead, including women and children from farms and small towns; in response a Minnesotan military court sentenced 307 Sioux to death (only 38 executions authorized by Lincoln); Congress then canceled all treaties with the Dakotas, revoked their annuities, and expelled them from Minnesota
Exodusters
In 1879, a group of black communities left Mississippi and Louisiana in a quest to escape poverty and white violence, about 6,000 blacks departed together, most carrying little but the clothes on their backs and faith in God, name due to the belief they were participants in a great exodus to Kansas.
Reconcentration camps
In 1895, Cuban patriots mounted a major guerrilla war against Spain, which had lost most of its other New World territories; the Spanish commander responded by rounding up Cuban civilians into concentration camps, where as many as 200,000 died of starvation, exposure, or dysentery.
Impact of television
In 1947, there were 7,000 TV sets in American homes, a year later, the CBS and NBC radio networks began offering regular programming, and by 1950 Americans owned 7.3 million set; televisions mastered the art of manufacturing consumer desire, and became a vehicle for the transmission of a narrow range of middle-class tastes and values
Jacobo Arbenz and Guatemala
In 1954, the CIA engineered a coup in Guatemala against the democratically elected president, Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, who had seized land owned by the American-owned United Fruit Company. Arbenz offered to pay United Fruit the declared value of the land, but the company rejected the offer and turned to the U.S. government
Kennedy and military advisors in Vietnam
In 1961, he increased military aid to the South Vietnamese and expanded the role of U.S. Special Forces ("Green Berets"), who would train the South Vietnamese army in unconventional, small-group warfare tactics
Indians of All Tribes and Alcatraz
In 1969, members of the IAT occupied the deserted federal penitentiary on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay and proclaimed: "We will purchase said Alcatraz Island for twenty-four dollars in glass beads and red cloth, a precedent set by the white man's purchase of a similar island [Manhattan] about 300 years ago."
Incan Empire
In Andes Mountains (all down West of South America), Cuzco = capital, king claimed divine power rule through bureaucracy of nobles, similar to Aztecs
primogeniture
In Europe, the firstborn male child would inherit all the wealth and land while the rest would go to poverty
Aztec Empire
In Mexico, trading routes all across empire, brutally sacrificed enemies, very rich (gold, textiles, bird feathers), wiped out by disease and subjugated by Plantations
My Lai
In My Lai, Calley's company killed more than three hundred apparently unarmed civilians whom they suspected of aiding the Viet Cong.
Town Meetings
In Puritan societies, feudal practices were consciously rejected and instead the Puritans held town meetings where most adult men had a vote, regardless of wealth
Central High School
In September 1957, when nine black students attempted to enroll at the all-white Central High School, Governor Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to bar them, angry white mobs appeared daily to taunt the students, chanting "Go back to the jungle." As the vicious scenes played out on television night after night, Eisenhower finally acted, sending 1,000 federal troops to Little Rock and nationalizing the Arkansas National Guard, ordering them to protect the black students
Religious revival in the 1950s
In an age of anxiety about nuclear annihilation and the spread of "godless communism," Americans yearned for a reaffirmation of faith, church membership jumped from 49 percent of the population in 1940 to 70 percent in 1960
religion and the 1950s
In an age of anxiety about nuclear annihilation and the spread of "godless communism," Americans yearned for a reaffirmation of faith, church membership jumped from 49 percent of the population in 1940 to 70 percent in 1960
Vicksburg
In an effort to split the Confederacy in two, Grant drove south and defeated two Confederate armies near Vicksburg, Mississippi and laid siege to the city, the Vicksburg garrison surrendered six weeks later
Welfare capitalism
In place of unions, the 1920s marked the heydey of this: this was a system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employees' well-being. had lots of limitations
Coercive (Intolerable) Acts
In response to the Boston Tea Party Parliament passed these acts to force MA to pay for the tea and submit to imperial authority: closed Boston Harbor, prohibited town meetings and annulled colony charter, instated Quartering Act, and the Justice Act (trials could be transferred to other colonies or Britain)
Technological innovations
In the 1920s, these included Ford Model Ts (and other automobiles), electrical refrigerators and vacuum cleaners in 1929, radios, phonographs.
Slave communities
In the Chesapeake, the balanced sex ratio and lower death rate (than SC) allowed slaves to create strong nuclear and extended families which passed on traditions and knowledge
cattle ranching
In the Great Plains, hunters decimated the herds of bison, clearing space for cattle ranchers, ranchers saw an opportunity to bring cattle from Texas to Missouri to fetch a higher prices
Mining
In the late 1850s, prospectors scattered hoping to find riches outside CA, when they found found remote areas turned overnight into mob scenes of prospectors, traders, prostitutes, and saloon keepers
impact of WWII on the Civil Rights Movement
In the war against fascism, the Allies sought to discredit racist Nazi ideology, as they were committed to fighting racism abroad, Americans increasingly condemned racism at home
Alfred Kinsey
Indiana University zoologist who published two controversial studies which forced sexuality into the open: "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female"; took a scientific, rather than moralistic, approach, became known as "the sex doctor," documented the full range of sexual experiences of thousands of Americans and broke numerous taboos, discussing such topics as homosexuality and marital infidelity in the detached language of science
Indian burning
Indians set fires in woods to clear underbrush and make hunting easier, bison as far as New York before settlers
Entertainment in the 1920s
In this time period, movies were the main form of consumer culture entertainment.
Treaty of Paris (1783)
In this treaty Great Britain formally recognized American independence and relinquished claims to lands south of Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River; France and Spain got relatively little in Treaty of Versailles
Francisco Pizzaro
Inca empire already crumbling from disease, Pizzaro just kinda waltzedo on in, killed Athaluapa (the last emperor of Incas) and took over, claiming for Spain
Dearborn Independent
Industrialist Henry Ford newspaper (???), this railed against immigrants + warned that members of the white race must arm themselves against a Jewish conspiracy aimed at world domination.
Michael Harrington/ The Other America
Influential study of poverty in America and the driving force behind Lyndon Johnson's Great Society
Kerner Commission
Informal name for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, formed by the president to investigate the causes of the 1967 urban riots, 1968 report warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal"
Role of women/families in Chesapeake
Inhabitants of Chesapeake mainly young, single men so families were mostly not present until the colony was better established, women were shipped to America to be wives
ICBM
Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile: in 1958, roughly a year after the Space Age had begun and Sputnik and Explorer I had been put into orbit, the Soviets began producing ICBM's; the capabilities of this new technology were astounding, allowing nuclear warheads to target areas thousands of miles away; the US soon began producing ICBM's, causing a feeling of uneasiness to spread around the world
Hispaniola
Island discovered by Columbus and a sort of Spanish base of operations for exploring the New World
Vittoriano Orlando
Italy's prime minister, part of the Big Four, in 1915: Italy had switched tot he Allied side but then in the Paris Peace Conference he withdrew b/c he was annoyed with the British/French leaders marginalizing him.
Election of 1960 and New Frontier
JFK v. Richard Nixon, both Cold Warriors; JFK used his youth and personality (and those of his equally personable and stylish wife) to attract voters to a narrow victory; New Frontier: promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights
Jackson's "kitchen cabinet"
Jackson's primary advisers, consisted of Francis Preston Blair, Amos Kendall, Roger B. Taney (Attorney General, treasury secretary, and chief justice of Supreme Court), and Martin Van Buren (Secretary of State)
Coxey's Army
Jacob Coxey of Ohio proposed that the U.S government hire the unemployed to fix the nation's roads; Organized hundreds of jobless men to carry out a peaceful march to Washington to appeal for the program; When the group reached Capitol Hill, Coxey was arrested and jailed for trespassing
Leisler's Rebellion
Jacob Leisler led rebellion against Dominion of NE and ruled from 1688-1691 until he alienated his allies, indicted for treason, hanged, decapitated
Election of 1920
James M. Cox (Democrat) --> called for US participation in League of Nations + continuation of Wilson's progressivism.
Russo-Japanese War
Japan responded to Russia's bid for control of both Korea and Manchuria (in northern China) by attacking the tzar's fleet at Russia's leased Chinese port
Loose v. strict construction
Jefferson relied on a strict interpretation of the Constitution, did not support Bank of the United States; Hamilton relied on a loose interpretation of the Constitution, relied on "necessary and proper" clause
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Jefferson wanted information about Louisiana (physical, plant/animal life, native people); Sent personal secretary (Lewis) to explore region with Clark (army officer); Traveled up Missouri for 1,000 miles to p.d. North Dakota, then began 1,300 mile trek into the unknown (1805) with Sacagawea (and husband Charbonneau); Provided Jefferson w/ first maps of wilderness and detailed account of natural resources and inhabitants
Adam Smith/ Wealth of Nations
Jefferson's notion of international division of labor resembled this, (1776) Smith described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics
Albert Gallatin
Jefferson's secretary of the treasury, fiscal conservative who believed that national debt was "an evil of the first magnitude"; Limited expenditures and used customs revenue to redeem govt. bonds, reduced debt from 83 million (1801) to 45 million (1812)
Pottawatomie Creek
John Brown and his followers murdered five pro slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek in response to the sack of Lawrence
Harpers' Ferry
John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged
Oath of Allegiance
Johnson used this to offer "amnesty and pardon, with restoration of all rights of property" to almost all southerners; he pardoned nearly 90 percent of all petitions
Congress v. President Johnson
Johnson vetoed both the revised Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, Congress overrode both vetoes, Congress proposed Fourteenth Amendment (1868)--opposed by Jackson but public opinion against him; the House tried to impeach Johnson, although they failed--> showed power, Johnson largely irrelevant at end of term
A. Mitchell Palmer raids
June 1919: a bomb outside attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer's town house in Washington. --> he escaped unharmed but used this incident to fuel public fears, precipitated a hysterical Red Scare. W/ Wilson's health deteriorating, Palmer set up an antiradicalism division in the Justice Department + appointed Hoover to direct it --> became the FBI. These raids peaked on a notorious night in 1920, January: federal agents invaded homes + meeting halls, arrested 6000 citizens/aliens/denied prisoners access to legal counsel. Then Palmer predicted that May 1 a radical conspiracy would overthrow the US govt, but nothing happened.
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
June 5th, 1968; shot dead by a young Palestinian named Sirhan Sirhan
Kennedy's handling of Diem
Kennedy had lost patience with Diem, let it be publicly known that the United States would support a military coup
First televised debates
Kennedy-Nixon Debates, 1960
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
King Philip sent an armada to England (to impose Catholicism) which was wiped out by a fierce storm and English ships
Panic of 1907
Knickerbocker Trust Company failed, and there were no strong central national banks to back the economy up, precipitating a panic
Election of 1964
LBJ beats Goldwater by a landslide. First time with negative poltical ads. Goldwater's campaign aroused considerable grassroots support, and a movement on the right grew alongside the left
War on Poverty
LBJ's initiative to carry out Kennedy's goal; involved the Economic Opportunity Act which included training programs such as Job Corps, granted loans to rural families + small urban businesses + migrant workers, and launched VISTA.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Landmark 1890 act that forbade anticompetitive business activities, requiring the federal government to investigate trusts and any companies operating in violation of the act
Chief Joseph
Leader of Nez Perce, fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations, but US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservation
Brigham Young
Leading disciple of Smith, led about 6,500 Mormons to Salt Lake City, became governor of Utah Territory when US acquired Mexico's northern territories in 1850 and ruled in an authoritarian fashion
Eldridge Cleaver
Leading member of the Black Panther Party and editor of the party's newspaper
Hungarian Revolution
Led by students and workers, it installed Liberal Communist Imre Nagy, forced soviet soldiers to leave and promised free election, renounced Hungary's military alliance with Moscow, the revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union
Jose Marti
Led the fight for Cuba's independence from Spain from 1895 through the Spanish-American War and spoke against American occupation in Cuba
Appomattox Courthouse and aftermath of Civil War
Lee surrendered in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse in VA; many of the South's factories, railroads, and cities lay in ruins, and farms and plantations had suffered years of neglect
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln and Johnson were more interested in restoring the Union than reconstructing it; Johnson's plan was executed in 1865 by appointing a provisional governor for each of the former Confederate states and instructing the governors to convene constitutional conventions;
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln initially rejected emancipation as a war aim but in his Emancipation Proclamation he publicly linked black freedom with the preservation of the Union (1862), the proclamation did not immediately free a single slave but moved slavery to the brink of destruction
Suspension of habeas corpus
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War and imprisoned about 15,000 southern sympathizers without a trial
President Andrew Johnson
Lincoln's death left the presidency in his hands, self-styled "common man" from Tennessee, loyal to the Union--remained in the Senate even after Tennessee seceded,
17th Parallel
Line of latitude that separated North and South Vietnam
patriots and loyalists
Loyalists were loyal to the British Crown while patriots rebelled against it
Protestant Reformation
Luther trigger conflict w/ Holy Roman Empire, controversy spread throughout most of Western Europe
"I Have a Dream" speech
MLK captured the nation's imagination with his message of racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington
Scots-Irish and German Immigrants
Made up most of the 1/2 of the Middle colonies' white landless men, mostly single men/families, German/Scots-Irish immigrants settled in ethnic communities to preserve cultural identity
Tet Offensive
Major campaign of attacks launched throughout South Vietnam in January 1968 by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong. A major turning point in the war, it exposed the credibility gap between official statements and the war's reality, and it shook Americans' confidence in the government
Selma March
March 1965, James Bevel of the SCLC called for a march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital, Montgomery, to protest the murder of a voting-rights activist, as soon as the six hundred marchers left Selma, crossing over the Edmund Pettus Bridge, mounted state troopers attacked them with tear gas and clubs. The scene was shown on national television that night, and the day became known as Bloody Sunday
Ferdinand and Isabella
Married monarchs of Aragon and Castile, launched reconquista and murdered any non-Catholics to promote nationalism
Operation Rolling Thunder
Massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam authorized by President Johnson in 1965; against expectations, it ended up hardening the will of the North Vietnamese to continue fighting
matriarchal vs patriarchal
Matriarchal- power through women (Native 'Murica); Patriarchal- power through mens (Europe)
Second Continental Congress
May 1775: Patriot leaders gathered in Philadelphia and declared the American Revolutionary War had begun
Antietam
McClellan's forces (outnumbered Lee's 87,000 to 50,000) attacked Lee's near Antietam Creek in Maryland, Jackson's troops saved Confederates from a major retreat, McClellan allowed Lee to retreat to VA (drew criticism from Lincoln), fighting was savage-->single bloodiest day in U.S. military history, together the Confederate and Union dead numbered 4,800 and wounded 18,500 (of which 3,000 soon died), publicly Lincoln claimed Antietam as a Union victory: caused him to look for an aggressive commanding general
Election of 1896
McKinley (Republican) v. Bryan (Democrat); McKinley won
Meaning of freedom
Means different things to different people, freedpeople demanded voting rights and economic autonomy, while ex-Confederates opposed this
Elvis and why he was so controversial
Memphis-born singer whose youth, voice, and sex appeal helped popularize rock 'n' roll in the mid-1950s, he was an icon of popular culture, in both music and film; controversial for flagrant sexuality
Metacom's (King Philip's) War (1675-1676)
Metacom (leader of Wampanoags) forged alliance with other tribes and attacked English settlements, there was bitter fighting until the Natives ran out of gunpowder
Braceros
Mexican contract laborers brought in by the US govt.
Mestizos
Mixed Native American and European heritage
Detroit Riots
Most serious riots that occurred in July and August of 1967; 43 people were killed in Detroit, almost all of them black; $50 million was destroyed; National Guard and the U.S. Army Troops were summoned by President Lyndon B. Johnson to restore order in Detroit
Iroquoian
Native American language, NOT A TRIBE, in Eastern Woodlands same as Algonquian
Algonquin
Native American language, NOT A TRIBE, in Eastern Woodlands smaller tribes around maize and hunting/fishing, women tend crops men hunt
code talkers
Native Americans who communicated orders to fleet commanders:
Indian Boarding Schools
Native families were exhorted, bullied, and bribed into sending their children into off-reservation schools where (in addition to school lessons) boys learned farming and girls learned housekeeping and English was the only language pemitted
animists
Natural world suffused with spirit power, interpret dreams, appease guardian spirits (Think Pocahontas "Colors of the Wind")
Alien and Sedition Acts
Naturalization Act: lengthened residency requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years; Alien Act: authorized deportation of foreigners; Sedition Act: prohibited the publication of insults/malicious attacks on the president/members of Congress
Trade and developing industries in the colonies
New England became a major exporter of salted meats and changed from grain to livestock community
New Left/New Right
New Left: A term applied to radical students of the 1960s and 1970s, distinguishing their activism from the Old Left — the communists and socialists of the 1930s and 1940s who tended to focus on economic and labor questions rather than cultural issues
slavery in the new republic
New York Emancipation Act of 1799--allowed slavery until 1828, freed slave children @25; MA abolished slavery (1784); Gradual measures influenced by religion or oversupply of workers eventually brought freedom to 1/3 of African Americans in MA; Farther south: slavery 'necessary evil', SC and GA reopened Atlantic slave trade; After potential uprising by Prosser, south leaders enacting laws creating a herrenvolk republic
re Jacobs
New York State Court of Appeals struck down a public-health law that prohibited cigar manufacturing in tenements; argued such regulation exceeded the state's police powers
Samuel Tilden
New York governor and Wall Street lawyer with a reform reputation, favored home rule for the South, Democratic nominee in the election of 1876
Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916
New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, its effectiveness against labor unions
Niagara Movement and the NAACP
Niagara Movement: called for full voting rights; an end to segregation; equal treatment in the justice system; and equal opportunity in education, jobs, health care, and military service; guided the civil rights movement throughout the twentieth century
Leonid Brezhnev
Nixon and Soviet premier who resolved tensions over Cuba and Berlin and signed the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), the latter a symbolic step toward ending the Cold War arms race
Armistice Day
November 11, 1918; Germany signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day
Harlem Race Riots
Occurred in July 1964 during the first "long hot summer"; police shot a black criminal suspect in Harlem; young people were angered by the police brutality and looted and rioted for a week
Newark Riots
Occurred on July 17, 1967, in Newark, New Jersey; an African-American taxi driver was arrested for tailgating and driving in the wrong direction on a one-way street; peaceful protesting began, but it deteriorated into violent rioting and looting; screamed "Black Power", while smashing store windows; National Guard and Mayor Hugh Addonizio helped to restore order
Venezuela Border Dispute
Occurred over Venezuela's longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the territory of Guayana Esequiba, which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory; the crisis ultimately saw Britain accept the United States' forced arbitration of the entire disputed territory; the US justified their involvement through the Monroe Doctrine
Stock Market Crash
October 29, 1929.
March on Washington
Officially named the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, on August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities
Populists
Officially named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote a platform for the 1892 election in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers, split between South and West.
Mark Hanna
Ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896
Old lights and new lights
Old lights were considered to be passionless, conservative ministers by evangelists which condemned crying out, fainting, etc. in revivalist meetings, while new lights were ministers that allowed women to speak in church and claimed to "work miracles"
Rosa Parks
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man,she was arrested and charged with violating a local segregation ordinance
Emergency Banking Act
On March 9, 1933, this act permitted banks to reopen (they were all closed 4 days earlier) if a Treasury Department inspection showed they had sufficient cash reserves.
JFK Assassination
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was in Dallas, Texas, on a political trip. As he and his wife, Jacqueline, rode in an open car past the Texas School Book Depository, he was shot through the head and neck by a sniper. He died within the hour.
Israel
On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly voted to partition Palestine between Jewish and Arab sectors, when the British mandate ended in 1948, Zionist leaders proclaimed the state of Israel, a coalition of Arab nations known as the Arab League invaded, but Israel survived--> Truman recognized the new state immediately, alienating the Arab world but gaining support from Jewish votera
Argonne Forest
On September 26, an American force of over 1 million soldiers advanced against the Germans in the Argonne Forest. After 42 days, the force had helped push the Germans back toward their own border and had cut the enemy's major supply lines to the front.
Pickett's charge
On the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee sent General George E. Pickett and his 14,000 men to take Cemetery Ridge, Pickett's men charged across a mile of open terrain facing deadly fire from artillery and riflemen resulting in the wounding, killing, or capturing of thousands of Confederate soldiers, marked the last hope of Confederate victory during the battle at Gettysburg
Judiciary Act of 1801
Outgoing Federalists created 16 new judgeships and various other positions ('midnight appointees')
Kettle Hill/San Juan Hill
One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War in which Roosevelt and Rough Riders defeated Spain which placed America at an advantage; in August, the US and Spain agreed to a treaty ending the war
Slave trade
One set of routes ran to the Atlantic coast and sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana
Voting qualifications
Only PA and VT gave vote to all make taxpayers after the American Revolution, in 1810 Maryland reformers removed property-right qualifications, by mid 1820s many state legislatures had given the vote to all white men (except NC, VA, and RI)
American Indian Movement
Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities
Kerner Commission
Organization was created after the riots in Detroit and Newark in 1967; gave Illinois governor, Otto Kerner, position of being the presidential commissioner in investigated causes of violence; released reports in 1968, stating in a government document that America "is moving toward two societies", explaining that "one [is] black, one white - separate and unequal."; helped explain reasons for rioting
Open Door Notes
Original: A claim put forth by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay that all nations seeking to do business in China should have equal trade access; Second: China must be preserved as a "territorial and administrative entity."
Lost Generation
Other artists + intellectuals of 1920s raised voices of dissent.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party
Historiography of slavery
Phillips (1918)--> slaves had it good and had power, bad slave owners ostracized, mutually beneficial (PATERNALISTIC), info from white slave owners and audience rich whites; Stampp (1956)--> slaves had understanding of freedom (agency), slaves weren't content (suppressed), info from former slaves, wider audience
Election of 1972
Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon
Anaconda Plan
Plan for civil war proposed by general-in-chief Winfield Scott, which emphasized the blockade of Southern ports and called for an advance down the Mississippi River that cut the South in two in order to suffocate the South
Economies of Settlements in North and South America
Plantation Colonies - Colonies where indentured servitude and slavery were used to produce tobacco and sugar; Neo-European Colonies - Colonies in New England that tried to recreate conditions in Europe; Spanish Tribute Colonies - Colonies where Spanish colonists used tribute from Aztecs and Incas to fund religious conquests back home, lots and lots of gold!!!
Mary Chesnut
Plantation mistress and general's wife, wrote about the war in her diary, said that there was no slave like the wife; complains about work given to women is like slave labor
Sussex Pledge
Pledge in which Germany agreed not to target passenger liners or merchant ships unless an inspection showed the latter carried weapons
"54-40 or Fight"
Polk's jingoistic cry in the election of 1844, called for the US to occupy the whole of the territory of Oregon to the Alaskan border defying British claims
James Weaver
Populist candidate for the election of 1892; leaned toward agrarian radicalism; also ran for president as Greenback-Labor candidate (1880)
Portugese exploration
Portugese wanted to get to West Africa by Sea, so they sailed down Atlantic coast in Africa, discovering Canaries and Cape Verde, where they made cash crops and sugar, didn't actually go inland Africa
Eisenhower Doctrine
President Eisenhower's 1957 declaration that the United States would actively combat communism in the Middle East
domino theory
President Eisenhower's theory of containment, which warned that the fall of a non-Communist government to communism in Southeast Asia would trigger the spread of communism to neighboring countries
Truman Doctrine
President Harry S. Truman's commitment to "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures," was first applied to Greece and Turkey in 1947, it became the justification for U.S. intervention into several countries during the Cold War
Great Society (Study the programs on page 907)
President Lyndon B. Johnson's domestic program, which included civil rights legislation, antipoverty programs, government subsidy of medical care, federal aid to education, consumer protection, and aid to the arts and humanities
Southern Strategy
President Nixon's attempt to attract the support of Southern conservative Democrats who were unhappy with federal desegregation policies and the liberal Supreme Court
The Alamo
President Santa Anna led an army that wiped out the Texan garrison defending the Alamo in San Antonio and then captured Goliad executing about 350 prisoners of war in order to put down rebellion of Texas
Square Deal
President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program; the three demands are often known as the "Three C's"
"peace without victory"
President Wilson call to the fighting nations that neither side would impose harsh terms on the others, Wilson hoped that all nations would join a "league for peace".
Spanish Conquest
Pretty much the Spanish conquering everything they could find (conquered Aztecs and Incas)
trans Saharan Trade
Primary way of trade for West Africans before connected to Atlantic, controlled by Ghana, Mali, Songhai, carried slaves and gold to North Africa for salt, etc.
David Lloyd George
Prime Minster of Britain imposed harsh punishments on Germany in Paris Peace Conference, Britain + France had already made secret agreements to divide Germany's African colonies + take them as spoils of war, At Versailles: also forced Germany to pay 33 billion in reparations + surrender coal supplies, merchant ships, valuable patents, territory near French border; --> caused resentment + economic hardship in Germany.
Pilgrims (separatists)
Protestants that separated from Church of England
Roger Williams
Puritan minister in Salem opposing the establishment of an official religion and advocated toleration, banished and founded and settled in Providence
Second BUS
Pushed through legislation by Clay, signed in by Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland intended to strike down as unconstitutional but was unsuccessful
Prudence Crandall
Quaker schoolteacher, controversial for her education of African American girls in Canterbury, CT
Aaron Burr
Ran for vice president with Jefferson, tied with him, killed Hamilton
Vasco de Gama
Reached East Africa and then India, his goods weren't really wanted but he returned later with more force and beat Arabs; set up fortified trading posts and pretty much controlled trade there
Counter Reformation
Reaction of Catholic church that wanted internal change; new monk and missionary organizations, include Jesuits; [Strengthen Catholic Church to FITE Protestantism]
Crusades
Religious holy wars meant to FITE Islam and retake the holy lands, intensified European Christianity and opened up Silk Road (Middle East + Asia)
National War Labor Board
Representatives of major unions made a no-strike pledge for the duration of war.
Election of 1960
Republican Party nominated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, while the Democratic Party nominated John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, JFK won
"New South"
Republican administrations in the South admired the economic and social transformations that had occurred in the North before the Civil War and worked to import policies like abolishing property qualifications for voting and Black Codes, extending the rights of married women (own property and wages), diversified economy beyond cotton agriculture (ex: railroads), outlawed whipping and branding, established hospitals and asylums, paved streets, installed streetlights, and instituted new education systems
Liberty League
Republican business leaders joined w/ conservative Democrats in this league --> to fight "reckless spending" + "socialist" reforms of the New deal.
Barry Goldwater
Republican nominee in the 1964 election against Johnson, ran on a anticommunist, antigovernment platform, campaigned against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and promised a more vigorous Cold War foreign policy, supported by Ronald Reagan, foreign policy alienated voters
Joseph McCarthy
Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists, philosophy flourished in the seething Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear, Red-hunter who was the most ruthless and did the most damage to American traditions of fair play and free speech, Removed from the Senate when he attacked the the US Army
Henry Cabot Lodge
Republican senator who stated that the League of Nations charter did not protect American national interests and worked to prevent its ratification; introduced 14 reservations before he would approve the treaty, included exempting US immigration policy from League decisions and giving the Congress right to approve any League resolution that implemented Article X; led the Reservationists
role of tariff revenue and Civil War debt
Republican's protective tariffs helped to build other U.S. industries including textiles and steel in the NE and Midwest, and sugar beet farming and sheep ranching in the West; also provided a bulk of treasury revenue, Civil War left the Union with a debt of $2.8 million (erased by tariff income and generated huge budget surpluses)
Wendell Willkie
Republican, former Democrat who supported many New Deal policies.
Election of 1876
Republicans abandoned Grant and nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, while Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden, after great controversy from the submission of two sets of electoral votes from FL, SC, and Louisiana and the subsequent electoral commision, Hayes won
Election of 1916
Republicans nominated Hughes; Democrats renominated Wilson (narrow victory)
Election of 1864
Republicans rebuffed attempts to prevent Lincoln's renomination, in order to attract border-state and Democratic voters Republicans took a new name (National Union Party) and chose Andrew Johnson (Tennessee slave owner and Unionist Democrat) as Lincoln's running mate; Democratic Party nominated General George B. McClellan; Lincoln won a clear-cut victory
Republican government vs. democratic government
Republicans still preferred men of learning and leisure in office and a bicameral house while democratic allowed anyone in office (unicameral)
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Resolution passed by Congress in 1964 in the wake of a naval confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin between the United States and North Vietnam. It gave the president virtually unlimited authority in conducting the Vietnam War. The Senate terminated the resolution in 1971 following outrage over the U.S. invasion of Cambodia.
American economic woes after the revolution
Revolution crippled American shipping and cut exports of tobacco, rice, and wheat, while low-priced British manufactures drove urban artists and textile firms out of business; many war debts
sharecropping (still going on!)
Rural African Americans labored in a sharecropping system that kept them stuck in poverty, often prevented them from obtaining an education, and offered virtually no avenue of escape
Rhode Island Colony
Roger Williams' Providence and other religious dissidents' colonies came together and merged several colonies to form Rhode Island (Religious freedom)
"Lost Cause"
Romanticized by the south—southerners began to look back on "old south" before the war, heavy mourning for the losses during the civil war, reverence of war heroes/leaders
Election of 1936
Roosevelt (Democratic) vs. Alfred M. Landon (Republican)
Booker T. Washington and TR
Roosevelt incurred the wrath of white supremacists by inviting Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House
Election of 1908
Roosevelt named Taft as successor (won)
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Roosevelt won funding for this administration + Harry Hopkins directed it.
laissez-faire capitalism
Roosevelt's liberal welfare state was opposed by supporters of this ideology, who gradually became known as conservatives.
North Carolina
Royal colony established 1691, a proprietary, main economic export/activity: farming, naval stores; settlers inspired by Bacon's Rebellion rebelled in 1677 & 1708 against feudalistic practices (mainly poor families, run-away servants, similar to RI)
South Carolina
Royal colony established 1691, a proprietary, main economic export: rice, indigo, based on Barbados' hierarchical slave society, most profitable colony
Georgia
Royal colony established in 1732, a trustee, main export: rice, acted as the barrier between the Carolinas and the Spanish
Powhatan
Ruler of Powhatan chiefdom in Virginia territory, 30+ subordinate chiefdoms
Montezuma
Ruler of Tenochitlan, very lavish and very very highly respected; taken prisoner under Cortes and then the Aztecs were subjugated by the Spanish
Disarray in the Democratic party (that's a newsflash)
Rural + urban democrats were deeply divided over issues like prohibition and immigrant restriction during the election of 1924.
SALT I (AP and SAT II love to ask about this!)
SALT I was a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two.
Scottsboro Boys
Scottsboro, Alabama: 9 black men = accused of rape by 2 white women.
Hoover and the "associative state"
Sec. of commerce = Herbert Hoover. Under his control, the Commerce Department helped create 2,000 trade associations representing companies in almost every major industry.
Seward's Folly
Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia was called Seward's Folly by Critics
John Hay
Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal
John C. Calhoun
Secretary of War under Monroe, ran for president in 1824, withdrew from race to endorse Andrew Jackson; VP of Jackson, took extreme stance on slavery, proposed radical argument of separation of the North and South politically in a dual presidency
Charles Guiteau
Shot President Garfield in the back in a Washington railroad station, he was hung for murder
Women and life in the West
Since the males were miners, lumbermen, and cowboys, the success of a western farm depended on the work of wives and children who tended the garden and animals, preserved food, and helped out at harvest time, some women also decided to strike out on their own
Similarities and differences between slavery in America and the British West Indies
Slaves in America tended to tobacco which required less demanding and steadier labor than in the West Indies, where sugar and rice required strenuous labor in a tropical climate; slavery in America was defined by racial terms, and the act of sexual intercourse with slaves was illegal, while in the West Indies, sexual relations with slaves were common; In the Chesapeake, plantation owners encouraged black women to have children, while in West Indies(/SC) the large amount of slave deaths spurred the arrival of new slaves keep the population constant
Pueblo cultures
Smaller towns remnant of large farming settlements w/ irrigation and towns molded to canyon walls
"Pitchfork" Ben Tillman
South Carolina governor who vowed to go to Washington and "poke old Grover with a pitchfork"
Crops in South Carolina
South Carolina planters grew rice and indigo
Draft (North and South)
South: 1862 Confederate Congress imposed the first legally binding draft in American history, laws required existing soldiers to serve for the duration of the war and mandated three years of military service from all men 18-35 (exempted one white man per 20 slaves and draftees could hire substitutes); Some southerners refused to serve, govt. in Richmond could not compel military service; North: Militia Act of 1862, towns/states used cash bounties and signed up nearly 1 million men, allowed men to avoid military service via substitute or paying a fee; Enrollment Act of 1863--German and Irish immigrants refused to serve
SEATO
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, orchestrated by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, linked the US and its major European allies with Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand
Treaty of Paris of 1898
Spain agreed to liberate Cuba and cede Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States
Hernando de Soto
Spanish Explorer who met Lady of Cofachiqui, was offered many gifts from the Lady
General Valeriano "Butcher" Weyler
Spanish General in Cuba who herded many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps so they could not help the insurrectos, called "Butcher Weyler" because hundreds of thousands of people died in his concentration camps
Juan de Sepulveda
Spanish humanist who was the adversary of Bartolome de Las Casas; he argued that Spain had the right to conquer the New World
Teach-ins
Special session of lecture and discussion on a controversial topic that often occurred during the Vietnam War era
"Cross of Gold" Speech
Speech by Bryan: "You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold." Cheering delegates endorsed a platform calling for free silver and a federal income tax on the wealthy that would replace tariffs as a source of revenue. Democrats, long defenders of limited government, were moving toward a more activist stance.
Dr. Spock
Spock's "Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care" sold 1 million copies every year after its publication in 1946, urged mothers to abandon the rigid feeding and baby-care schedules of an earlier generation
Lord Dunmore's War
Started by royal governor of Virginia who called out Virginia's militia and led them against the Ohio Shawnees (in defiance of royal instruction and House of Burgesses), allowed Virginia to claim Kentucky
Black sanitation workers' strike
Started on February 11, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee; black workers were discriminated against, worked in fatally dangerous conditions; 1,300 workers walked off the job; viewed as a civil rights conflict -->created national attention; wanted union recognition, increase of wages, and an end to discrimination; local clergy members participated in the protest through helping in boycotts and civil disobedience campaigns
Pet banks
State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the Second BUS in an effort to destroy the bank
Living in the Wild, Wild West
Straying from the stereotypical movie image of cowboys, most cowboys were the African-Americans and Latinos that were farmhands on horseback that worked long, harsh hours for low pay, one key invention in the West was the invention of barbed wire which made it easier for ranchers who moved there
Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans
Supporters of Hamilton remained Federalists, while allies of Madison and Jefferson called themselves Democratic Republicans
Insular Cases and "Constitution must follow flag"
Supreme Court cases of 1901 that determined that the U.S. Constitution and bill of rights did not apply in colonial territories under the American flag
Brown v. Board of Education
Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, the Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
14th Amendment and "due process" and connection to corporations
Supreme Court, starting in the 1870s, began interpreting "due process" (in the 14th amendment) as shielding corporations from excessive regulation (while refusing to use the same amendment to protect the rights of African-Americans)
New Sweden
Swedish settlement that was very close to New Netherland. Included parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The settlers that lived there and New Netherland competed over fur trade with the Native Americans
John Calvin
Switzerland - Protestant Regime, like an intense Martin Luther, preach predestination, set up model Christian community and won converts all over Europe
Jim Crow
System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century, from after the Civil War until the 1960s
Election of 1912
Taft, Roosevelt, Wilson, and Debs ran; Wilson won due Republican's division between Taft and Roosevelt
kitchen debates
Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon. Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960.
James Polk
Tennessee, slave owner and avowed expansionist, "Young Hickory" was selected by the Democrats for the election of 1844, shared Jackson's iron will, boundless ambition, and determination to open up land for American settlement
Silent Majority
Term derived from the title of a book by Ben J. Wattenberg and Richard Scammon (called The Real Majority) and used by Nixon in a 1969 speech to describe those who supported his positions but did not publicly assert their voices, in contrast to those involved in the antiwar, civil rights, and women's movements
Father Charles Coughlin
The "radio priest" who opposed FDR + the New Deal.
Scopes Trial
The (1925?) trial w/ John Scopes, a high school bio teacher who taught the evolution theory to his class + faced jail sentence for doing so.
Roosevelt Corollary
The 1904 assertion by President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States would act as a "policeman" in the Caribbean region and intervene in the affairs of nations that were guilty of "wrongdoing or impotence" in order to protect U.S. interests in Latin America
Cuban Missile Crisis
The 1962 nuclear standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States when the Soviets attempted to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba
My Lai Massacre
The 1968 execution by U.S. Army troops of nearly five hundred people in the South Vietnamese village of My Lai, including a large number of women and children
ACLU
The American Civil Liberties Union.
Hoovervilles
The American term during the deep depression for towns where people lived in packing crates.
Adlai Stevenson
The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952, his intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads"
Five Nations
The Iroquois Confederacy that dominated the New England region as pretty much the only Indians as a result of the Beaver Wars
Beaver Wars
The Iroquois were savage af and used their location + the spread of diseases to wipe out other tribes, controlled most of New England, New France got mad b/c their trading partners, Algonquians, were displaced and beat Iroquois forcing them into submission
Potsdam Conference
The July 1945 conference in which American officials convinced the Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalin to accept German reparations only from the Soviet zone, or far eastern part of Germany. The agreement paved the way for the division of Germany into East and West
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
The New Deal declined agricultural production w/ this act.
Women and the New Deal
The New Deal measures generally enhanced women's welfare, but few addressed their specific needs + concerns.
Darrow
The defendant of John Scopes during the Scopes Trial.
Communist takeover in China/Mao Zedong/Chiang Kai-shek
The People's Republic of China was formally established under Mao on October 1, 1949, and the remnants of Jiang's forces fled to Taiwan
"Tippecanoe and Tyler too"
Whigs campaign slogan for election of 1840 as Harrison was a military war hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe
Spanish Mission System
The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.
Warren Court cases
The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953-1969), which expanded the Constitution's promise of equality and civil rights. It issued landmark decisions in the areas of civil rights, criminal rights, reproductive freedom, and separation of church and state
Harry Truman
The U.S president from 1945-1953 who became the president when Roosevelt died at the beginning of his fourth term, Democrat, responsible for ending the WWII by dropping atomic bombs on Japan, continuing FDR's New Deal Policies, putting effort into civil rights legislation, leading America in the beginning of the Cold War with his Truman Doctrine, and leading the U.S through the Korean War
Calvin Coolidge
The VP that became president after Harding's death.
Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921
The Women's Join Congressional Committee's greatest accomplishment: this act, which was the 1st federally funded health-care legislation. Provided federal funds for med clinics, prenatal edu programs, nurses; improved health care for poor; lowered infant mortality rates; 1st time Congress designated federal funds for states to encourage them to administer social welfare program. ended in the late 1920s
Covenant Chain
The alliance of the Iroquois, first with the colony of New York, then with the British Empire and its other colonies; became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American peoples
Big Three
The allies during WWII:
George Kennan/containment
The basic U.S. policy of the Cold War, which sought to contain communism within its existing geographic boundaries proposed by George Kennan. Initially, containment focused on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, but in the 1950s it came to include China, North Korea, and other parts of the developing world.
Tuesday, October 29, 1929
The day the stock market crashed and when the American economy collapsed.
Fair Deal
The domestic policy agenda announced by President Harry S. Truman in 1949. Including civil rights, health care, and education reform, Truman's initiative was only partially successful in Congress
detente
The easing of conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Nixon administration, which was achieved by focusing on issues of common concern, such as arms control and trade
Frances Perkins
The first woman named to a cabinet post + served as secretary of labor throughout Roosevelt's presidency.
Big Four
The four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference: Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (UK), George Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy).
Columbian Exchange
The global exchange of people, animals, plants, diseases between East and West Hemispheres after Columbus
A. Phillip Randolph
The head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
U-2 Spy Plane/Gary Powers
The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot (Gary Powers) and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.
Power of the Purse
The influence that legislatures have over public policy because of their power to vote money for public purposes (e.g. royal governors, judges before Townshend Acts)
Atlantic Charter
The joint press release when Roosevelt showed his support for the Allies by meeting w/ British prime minister Winston Churchill.
Louis Armstrong
The key figure in the improvised solo development was this trumpeter.
Panic of 1907 and JP Morgan
The main function of national central banks was to back up commercial banks in case they could not meet their obligations; the great private banks of New York (such as J. P. Morgan's) assumed this role; if they weakened, the entire system could collapse such as what nearly happened in 1907, when the Knickerbocker Trust Company failed, precipitating a panic
Great Migration
The migration of over 400,000 African Americans from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North during and after World War I
Huey Long (Share our Wealth)
The most direct political threat to Roosevelt was this Louisiana senator.
Jazz
The most famous product of the Harlem Renaissance.
Sinclair Lewis
The most savage critic of conformity of small-town + rural life.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
The novelist that dubbed the 1920s the "Jazz Age".
Population surge in the 1770s and repercussions
The population surge meant that parents could provide only one child w/ adequate inheritance, system of arranged marriages lost hold and many young people engaged in premarital sex (used the urgency of pregnancy to get married), many families tried contraceptive measures to keep family sizes down
"Solid South"
The post-Reconstruction goal — achieved by the early twentieth century — of almost complete electoral control of the South by the Democratic Party.
Article X
The provision for collective security, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of MA worried that this would prevent the US from pursuing an independent foreign policy.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
The scientist working for the Manhattan Project that helped assemble the first bomb in New Mexico + tested it in 1945
Bryan
The speaker for the prosecution for the Scopes Trial.
baby boom
The surge in the American birthrate between 1945 and 1965, which peaked in 1957 with 4.3 million births
Iron Curtain
The term coined by former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a March 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri where Churchill proclaimed that the Soviet Union was establishing an "iron curtain" between the free countries of Western Europe and the communist-controlled countries of Eastern Europe, used throughout the Cold War to refer to the Soviet Union's satellite states
Betty Friedan/ The Feminine Mystique
The title of an influential book written in 1963 by Betty Friedan critiquing the ideal whereby women were encouraged to confine themselves to roles within the domestic sphere
Spoils system
The widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory
Sputnik
The world's first satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, after its launch, the United States funded research and education to catch up in the Cold War space competition
TR and New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism" that promoted government intervention to enhance public welfare, including a federal child labor law, more recognition of labor rights, a national minimum wage for women, women's suffrage, and curbs on the power of federal courts to stop reform
Migrant workers (during depression)
These include Chinese, Japanese, Filipino who came to America for jobs
Reaction from the left
These reactions of the New Deal believed it had not gone far enough.
Four Freedoms
These were expressed in FDR's 3rd term, 1941 speech.
Radio Free Europe
like "Voice of America", radio signal could be picked up on other side of iron curtain, US uses for propaganda during Cold War
Life in the Chesapeake
mainly plantation colonies inhabited by indentured servants, slaves, freemen, and plantation owners
Selective Service
This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 had registered; 2.8 had been inducted into the army. Age limit was later changed to 18 to 45
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
This act began direct governmental regulation of the farming economy for the first time.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
This administration set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
This administration was directed by Harry Hopkins.
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)
This association opposed the New Deal, and its influence stretched into post-WWII decades.
War Production Board (WPB)
This board:
classical liberalism
This concept held individual liberty to be the foundation of a democratic society.
Election of 1932
This election was between current president Herbert Hoover (Republican) and, then-NY governor, FDR (Democrat). FDR pledged vigorous action without any idea of what that would be. However, his willingness to experiment with methods for the country's success allowed him to easily win the election, 22.8 to 15.7 million votes.
Executive Order 8802
This order prohibited discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries b/c of race, creed, color, or national origin.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address
This speech by FDR when he accepted the presidency, after winning the election of 1932, helped the US feel certain in having him as president. This famous speech included the legendary quote "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself".
Aid to Dependent Children
This was an assistance program for widows + children, created by the Social Security Act.
Farmers' Alliance
This was the first "national" organization of the farmers, which led to the creation of the Populist party. The Farmers' Alliance sponsored social gatherings, were active in politics, organized cooperatives, and fought against the dominance of the railroads and manufacturers.
Teapot Dome Scandal
This was the worst scandal of Pres Harding's administration.
Election of 1828
To elect Jackson, Van Buren revived political coalition of Jefferson, utilizing policies that appealed to both southern planters and northern farmers and artisans, enacted massive publicity campaign; Jackson was elected into office
NSC-68
Top-secret government report of April 1950 warning that national survival in the face of Soviet communism required a massive military buildup
Manhattan Project
Top-secret project, used to test the new atomic bomb.
Patterns of trade
Traded food, materials, tools, artifacts, goods; Specialize + share resources (meat and skins for maize); Valuable goods all across America; Leader of village would collect wealth from trade and redistribute as a mark of "good leadership"
Lochner v. New York
U.S Supreme Court told New York State that it could not limit bakers' workdays to ten hours because that violated bakers' rights to make contracts; protected workers' freedom from government regulation
Election of 1844
Tyler hoped to win reelection in 1844 as a Democrat, other presidential hopefuls: Martin Van Buren and Henry Clay opposed Tyler's movement towards bringing Texas into the Union, Democrats chose James Polk as candidate, Whigs chose Clay (American system), Polk won narrowly
Election of 1872
Ulysses S. Grant, leader of the Radical Republicans was easily elected to a second term of office
Korean War/38th Parallel
United States and the Soviet Union had agreed at the close of World War II to occupy the Korean peninsula jointly, temporarily dividing the former Japanese colony at the 38th parallel, as tensions rose in Europe, the 38th parallel hardened into a permanent demarcation line, with the Soviets supporting a Communist government (Kim Il Sung), and the US supporting a right-wing nationalist (Syngman Rhee); June 25, 1950--> NK launched surprise attack to begin the war, armistice in 1953 left Korea divided at the original demarcation line
Eisenhower
United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany and served as the 34th president (1953-1961)
Compromise of 1877
Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South
"Roosevelt Recession" 1937-1938
Up until 1937, the American economy seemed to be doing really well.
Impact of decolonization and the Civil Rights Movement
Urban politics changed with the Civil Rights Movement; Black Power encouraged African-Americans to be politically involved; first black mayors were elected in Gary, Indiana and Cleveland, Ohio in 1967; thousands of black voters were registered; black leaders convened in 1972 in Gary, Indiana; radicals, liberals, and centrists debated forming a third black political party; decided to give their votes to the Democrats and created a National Black Political Agenda--> gave community control of schools in black neighborhoods, eliminated the death penalty, and improved national health care; blacks were increasingly integrated into political life, even though the National Black Political Agenda was never executed
conflict between voting rights in Utah and polygamy
Utah was a state lived in primarily by Mormons, whose religion promoted a certain view of the role of a woman (including polygamy), Emmeline Wells helped to convince the Utah legislature to pass a law granting full voting rights to women in 1870 (the 2nd US territory to do so), and so women continued to be given more of a central role in Mormon society, including the admission of several women to legislative seats
Nat Turner's Revolt
VA, staged a bloody revolt resulting in the deaths of at least 55 white men, women, and children; quickly dispersed by white militia who took their revenge on the blacks; Signaled end to possibility that southern planters would voluntarily end slavery
Lyndon Johnson
VP of JFK, became president after assassination, opposite of Kennedy in many ways, promptly pushed for civil rights legislation as a memorial to his slain predecessor
VISTA
Volunteers in Service to America which sent volunteers to help people in poor communties
Allied Powers
WWI alliance of Britain, France, and Russia
1940 Presidential Campaign
War in Europe/Pacific expanded + US preparing for this election.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies
Henry Wallace
Was FDR's VP in 1940, then was dropped in the election of 1944 and was replaced by Harry truman.
Washington's cabinet
Washington appointed Jefferson (State), Hamilton (Treasury), Knox (War)
Battle of Trenton
Washington launched a surprise attack on Trenton and forced the surrender of 1,000 German soldiers
Henry Knox
Washington's first secretary of war, favored assimilating native peoples into Euro-American society; proposed division of tribal lands among individual Indian families, would become citizens of various states
Political participation
Wealthy notables (northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants) dominated the political system, once more men got the right to vote, voters in Maryland, the Midwest, and Southwest usually elected middling men to local and state offices
Jacques Cartier
Went up St. Lawrence river and claimed it for France
Hollywood Ten
When Hollywood producers and writers were called to testify, this group of people refused to answer questions about their own political beliefs and those of their colleagues, they were sent to jail for contempt
Mohammad Mossadegh and Iran
When Iran's democratically elected nationalist premier, Mohammad Mossadegh, seized British oil properties in 1953, CIA agents helped depose him and installed the young Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as shah of Iran; Iranian resentment of the coup, followed by twenty-five years of U.S. support for the shah, eventually led to the 1979 Iranian Revolution
William Howard Taft
When Roosevelt chose to retire in 1908 he bequeathed the Republican nomination to Taft
Election of 1836
Whig Party against Van Buren, architect of Democratic Party and Jackson's hand-picked successor who opposed the American System, Whigs ran Harrison, White, Webster, and Magnum, and lost but garnered 49% of national vote showing party influence
Strom Thurmond and the Dixiecrats
When northern liberals such as Mayor Hubert H. Humphrey of Minneapolis pushed through a strong civil rights platform at the Democratic convention, the southern delegations bolted and, calling themselves Dixiecrats, nominated for president South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond, an ardent supporter of racial segregation
Race Riots (summer!) of 1919—especially Chicago
When workers tried to maintain the high standards of the economic boom during the war (+ its economy), employers cut wages + rooted out unions, which prompted massive confrontations, More than 4 mil wage laborers (1 in 5) went on strike
Forced busing for school integration
Where schools remained highly segregated, the courts increasingly endorsed the strategy of busing students to achieve integration, plans differed across the country. In some states, black children rode buses from their neighborhoods to attend previously all-white schools. In others, white children were bused to black or Latino neighborhoods. By mid-1970s, 86 percent of southern black children were attending school with whites
Election of 1840
Whigs exploited Van Buren's weaknesses, nominated William Henry Harrison (military hero of Battle of Tippecanoe and War of 1812) for president and John Tyler for vice president, employed a series of new campaigning techniques, including songfests, parades, and well-orchestrated mass meeting (welcomed women to campaign festivities in a restrained view of masculinity, improved male voter turnout); depression stacked the political cards against Van Buren
Election of 1852
Whigs ran General Winfield Scott, Democrats divided on candidate: choose Franklin Pierce (won)
Anne Hutchinson
Wife and mother who held weekly prayer meetings for women that attacked Boston clergymen and preached different beliefs ("covenant of grace"), banished from Massachusetts for her views
Eleanor Roosevelt
Wife of FDR.
Assassination of McKinley/Leon Czolgosz
William Jennings Bryan (current president at time) was shot as he attended the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York by Leon Czolgosz, who was influenced by anarchists who had carried out recent assassinations in Europe; caused fear of radical immigrants and made Roosevelt president
Wilson and the "Triple Wall of Privilege"
Wilson declared war on the tariff, the banks, and the trusts; Wilson signed Underwood Tariff Bill to reduce tariff rates
Invasion of Mexico
Wilson feared that the unrest threatened US interests, ordered U.S. occupation of the port of Veracruz on April 21, 1914; interference created lasting mistrust
Fourteen Points
Wilson's blueprint for peace that he had presented (in 1918) in a speech to Congress; Key provisions: freedom of the seas, reduction of armaments, League of Nations (international regulatory body that would guarantee each country's independence/territorial integrity), self determination, free trade, no secret treaties
African Americans and their involvement in WWI
With so many men in uniform, jobs in heavy industry opened for the first time to African Americans, accelerating the pace of black migration from South to North
McNary-Haugen Bills
With struggling agriculture sectors, Congress sought to aid farmers with these bills in 1927 + 1928.
Changes in state constitutions
Within 6 months of May 1776 VA, MA, NC, NJ, DE, and PA had ratified new constitutions; CT and RI removed references to the king
Suffrage movement
Women first sought legislation that permitted them to own property (Mississippi, Maine, NY, and MA enact legislature in response to this), then turned to the Declaration of Sentiments; 1850--first national women's rights convention (MA), hammered out a program of action that involved calling church and addressing state legislatures; 1851--finally began campaign to win vote for women
Women's roles in the economy and family in New England
Women played a subordinate role throughout their lives (e.g. in marriage), helped out by assisting husbands, knitting, candle-making, and other household tasks; and by bearing/rearing children
Puritan family structure
Women were inferior to men in earthly affairs and subject to the wishes of their husbands
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Women's civil rights organization formed in 1966. Initially, NOW focused on eliminating gender discrimination in public institutions and the workplace, but by the 1970s it also embraced many of the issues raised by more radical feminists
Cesar Chavez
Worked to improve the lives and gain rights for Mexican-Americans; member of the Community Service Organization, promoting Mexican political participation and increased amount of civil rights; left the organization and cofounded the United Farm Workers; became famous for staging a hunger strike in 1968 for 28 days; resulted in recognition of the UFW by grape growers; was spiritual and embodied the moral force of La Causa; worked to improve wages, working conditions, and bargain fairly to benefit the Union; was a leading Mexican American civil rights and social justice activist
Central Powers
World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire (later joined by Bulgaria)
Urban immigrants
World War II and the Cold War began slowly to change American policy on immigration; Displaced Persons Act of 1948 permitted the entry 415,000 Europeans, many of them Jewish refugees; repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act; McCarran-Walter Act ( ended the exclusion of Japanese, Koreans, and Southeast Asians)
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Yearlong boycott of Montgomery's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population, the boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional
Chesapeake incident
a British warship attacked the U.S. Navy vessel (Chesapeake) killing three and wounding 18, and seized four deserters; caused American anger to boil over
Pax Americana
a Latin term meaning "American Peace"; a state of relative international peace regarded as overseen by the US
Lusitania
a U-boat torpedoed the British luxury liner off the coast of Ireland, killing 1,198 people including 128 Americans; incensed Americans
Wilmot Proviso
a ban on slavery in any territories gained from the war proposed by David Wilmot, antislavery Democratic congressman from PA
Profiles in Courage
a book written by Kennedy, a study of politicians who had acted on principle
American Railway Union
a broad-based group that included both skilled and unskilled workers founded by Debs
First Continental Congress (1774)
a continent-wide body of delegates from 12/13 of the colonies that met in Philadelphia in response to the Coercive Acts
Alger Hiss
a former New Dealer and State Department official who had accompanied Franklin Roosevelt to Yalta; former Communist claimed that Hiss was part of a secret Communist cell that was passing along classified documents, Richard Nixon doggedly pursued the case against him, in early 1950, Hiss was found guilty not of spying but of lying to Congress about his Communist affiliations and was sentenced to five years in federal prison
Fannie Lou Hamer
a former sharecropper turned civil rights activist, inspired the actions of the MFDP to challenge the most powerful figures in the Democratic Party, including Lyndon Johnson, the Democrats' presidential nominee and ask "Is this America?"
Berlin Wall
a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin, one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain
Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
a free trade agreement between the Hawaiian Kingdom and the United States signed and ratified in 1875
Olaudah Equiano
a freed slave who became an anti slavery activist in Britain and wrote a memoir of his experiences
Paxton Boys
a group of Scots-Irish frontiersmen that massacred twenty Conestoga Indians, when authorities tried to bring them to justice an armed 250-strong group advanced on Philadelphia where Benjamin Franklin was able to create a truce before battle broke out
Regulators
a group of landowning vigilantes that demand that eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation
Gloria Steinem and Ms magazine
a journalist, political activist (voice for women's movement), and ardent supporter of the women's liberation movement, made her voice heard on the subjects of feminism and equality. In 1972, she and other women created a new women's magazine, Ms., designed to treat contemporary issues (decisions about money, hair, etc.) from a feminist perspective
Jay Cooke
a leading financier who backed the Northern Pacific Railroad, the bankruptcy of which triggered the Panic of 1873, supervised the Union's' finances during the Civil War, became a national hero--> his downfall was a shock and cast suspicion that Republicans financial manipulation had caused the depression
George McGovern
a liberal South Dakota senator and favorite of the antiwar and women's movements who received Democratic nomination in 1972 election, lost convincingly
William Calley
a lieutenant who's unit began shooting and killing unarmed civilians at My Lai. Lt. Calley later maintained that he was following orders, but many of the soldiers present did not participate in the massacre.
black nationalism
a major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Present in black communities for centuries, it periodically came to the fore, as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party
Jefferson Davis
a moderate Democrat who strongly defended southern rights and demanded ironclad political and constitutional protections for slavery, at the Democratic convention in 1860: northern democrats rejected proposal to protect slavery in the territories, named president of the COnfederate States of America, identified cause with that of the Patriots of 1776
Carpetbaggers
a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction.
Indentured Servitude
a person under contract to work for another person for a period of time without pay (in exchange for free passage to a new country)
Overseers
a person who supervises others, especially workers.
Wage slaves
a person wholly dependent on income from employment, typically employment of an arduous or menial nature
Olive Branch Petition
a petition to King George III written by loyalist colonists at the Second Constitutional Convention attempting to avoid war by way of repealing oppressive parliamentary legislation
"waving the bloody shirt"
a phrase used to ridicule opposing politicians who made emotional calls to avenge the blood of political martyrs
Newburgh conspiracy
a plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress, arising from their frustration with Congress's long-standing inability to meet its financial obligations to the military
Albany Plan of Union
a plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that suggested that one general government would be formed in America and assembly to manage trade, Indian policy, and colonial defense; Was never given serious consideration
National Liberation Front (NLF)
a political organization formed by the Vietcong in South Vietnam in 1960 to carry out an insurgent policy
Monroe Doctrine
a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US
Omnibus bill
a proposed law that covers a number of diverse or unrelated topics, Clay had such a bill for the Compromise of 1850 but was shot down by Calhoun
Sack of Lawrence
a proslavery force (700 strong), looted and burned the free-soil town of Lawrence
Whig Party
a second national party created in the mid-1830s, drew many evangelical Protestants, in protest of Jackson's "kinglike" conduct as president; led by Webster, Clay, and Calhoun, wanted the political world dominated by men of ability and wealth, celebrated the entrepreneur; Southern Whigs had different views than Northern Whigs and rejected their enthusiasm for high tariffs and social mobility
The Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Madison and Jay)
a series of eighty-five essays written in 1787-88 in which Hamilton, Madison, and Jay defended the proposed constitution; influenced political leaders throughout the country
Panic of 1873
a severe worldwide depression triggered in the United States by the bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad, caused farmers to suffer terrible plights and many factory workers to lose their jobs, within a year 50% of American iron manufacturing had stopped and by 1877 half of the nation's railroad companies filed for bankruptcy; the depression discredited Republicans and directly undercut their policies, especially for their costly policies regarding education and public health in the South
Credit Mobilier
a sham corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad to secure government grants at an enormous profit, organizers protected it from investigation by gifting Credit Mobilier stock to members of Congress, most notorious scandal under the second Grant administration
Cotton Gin
a simple machine in 1793 that separated the seeds in a cotton boll from the delicate fibers, work previously done slowly by hand, first designed by Whitney
Fourierism
a socialist group based on a eight-stage theory of social evolution that predicted the imminent decline of individual property rights and capitalist values, leading disciple: Albert Brisbane, designed to liberate workers from capitalist employers, have phalanxes (cooperative groups) own common property, and liberate women as well as men; promoted by Brisbane's book, "The Social Destiny of Man" (1840), attracted educated farmers and craftsmen
U.S. interest in Cuba
a stable Cuba was in the best interests for the US, especially in projects such as a proposed canal whose Caribbean approaches had to be safeguarded; the war disrupted trade and damaged American-owned sugar plantations on the island
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy
Patronage
a system in which benefits, including jobs, money, or protection are granted in exchange for political support
Sharecropping
a system in which freedmen worked as renters, exchanging their labor for the use of land, house, implements, and sometimes seed and fertilizer; usually turned over 1/2 of crops to the landlord
Mormons
a.k.a Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, emerged from religious ferment among families of Puritan descent who lived along the Erie Canal and were heirs to a religious tradition that believed in a world of wonders, supernatural powers, and visions of the divine, founded by Joseph Smith Jr. who published Book of Mormon in 1830, led to Salt Lake City by Brigham Young in 1846 which became part of the Utah Territory; President Buchanan sent an army to Utah pressured by Protestant leaders threatened by the Mormons' polygamy and threat of nullifications, Buchanan feared that forced abolition of polygamy would serve as a precedent for slavery and offered a pardon to Utah citizens who would acknowledge federal authority
Shakers
a.k.a the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing; established 1774-1900; honored Mother Ann Lee (leader) as the Second Coming of Christ after death and formed disciplined religious communities; accepted common ownership of property, strict oversight by church leaders, celibacy, and abstention from alcohol, tobacco, politics, and war; Believed in equal governance by women and men, created self-sustaining communities through agriculture and crafts (furniture-making)
Independent Treasury Act
a.k.a. Divorce Bill, Van Buren's major piece of fiscal legislature, delayed recovery by pulling federal specie out of Jackson's pet banks and placing it in government vaults
Immigration Act of 1965
abandoned the quota system that favored northern Europeans, replacing it with numerical limits that did not discriminate among nations, promoted family reunification by stipulating that close relatives of legal residents in the United States could be admitted outside the numerical limits, an exception that especially benefitted Asian and Latin American immigrants
Theodore Weld
abolitionist, one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society
Declaratory Act
act in response to the repeal of the Stamp Act that explicitly reaffirmed Parliament's "full power and authority to make laws and statutes"
Currency Act of 1764
act that banned American colonies from using paper money as legal tender
Quartering Act of 1765
act that required colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops
tribalization
adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states
Richard Nixon and the Checkers speech
address made on September 23, 1952, by the Republican candidate for vice president of the United States, California Senator Richard Nixon. Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses
Ella Baker
administrator with the SCLC who helped organize the SNCC in 19600 to facilitate student sit-ins, she nurtured a generation of young activists in SNCC, including Stokely Carmichael, Anne Moody, John Lewis, and Diane Nash, who went on to become some of the most important civil rights leaders in the United States
Francisco Madero
advocate of constitutional government who was friendly to U.S. interests, in 1911, Madero forced dictator Díaz to resign and proclaimed himself president; deposed in 1913 by leading general Huerta
building Black communities
after emancipation southern African-Americans could engage in open community building, cooperated with northern missionaries and teachers (black and white), independent churches quickly became central community institutions (and also served as schools, social centers, and meeting halls)
Pinckney's Treaty (1795)
agreement between the US and Spain that reopened the Mississippi River to American trade and allowed settlers to export crops through Spanish-held port of New Orleans (PINCKNEY)
Tenant farming
agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management; while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management, also known as sharecropping
Office of War Information
aka the OWI.
Axis and Allied Powers
alliances used in WWII.
Fugitive Slave Law 1793
allowed owners and hired slave catchers to seize suspected runaways and return them to bondage
Impact of the revolution on slavery
although changes were proposed, southern slaveholders violently opposed them and so there was no change in position for slaves
Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom's Cabin
an American abolitionist and author, came from a famous religious family and is best known for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin which depicts the harsh life for African Americans under slavery
General John J. Pershing
an American general who led troops against "Pancho" Villa in 1916. He took on the Meuse-Argonne offensive in 1918 which was one of the longest lasting battles- 47 days in World War I. He was the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I
Ngo Dinh Diem
an anticommunist Catholic who had been residing in the United States, returned to Vietnam as premier, became president in a rigged election of independent South Vietnam; propped up by the US government with an average of $200 million a year in aid
Role of religion/African Methodist Episcopal Church
an important denomination for African-Americans, founded in 1816 by the ex-slave and preacher Richard Allen, noted for education and philanthropy in the black community.
Pocket veto
an indirect veto of a legislative bill by the president or a governor by retaining the bill unsigned until it is too late for it to be dealt with during the legislative session
Transcendentalism
an intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England, advocated by Unitarian ministers, leading voice: Emerson
American Protective League
an organization of private citizens that worked with Federal law enforcement agencies during the World War I era to identify suspected German sympathizers and to counteract the activities of radicals
Election of 1968
antiwar senators Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota and Robert Kennedy of New York, JFK's brother, challenged Johnson for the Democratic nomination, Johnson stunned the nation by announcing that he would not seek reelection, after RFK's assassination, Humphrey was nominated; Nixon won
William Howard Taft
appointed as governor-general of the Philippines, sought to make the territory a model of roadbuilding and sanitary engineering
Commodore Dewey
appointed commander of the Pacific fleet by Theodore Roosevelt, in the event of a war, Dewey had instructions to sail immediately for the Spanish-owned Philippines; and when war was declared the US corned Spanish fleets in Manila Bay and destroyed them
Articles of Confederation
approved by the Continental Congress (November 1777) provided a loose union in which states retained their sovereignty and freedom, had no chief executive nor a judiciary
Ostend Manifesto
arranged by Secretary of State William L. Marcy (1854, urged Pierce to seize Cuba, denounced by northern Democrats
John Humphrey Noyes
ascribed Fourierists' failures to secularism, embraced Shakers, graduate of Dartmouth, inspired to join ministry by Finney, turned to perfectionism, rejected marriage and monogamy (partly to free women from the status as property of their husbands), set up a perfectionist community in 1848 in Oneida, NY he manipulated the sexual lives of his followers
Grimke Sisters
assailed by NE Congregationalist clergyman for public abolitionist activism, used Bible and Enlightenment principles as evidence of the equality of women
Grimke sisters
assailed by NE Congregationalist clergyman for public abolitionist activism, used Bible and Enlightenment principles as evidence of the equality of women
John Wilkes Booth
assassinated Lincoln in April 1865
Lincoln assassination
assassinated in April 1865 by John Wilkes Booth, plunged nation into political uncertainty
King's assassination
assassinated on April 4, 1968 by escaped white convict James Earl Ray
General Charles Cornwallis
assumed control of British forces in 1780, took control of South Carolina and later Virginia, defeated at Yorktown in final major conflict of Revolutionary War
Tom Hayden
author of the Port Huron Statement, expressed students' disillusionment with the nation's consumer culture and the gulf between the rich and the poor
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
authorized $1 billion in federal funds for teacher training and other educational programs
Enforcement Laws
authorized federal prosecutions, military intervention, and martial law to suppress terrorist activity
Naval Act of 1900
authorized the building of three sea-going coastline battleships designed to carry the heaviest armor and most powerful ordinance; by 1900 the American navy ranked 3rd in the world because of this
Force Bill
authorized the president to compel SC obedience to national laws
Lever Food and Fuel Control Act 1917
authorized the president to regulate the price, production, transportation, and allocation of feeds, food, fuel, beverages, and distilled spirits for the remainder of World War I
Alfred Thayer Mahan and The Influence of Sea Power upon History
basis for the argument for imperialism; presented the idea that national greatness and prosperity flowed from maritime power
Theodore Roosevelt
before he became president he was the Police Commissioner of NYC and the governor of NY (1898), designated to VP by Republicans b/c he was problematic (1900); Three Cs
Labor relations in the 1950s
before the Great Depression, organized labor had been confined to a narrow band of craft trades and industries, but by the end of WWII labor unions overwhelmingly represented America's industrial workforce, unions staged major strikes in nearly all American industries in 1945 and 1946, and employers fought back, but general acceptance of collective bargaining helped raise incomes
revision of 20 state constitutions
between 1830-1860 twenty states called conventions that furthered democratic principles by reapportioning state legislatures on the basis of population and gave the vote to all white men
Election of 1800/Revolution of 1800
between Adams and Jefferson; Jefferson won but tied with his vice president, Aaron Burr, Jefferson (with support of Hamilton) won, Jefferson called it the 'Revolution of 1800' due to the transfer of power
Col. George Custer
brash self-promoter who had graduated last in his class at West Point, led an expedition in South Dakota's Black Hills and loudly proclaimed the discovery of gold, causing the US government to pressure Sioux leaders to sell Black Hills, but the chiefs said no; Custer led 210 men into an ill-considered attack on Sitting Bull's camp where every last attacker was killed; Custer's stand heroised by American press
Panic of 1819
brought on by dubious banking policies; First major economic crisis of the United States. many businesses went bankrupt
"Report on Public Credit"
by Hamilton asking for Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors; important in order to have good credit to secure loans
Horace Greeley
candidate for the new Liberal Republicans in the 1872 election, longtime publisher of the New York Tribune, a veteran reformer and abolitionist, also nominated by the Democrats, but Grant won reelection overwhelmingly
"American Century"
coined by Henry Luce, a characterization of the period as being largely dominated by the United States in political, economic, and cultural terms
Martin Van Buren
chief architect of the emerging system of party government, turned his "Bucktail" supporters into the first statewide political machine (1817-1821), utilized spoils system and caucus; Secretary of State under Jackson, hand-picked successor of Jackson, won Election of 1836, enforced the Trail of Tears, Panic of 1837 under his presidency, lost Election of 1840 to Harrison
Lucretia Mott
co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention and abolitionist
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
co-organizer of Seneca Falls Convention and abolitionist, worked closely with Susan B. Anthony, president of the National Woman Suffrage Association for 20 years
Daniel Webster
co-responsible (with Douglass and Clay) for the passing of the Compromise of 1850
Stephen Douglas
co-responsible (with Webster and Clay) for the passing of the Compromise of 1850, champion of squatter sovereignty
David Farragut
commanded Union naval forces that struck the Confederacy from the Gulf of Mexico, capturing New Orleans and taking control of 1500 plantation and 50,000 slaves in the surrounding region striking a strong blow against slavery, undermined Confederate strength in Mississippi River Valley
Joint-stock Company
commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources
New England Tribes - Narragansetts, Wampanoags, Mohegans, Pequots
competed w/ each other for resources, exploited by Dutch and English
Sioux
confederation of 7 ppls, used horses to move west and dominate Mississippi River to Black Hills
"Bayonet Constitution"
constitution the King of Hawaii was forced to sign limiting his powers
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender
George Wallace
controversial governor of Alabama who exploited working-class anxieties over student protests and urban riots, became famous as the "segregationist governor"
Governor William Berkeley
corrupt governor of Virginia
Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
created a unicameral legislature with complete power, elementary education, abolished property ownership as a qualification for voting, protected citizens from imprisonment from debt
Formation of the Republican Party
created in 1854, consisted of ex-Whigs, Free-Soilers, and abolitionists, was a coalition of hostile elements but all members opposed slavery and praised a society based on the middle class with social mobility
CIA
created in 1947, run by Allen Dulles, brother of John Foster Dulles; deposer of both the Iranian and Guatemalan government
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
created territories free of slaves with grid systems and schools that would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin
Daughters of Liberty
crucial to the nonimportation movement: the title of American women who resisted buying international products and produced large amounts of homespun cloth
Pocahontas
daughter of Powhatan that "saved" John Smith and married John Rolfe
Philipsburg Proclamation
declaration (by British government) that stated that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain
Declaration of Independence
declaration mainly written by Thomas Jefferson utilizing ideals of the European Enlightenment, mainly from Locke and Rousseau
Civil Rights Act of 1866
declared formerly enslaved people to be citizens and granted them equal protection and rights of contract, with full access to the courts
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
declared that "one person, one vote." A vote was a vote, no matter who the vote came from, rich or poor, famous or nameless.
Brown v. Board of Ed (1954)
declared that state-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional
Millionaires' Club
snide nickname for the Senate
Daily life for northern farmers and city dwellers
developers squeezed more and more dwellings and foul-smelling onto a single lot as urban populations soared
Freeport Doctrine
devised by Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, said that a territory's residents could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it, didn't appease either side
Missouri Compromise
devised by Henry Clay, regulating slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory, except in the proposed state of Missouri.
New Jersey Plan
devised by William Paterson, gave the Confederation power to raise revenue, control commerce, and make binding requisitions on the states but preserved states' control of their own laws and gave each state 1 vote (in a unicameral legislature); opposed by more populous states
Reconstruction Act of 1867
divided the conquered South into five military districts, each under the command of a U.S. general, in order to reenter the Union former Confederate states had to grant the vote to freedmen and deny it to leading ex-Confederates
market revolution
drastic change in manual labor system, allowed the north in America to have a economy rivaling European cities
Valparaiso Incident
drunken Americans of USS Baltimore fought with Chileans in Valparaiso, Chile. 2 killed, 17 injured, at first Chilean gov't scorned Harrison's full reparation request, bit when threatened with war gave $75,000 and apology
transcontinental railroad
during the Civil War, Congress launched the transcontinental railroad project, although private companies handled the building and operation of railroads, the federal government provided essential loans, subsidies, and grants of public land; transformed American capitalism
President Grant
easily won elections of 1868 and 1872, but presidency was interrupted by the Panic of 1873, in which his administration rejected pleas to increase the money supply and provide relief from debt and unemployment, and by many scandals, such as Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring, tried to fight back against the Klan but many prosecutions dropped off against all-white juries and the Grant administration began to reject southern Republican's appeals for aid
Fast Food
edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly, sold in a restaurant and served to customers in packaged form
John O'Sullivan
editor of the Democratic Review, coined the term "Manifest Destiny"
Elijah Lovejoy
editor of the abolitionist "Alton Observer," killed by mob in Illinois
President Franklin Pierce
elected in 1852, pursued expansionist foreign policy, negotiated trade-opening treaty with Japan, responsible for the Gadsden Purchase (1853, railroads), threatened war with Spain and covertly supported filibuster expeditions to Cuba
Hiram Revels
elected to the U.S. Senate in 1870 replacing Jefferson Davis, a free African-American from NC who had attended Knox College in Illinois
Plantation structure
elite planter families, over workers, slaves
Social structure of the South
elite planters-->traditional southern gentry, smallholding planters and yeomen, poor freeman, slaves
Washington Irving
elitist-minded Federalist who wrote whimsical essay and story collections ('Rip Van Winkle', 'Legend of Sleepy Hollow')
republican motherhood
embraced by Christian ministers, the idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens
Black Power
emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy
Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery
Embargo Act of 1807
enacted by Jefferson, prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France stopped restricting U.S. trade
end of salutary neglect
ended in order to pay the debt for the French and Indian War via various taxes
Portsmouth Treaty 1905
ended the Russo-Japanese War; Japan received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island; public expected more
Trail of Tears
enforced by President Van Buren to enforce Treaty of New Echota, rounded up 14,000 Cherokees and marched then 1.200 arduous miles; 3,000 Indians died of starvation and exposure
Herbert Hoover
engineer of the Food Administration
Tariff Act of 1789
first law passed by Congress, designed to protect the infant industries of the US by placing a duty of 8% on imports.
John Locke and natural rights
enlightenment thinker that believed that all individuals possessed the right to life, liberty, and property
John Brown
enraged by attack and destruction by pro slavery force of the free-soil town of Lawrence, commanded a free-state militia, avenged sack of Lawrence
Gabriel Prosser
enslaved artisan, planned uprising, hanged by VA authorities; his hanging ended speculation over emancipation and led southern leaders to restrict individual liberty and legal equality to whites;
Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara
escalating demands of McNamara and Westmoreland combined pushed Johnson to Americanize the ground war in an attempt to stabilize South Vietnam
Escalation
escalation of American takeover of the war in Vietnam began in the early months of 1965, took two forms: deployment of American ground troops and the intensification of bombing against North Vietnam
Harriet Tubman
escaped slavery to become major abolitionist, led hundreds to freedom in North as most famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglass
escaped slavery to become one of the most famous intellectuals of his time, advising presidents and lecturing to thousands on a range of causes, including women's rights and Irish home rule
lynching
especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial
Judiciary Act of 1789
established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, Supreme Court had final say; ensured that federal judges would have the final say on the meaning of the Constitution
Department of Commerce and Labor
established by Roosevelt to deal with domestic economic affairs, later split into two departments for better management.
Gold Standard Act of 1900
established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money, stopping bimetallism (which had allowed silver in exchange for gold); signed by McKinley
House of Burgesses
established in 1619 to make laws and levy taxes
Free Soilers
established the Free-Soil Party in 1848, abandoned Garrisonians' and Liberty Party's emphasis on sinfulness of slavery and natural rights of African Americans, depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism, won broad support among aspiring white farmers, strategy endorsed by Douglass; active in the elections of 1848 and 1852, opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories, joined by former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party
perfectionism
evangelical Protestant movement of 1830s that attracted thousands of New Englanders that had migrated to NY and OH, belief that Christ had already returned to earth (the Second Coming) and therefore people could aspire to sinless perfection in their earthly lives
Sir Walter Raleigh
explorer who established a colony near Roanoke Island (p.d. North Carolina)
Hayne-Webster Debate
famous debate in the United States between MA (Senator Daniel Webster) and SC (Senator Robert Y. Hayne)in 1830 on the topic of protectionist tariffs
Paul Revere
famously warned Patriots in many towns of General Gage's approach allowing militiamen to prepare against for the battle
Clement Haynsworth
federal circuit court judge. took fire from senate liberals, blacks, and labor unions for conservative record on civil rights, nominated to SCOTUS by Nixon, SCOTUS rejected Haynsworth
Sixteenth Amendment
federal progressive income tax, ratified in 1913
Charles Sumner
fiery abolitionist of MA who (1856) was nearly beaten to death by SC congressman Preston Brooks (Brooks-Sumner Caning), leader of the Radical Republicans
William Haywood
fiery leader who helped to create the IWW
William Walker and Nicaragua
filibuster Walker took control of Nicaragua in order to have control of its shipping (became president), however after denying shipping rights to Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt sent an army that defeated him
Liberty Party
first antislavery political party, formed by opponents of Garrison who supported abolitionist movements, but not women's rights; nominated James G. Birney (1840), former Alabama slave owner, for president--won few votes
J. Edgar Hoover
first director of the FBI
John Winthrop
first governor and founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Nixon's trip to China
first sitting U.S. president to visit China, pledged better relations with China and declared that the two nations — one capitalist, the other communist — could peacefully coexist
John Rolfe
first to plant tobacco, saved Jamestown, married Pocahontas
Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie
folk heroes whose deaths at the Alamo were romanticized by New Orleans and New York newspapers
Khmer Rouge
followers of Cambodia's ruling Communist Party, took power and murdered 1.7 million people in bloody purges
National Bank Act
forced most banks to buy interest-paying bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury
Battle of Shiloh
forces of Ulysses S. Grant surprised by Confederate troops led by Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T Beauregard near Shiloh, Tennessee when moving south to gain critical railroad lines, Grant relentlessly committed troops and forced a Confederate withdrawal
Nativists (Know Nothings)
formed by American-born citizens that condemned immigration and asserted the superiority of Protestant religious and cultural values
Indian Territory
formed by Jackson on national lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase (located in p.d. Oklahoma and KA)
Working Men's Parties
formed by artisans and laborers in 15 states between 1828 and 1833, reflected the values and interests of ordinary urban workers; called for the abolition of private banks, chartered monopolies, and debtor's prison while also demanding universal public education and a fair system of taxation; by mid 1830s after weakness in statewide contests most politically active workers had joined Democratic Party
Progressive Party/Bull Moose Party
formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after he lost the nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, President William Howard Taft; party followers called themselves "Bull Mooses"
Whittaker Chambers
former Communist who claimed that Hiss was a member of a secret Communist cell operating in the government
Baron von Steuben
former Prussian military officers who instituted a strict drill system and encouraged officers to be more professional allowing the army from Valley Forge to be much tougher and better disciplines
Rutherford B. Hayes
former Union general untainted by corruption from the swing-state of Ohio, Republican nominee in the election of 1876
Toussaint L'Ouverture
former slave-owning planter, lead an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti, secured native control over the colony in 1797
John Marshall
formidable Federalist from VA on national judiciary, lead on Marbury v. Madison
Fort Duquesne
fort established by French, part of string of forts meant to deter British, located in p.d. Pittsburg
Eugene Debs
founded the American Railway Union, charismatic socialist; launched Socialist Party of American (1901)
The Beatles
four working-class Brits whose awe-inspiring music — by turns lyrical and driving — spawned a commercial and cultural phenomenon known as Beatlemania. American youths' embrace of the Beatles — as well as even more rebellious bands such as the Rolling Stones, the Who, and the Doors — deepened the generational divide between young people and their elders
Emmett Till
fourteen-year-old African American from the south side of Chicago, after he was seen talking to a white woman in a grocery store when visiting relatives in Mississippi in the summer of 1955, he was tortured and murdered under cover of night, his mutilated body was found at the bottom of a river, tied with barbed wire to a heavy steel cotton gin fan; despite his uncle's eyewitness testimony, the all-white jury found the defendants innocent
David Walker
free black from NC who had moved to Boston, published "David Walker's Appeal" in 1829
Thaddeus Stevens
of PA, passionate advocate of freedmen's political and economic rights, followed by radicals in the House
Virginia Dynasty
from 1801-1825: 3 Republicans from VA (Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) each served two terms as President; Completed the Revolution of 1800 and supported westward expansion
assimilation efforts towards Native Americans
goal to make the Indian 'a farmer, a citizen of the United States, and a Christian'; Most Indians rejected wholesale assimilation, destroyed Indian way of life
Railroad Administration
government agency which took all railroads from private hands until after the war
Conditions for the rich and poor
government tax policies facilitated the accumulation of wealth, while states and local governments also favored wealthy; wealthy consciously set themselves apart by their clothes, modes of transportation, homes, and company; the poor hired on short-term basis for arduous jobs, could never save enough to pay rent or buy firewood when the job market/harbor froze up
James I
granted Virginia Company land, later revoked Virginia Company Charter and (1624) made Virginia a royal colony
Act of Toleration (1649)
granted all Christians right to follow beliefs and hold church services
Virginia Company
granted land from p.d. NC to southern NY to establish settlements
Herman Melville
great novelist with more pessimistic worldview influenced by Emerson, explored the limits of individualism in even more tragic terms than Hawthorne: "Moby Dick" (1851), emerged as scathing critic of transcendentalism
Nathaniel Hawthorne
great novelist with more pessimistic worldview influenced by Emerson, explored theme of excessive individualism in "The Scarlet Letter" (1850)
JFK's policies toward Vietnam
grew impatient with Ngo Dinh Diem, let it be known that the United States would support a military coup, hoped that Diem would be replaced by a popular general, did not live to see the grim results of Diem's murder
Knickerbocker Group
group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes
Civil Rights Act of 1875
guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service
Buffalo Bill Cody
had traveling WIld West performances in which he enacted a revenge killing of a Cheyenne man, most influential myth-maker, understood that the US had been taken by conquest, to escape harsh reservation conditions: Sioux and Cheyenne men signed on with Bill and demonstrated their riding skills for cheering audiences across US and Europe and chased buffalo and attacked US soldiers and pioneer wagons in the arena
Sir Edmund Andros
hard-edged military officer appointed governor of Dominion by James II, banned all existing legislative assemblies, overthrown and returned to England after the Glorious Revolution
Stokely Carmichael
head of SNCC who preached "overtaking white Americans" and preached "Black Power"-pride in history and heritage; create society apart from white society
Bernard Baruch
head of war industries board to help economic confusion, attempted to impose some order on the U.S. war production
utopias
ideal communities that would allow people to live differently and realize their spiritual potential (ex: Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Shakers)
separate sphere
ideal where home life was strictly separated from the workplace and women's roles were separate from men's, with women running the household and men earning money outside it
Great Awakening
ideological upheaval that created a period of sustained religious enthusiasm, created a search for new authority for religion and government, coincided with the rise of print causing most literature to be about religion
Women's education
intellectual leader of new women educators: Catherine Beecher, she established academies for young women in Hartford, CT and Cincinnati, Ohio; she argued that "energetic and benevolent women" were better suited to teach than men (by 1850s most teachers women)
Robert Fulton
in 1807 built first American steamboat, contributing to the transportation revolution
Oregon Trail
in 1842, huge increase in American interest in Oregon, thousand men, women, and children (w/ hundreds of wagons and cattle) gathered to begin a six-month trek, with another 5,000 setting out from southern border states in the next two years, settlers forced to overcome floods, dust storms, livestock deaths, and hostile natives
creation of national parks (why does it happen)?
in 1872, Congress set aside 2 million acres in Wyoming's Yellowstone Valley to create the world's first national park intended for the benefit and enjoyment of the people, railroad tourism was an important motive for this creation, since people could travel to and visit the park much more easily
George Grenville
in charge of raising revenue from the colonies
William H. Taft and trust busting
in his four years of office, Taft brought 90 suits against trusts
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
in the 1858 election for the Illinois U.S. Senate seat held by Douglas, Lincoln and Douglas faced off in seven debates in which Douglas declared his support for white supremacy, gave Lincoln a national reputation
"law and order"
in the election of 1968, Nixon campaigned for Democratic presidential on the populist "law and order" platform that appealed to many blue-collar voters concerned about antiwar protests, urban riots, and the rise of the counterculture
Freedom Summer
in the summer of 1964, black organizations mounted a major campaign in Mississippi, the effort drew several thousand volunteers from across the country, including nearly one thousand white college students from the North, led by the charismatic SNCC activist Robert Moses, the four major civil rights organizations (SNCC, CORE, NAACP, and SCLC) spread out across the state and established freedom schools for black children and conducted a major voter registration drive; the opposition bombed/burned black churches and murdered four civil rights workers to halt the progress
Border States
included Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri, yeoman farmers held greater political power here and many had bad experiences with slaveholders, all four sided with Lincoln and the Union as well as the northwestern portion of VA
Benedict Arnold
infamous Patriot traitor
gag rule
informal agreement in force from 1836-1844 in the House of Representatives which automatically tabled antislavery petitions, keeping the explosive issue of slavery off the congressional stage
Underground Railroad
informal network of whites and free blacks in Richmond, Charleston, and other southern towns that assisted fugitives, helped about one thousand African Americans reach freedom in the North each year
William Levitt/Levittown
innovative Long Island building contractor who revolutionized suburban housing by applying mass-production techniques and turning out new homes at a dizzying speed; his developments were all called Levittown
James Madison
insisted on increased national authority, only 36 at the CC, known as the 'Father of the Constitution'; 4th president of US, persuaded by Clay to sign Second Bank of the United States, vetoed Bonus Bill (created national funds for roads and other internal improvements)
Enlightenment and its impact on America
inspired many parts of Declaration of Independence, Bill of Rights and individuals such as Franklin, Adams, Madison, and Jefferson while causing others to reject these more scientific views and turn more religious and start the Great Awakening in the Colonies
Bleeding Kansas
labeled by Horace Greeley after free soilers and pro slavery advocates turned violent in 1856
Cyrus McCormick
inventor of the mechanical reaper, allowed farmers to plant more acres and grow more wheat
Neutrality Act of 1793
issued by Washington allowing U.S. citizens to trade with all aggressors in European wars
Legacy of the New Deal
its legacy = often criticized by those who thought it did too little/too much.
Stono Rebellion (1739)
largest slave uprising in mainland colonies, in South Carolina, around 45 Africans and about 45 whites were killed, provoked by the governor of Spanish FL's offer of freedom to fugitive slaves
Queen Liliuokalani
last queen of Hawaii, protested the annexation of Hawaii
Ghost Dance
late 1880s and early 1890s, fostered native peoples' hope that they could, through sacred dances, resurrect the bison and call a great storm to drive the whites back across the Atlantic, drew on Christian elements as well as native ones
Black codes/slave codes
laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt, a larger pattern of Southern whites trying to suppress the new freedom of emancipated African American slaves, the freedmen
Stephen Austin
leader of the "peace party" which negotiated with the central government in Mexico City for greater political autonomy, won significant concessions for the Texans but in 1835 these were nullified by Santa Anna
Sam Houston
leader of the "war party" which demanded independence for Texas, General of the Texan forces which routed Santa Anna's overconfident army in the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836 winning defacto independence
Mother Ann Lee
leader of the Shakers, 1774: established a Shaker church near Albany NY, died 1784, honored by Shakers as the Second Coming of Christ
Roscoe Conkling
leader of the Stalwarts; loved the spoils system and supported it wherever it was threatened, opposed by the Half-Breeds led by James G. Blaine
Marcus Garvey
leader of the UNIA, urged blacks to return to Africa because, he reasoned, blacks would never be treated justly in countries ruled by whites
Ho Chi Minh
leader of the Vietminh, the nationalist movement that had led the resistance against the Japanese (and the French previously) which seized control in the north of Vietnam after Japanese occupiers surrendered to China; when France moved to restore control, the US sided with them and denied Ho's request for nationhood
Abraham Lincoln
leading Republican in Illinois after abandoning the Whigs, elected president in 1860, leader of the Union in the Civil War; issued the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address
General Victoriano Huerta
leading general who murdered Madero; claimed control of government; not recognized by Wilson
Ralph Waldo Emerson
leading voice of transcendentalism, stood outside the mainstream of American protestantism, argued that people were trapped by inherited customs and institutions, celebrated those who rejected tradition and practiced self-discipline and civic responsibility; ideas spoke to many middle-class Americans, wrote "The American Scholar" (1837)
General Horatio Gates
led American troops at Saratoga and helped defeat Burgoyne
Henry Clay
led National Republicans (pursued Federalist-like policies) pushed through legislation to create the Second Bank of US and tried to pass the Bonus Bill; dynamic Speaker of the House of Representatives, creator of the American System, ran for president in 1824, wanted to strengthen the Second BUS, raise tariffs, and use the tariff revenues to finance internal improvements; Only finished with 37 votes, excluded from House of Representatives' choice of president, used influence as Speaker to thwart Jackson's election; Helped vote Adams into presidency (1825) and got appointed as secretary of state; co-responsible (with Webster and Douglas) for the passing of the Compromise of 1850
General "Gentleman Johnnie" Burgoyne
led a force south from Quebec, defeated at Saratoga, fought leisurely assured of victory causing British defeat
Shays' Rebellion
led by Captain Daniel Shays, a Continental army veteran, who revolted against taxes imposed by an unresponsive government, resembled American resistance to the British Stamp Act, although it failed showed many Patriot families that American oppressors replaced British tyrants
Stamp Act of 1765
levy was to cover part of the cost of keeping British troops in America, required a tax stamp on all printed items (college diplomas, court documents, newspapers, etc.)
Denmark Vesey
literate, skilled carpenter and leader among African Americans in Charleston, South Carolina
gold standard
long held by Britain: paper notes from the Bank of England could be backed by gold held in the bank's vaults, during the 1870s and 1880s, the US, Germany, France, and other countries also converted to gold
Political participation
long-standing patriarchal control of politics,
Mayflower Compact
loose agreement to government between settlers at New Plymouth
Bank of the United States
proposed by Hamilton, would be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government; would provide stability to the economy
Treaty of Fort Laramie
made between the federal government and the Sioux in which the government gave up the Bozeman Trail and a huge Sioux reservation was established, treaty looked promising but was short-lived
Jay's Treaty
made by John Jay with Britain, accepted Britain's right to stop neutral ships and required the U.S. government to make 'full and complete compensation' to British merchants for pre-Revolutionary War; allowed Americans to submit claims for illegal seizures and required British to remove their troops (+ Indian agents) from Northwest Territory; Created pro-British policy: CONTROVERSIAL
John Deere
made first steel plow (1837), opened factory in Illinois that mass-produced plows, allowed farmers to cut through thick sod of the praries
Thomas Jefferson
main author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the USA; co-wrote VA and Kentucky Resolutions, first secretary of state of US
Voting qualifications
male legislators wrote explicit race and gender restrictions into the law (1802, 1807, 1821)
Land Ordinance of 1785
mandated a rectangular-grid system of surveying and specified a minimum price of $1 per acre as well as requiring that half of the townships be sold in single blocks (23, 040 acres each, only large-scale speculators could afford) and the rest in packages of 640 acres each
Declaration of Sentiments
manifesto issued by Seneca Falls Convention, extended equality to women, disliked by most men and many women
Stonewall Jackson
marched a Confederate force rapidly northward threatening Washington, saved Confederates from major defeat at Antietam
companionate marriages
marriages based in love and affection, promoted by magazines; undermined strict authoritarian patriarchal system
"putting out system"
merchant-employers "put out" materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes laboured in workshops or in turn put out work to others
Stamp Act Congress
met in NYC in 1765 with delegates from nine assemblies, protested loss of American "rights and liberties"
Southern migration
migrants fleeing planter-controlled society to Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, wanted more freedom, promised no slavery
New England migration
migrants flowed out of overcrowded communities of NE, turned West and to NY
Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys
militia organization first established in the late 1760s in the territory between the British provinces of New York and New Hampshire; captured Fort Ticonderoga in 1775
mill strikes
mill workers formed unions to protest long hours and low wages, resulted in many strikes (Boston, 1825; St. Louis, 1840)
Minstrel Shows--Jim Crow character
minstrelsy began around 1830, presented comic routines in which white actors in blackface combined racist caricatures and social criticism, most famous was John Dartmouth Rice as "Jim Crow"
Malcolm X
most charismatic Black Muslim, a spellbinding speaker who preached a philosophy of militant separatism, although he advocated violence only for self-defense; hostile to mainstream civil rights organizations; more concerned with strengthening the black community than changing the minds of hostile whites
Samuel Slater
most important émigré mechanic, came to America in 1789; reproduced innovative design for spinning cotton from mentor in G.B.
Election of 1856
most parties split along sectional lines over slavery, Democrats nominated James Buchanan (won), southern faction of the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore, northern endorsed Fremont
temperance
most successful social reform, curbed consumption of alcoholic beverages (American Temperance Society, 1832)
"mexican wage"
name given to the lower wage that Mexican miners received, showed how racism and discrimination were still at large in the west
Jonas Salk
national hero who perfected the polio vaccine in 1954
President Zachary Taylor
national war hero in Mexican War, elected in 1848, died suddenly in 1850
Federalism
nationalists that supported a federal union and a strong national government
Interchangeable parts
nearly identical parts that can be easily mass produced and replaced, pioneered by Whitney
Johnson's policies toward Vietnam
needed little provocation (Gulf of Tonkin Incident) to declare war,
classical liberalism/laissez faire
newly revised state constitutions embodied these principles by limiting govt. role in economy; a political ideology that values the freedom of individuals — including the freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and markets — as well as limited government
William Jennings Bryan
nominated for president by Democrats and Populists in 1896 (lost); young Nebraska congressman, free-silver advocate, passionately defended farmers and attacked the gold standard
Election of 1860
northern/midwestern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas; southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge; Republicans courted white voters with free-soil platform that opposed both slavery and race equality, nominated Abraham Lincoln (won), after Lincoln's victory secessionist fever swept through the Deep South
Yeomen farmers
occupied lowest rung of social order
Necessary and proper clause
often called the 'elastic clause,' states that Congress has the power to make all laws that are 'necessary and proper' to implement the Constitution
Washington and the crossing of the Delaware
on Christmas night Washington staged a successful surprise attack on British, forced surrender of 1,000 German soldiers
Greensboro Sit Ins
on February 1, 1960, when four black college students took seats at the whites-only lunch counter at the local Woolworth's five-and-dime store; the store refused service to the African Americans, even though they were taunted by groups of whites, pelted with food and other debris, the students were determined to "sit in" until they were served, for three weeks, hundreds of students inspired by the original foursome took turns sitting at the counters, quietly eating, doing homework, or reading, and although many were arrested Woolworth's lunch counter was desegregated
Mathew Brady
one the most recognized photographers in the 19th century, most recognized for his documentation of the Civil War.
General Zachary Taylor
ordered by Polk (with army of 2,000 soldiers) to occupy disputed lands of the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, found success and crossed the Rio Grande and by the end of 1846 the US controlled much of northeastern Mexico
education in the new republic
ordinary citizens' children went to public schools that offered basic education (reading, writing, math); some regions had few public schools, 25% of boys and about 10% of girls went to private schools/had tutors; only a few men and hardly any women attended high school and less than 1% men attended college
NAACP
organization founded in 1910 by leading African American reformers and white allies as a vehicle for advocating equal rights for African Americans, especially through the courts
Sons of Liberty
organization of American colonists that was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government
Rock and Roll
originated in African American rhythm and blues, introduced to white America through "race records"
Samuel Adams
outspoken Patriot in MA that refused to accept parliamentary supremacy
Slavery as a Labor system
overseers pushed workers hard b/c salaries depended on that, organized "gangs" or disciplined teams supervised by black drivers and white overseerers
Fidel Castro
overthrew Fulgencio Batista, instituted
Thomas Cole
painter, painted the largely untamed Hudson River Valley, founder of Hudson River School
Panic of 1837 (-1843)
panic began when Bank of England tried to boost the faltering British economy by sharply decreasing the flow of money and credit to the US, had previously extended credit to expand southern cotton production; American planters had to withdraw gold from domestic banks to pay foreign debts and British textile mills drastically cut purchases of raw cotton causing the price to plummet, set off a financial panic; Banks started running out of specie and called in their loans, government tried to stimulate economy through investments in canals and railroads but eventually 9 state governments defaulted on their debts and European lenders cut the flow of new capital to the United States;
Oneida Community
perfectionist community set up by John Humphrey Noyes where he manipulated the sexual lives of his followers, self-sustaining community with steel animal trap profits, diversified into the production of silverware, abandoned complex marriage in 1879 but retained cooperative spirit
Lowell factories
performed all cloth-making operations under one roof and recruited young women from farm families to work in factories
Lewis Hine
photographer hired by the NCLC to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked
Manifest destiny
phrase coined by John O'Sullivan, captured dreams of expansionists developing continental ambitions
Theodore Roosevelt
when Spain declared war on the US, Roosevelt, serving in the War Department, resigned to become lieutenant colonel of a cavalry regiment
Robert ("Fighting Bob") La Follette and Wisconsin Idea
policy promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette of Wisconsin for greater government intervention in the economy, with reliance on experts, particularly progressive economists, for policy recommendations
Wilson and New Freedom
policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and non monopolized markets
Timothy Leary
political radical who encouraged people to reject mainstream society
black disenfranchisement
politically, less than 20 percent of eligible black voters were allowed to vote, the result of poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation, fraud, and the "white primary" (elections in which only whites could vote), gave whites power disproportionate to their numbers — black people were one-third of the residents of Mississippi, South Carolina, and Georgia but had virtually no political voice in those states
Irish and German Immigration
poor and laborers of Ireland fleeing potato famine, settled mostly in NE cities and NY in low-paying physical jobs and cheap tenement buildings (poor sanitation); Germans left due to crop failure and war, better educated, moved out West, opposed to slavery; both Germans and Irish were mostly Catholics, in hard times returned to church, fueled the growth of the American Catholic Church (built charities, schools, and political organizations)
Lyman Beecher
preeminent Congregationalist clergyman who accepted the Christian belief that people had a natural tendency to sin but rejected predestination, embraced doctrine of free will; part of Benevolent Empire and helped form the General Union for Promoting the Observance of Christian Sabbath (1828), father of Henry and Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe
Anti Masons
powerful but short-lived party formed in late 1820s opposing the Order of Freemasonry, many voters that had previously supported the Anti Masons gravitated towards the Whig party due to their principles of temperance, equality of opportunity, and evangelical morality
McCarthyism
practice of publicizing accusations of political disloyalty or subversion with insufficient regard to evidence; the witching and massive anti-communist hysteria of the post WWII period
Mobilization for war
preparing for the war through:
Santa Anna
president of Mexico, nullified concessions won by Austin, wanted to impose national authority throughout Mexico, in an effort to put down the American rebels who proclaimed the independence of Texas he lead an army to the Alamo
Nicholas Biddle
president of the Second BUS, arrogant
U.S. Sanitary Commission
private relief agency created by federal legislation on June 18, 1861, to support sick and wounded soldiers of the U.S. Army during the American Civil War
Proclamation Line of 1763
proclamation by King George III that forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains, ignored by many colonists
Alexis de Tocqueville
professed philosophy of the drawbacks of individualism (from a highly capitalistic world), described consequences of industrialization and expansionism
Edgar Allen Poe
prolific author (the "Raven," "The Tell-Tale Heart") who rejected transcendentalism
Wendell Phillips
prominent member and founder of the American Antislavery Society in 1833
Bill of Rights
promised by the Federalists to win over other delegates, consisted of the first 10 Constitutional Amendments
Tariff of 1832
protectionist tariff passed as a reduced tariff to remedy the conflict created by the tariff of 1828, but still deemed unsatisfactory by southerners
McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
protective import taxes should be placed on foreign goods
Tariff of Abominations
protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States, resented by South
The South Carolina Exposition
protest against the Tariff of 1828, document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede
Shell shock
psychological disturbance caused by prolonged exposure to active warfare, especially being under bombardment
National Housing Act
purpose is to make credit more available to lenders for home repairs and construction and to make better housing available to low- and moderate-income families
Indian Removal Act of 1830
pushed through Congress by Jackson (over opposition of Protestants), created the Indian Territory on national lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase (located in p.d. Oklahoma and KA) promising money and reserved land to Native Americans willing to give up ancestral lands east of the Mississippi River
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
ratified in 1848, US agreed to pay Mexico $15 million in return for more than 1/3 of its territory
Emilio Aguinaldo
rebel Filipino leader who, when confronted by annexation, asserted his nation's independence and turned his guns on occupying American forces
Initiative/Referendum/Recall
recall: gave citizens the right to remove unpopular politicians from office through a vote; referendum: process of voting directly on a proposed policy measure rather than leaving it in the hands of elected legislators; a progressive reform
Gen. Winifield Scott
recommended Robert E. Lee of VA to lead the new Union army, General-in-Chief of the Union Army, proposed Anaconda Plan in order to defeat the Confederate army
Tariff of 1833
reduced rates of taxes to the rate in 1816 over the course of a decade, served as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis
King Cotton
referred to the economy of the American South and the dominance of cotton within it
National Child Labor Committee
reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win a federal law banning child labor, the NCLC hired photographer Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked.
Muhammad Ali and Vietnam
refused his army induction, was sentenced to prison, Ali was eventually acquitted on appeal, however his action cost him his heavyweight title, and for years he was not allowed to box professionally in the United States
General Amnesty Act
removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most whites who rebelled in the United States Civil War, except for very high positions
Non-Intercourse Act
replaced Embargo Act of 1807; lifted all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports; basically unenforceable
General George McClellan
replaced McDowell as head of the Union army, military engineer, ineffective at exploiting advantages therefore strengthening the Confederate Army, defeated Lee at Antietam and allowed troops to retreat
Sugar Act (1764)
replaced Molasses Act of 1733, set tax rate lower at 3 pence per gallon, avoided smuggling
General Robert E. Lee
resigned from the U.S. army after VA embraced the Confederate cause, head of the Confederate army
Specie Resumption Act of 1875
restored the nation to the gold standard through the redemption of previously unbacked United States Notes and reversed inflationary government policies promoted directly after the American Civil War
Judicial review
review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act
Venustiano Carranza
revolutionary leader whom Wilson most favored; protested Veracruz as illegitimate meddling in Mexican affairs
Headright System
rewarded land for the paid passage of immigrants to be indentured servants
Fulgencio Batista
right-wing dictator of Cuba overthrown by Fidel Castro
Dominion of New England (1686-1689)
royal providence from Maine to Pennsylvania, all individual royal charters in area revoked to combine the colonies
Turner's Frontier Thesis
said that up to 1890, a clear westward-moving line had existed between "civilization and savagery", argued that the frontier experience shaped Americans' national character and left them with a "heritage of coarseness and strength. combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness"
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools
Bakke v. University of California
ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves
Virginia Plan
scheme for a powerful national government devised by James Madison, differed from Articles of Confederation in its rejection of state sovereignty in favor of national authority, calling for national govt to be established by people (rather than states), and in its proposal of a three-tier election system; Fatal flaws: most colonists opposed national govt. vetoing state laws, lower house representation based on population, caused concerns from smaller states
Confederate States of America
secessionists met in Montgomery, Alabama in 1861 to proclaim a new nation: the Confederate States of America, named Jefferson Davis as president
Lecompton Constitution
second constitution drafted for Kansas Territory, was written by proslavery supporters, permitted slavery, excluded free blacks from living in Kansas, and allowed only male citizens of the United States to vote.
Treatment of slaves
separated some families, worked slaves to death, some made efforts to keep families together
Navigation Acts (1651-1751)
series of acts by Parliament meant to regulate colonial trade and enabled England to collect colonial taxes
James Monroe
served as 5th president of US
Special Field Order Number 15
set aside 400,000 acres of prime rice-growing land for the exclusive use of freedmen
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
set forth a states' rights to interpretation of the Constitution
Jefferson's Agrarian Vision
set his democratic vision of America in a society of yeomen farm families
Lord Baltimore
settled Maryland as a refuge for Catholics
impact of the revolution on loyalists
severe financial losses, seizing of property, supplanted by Patriots
Debt peonage
sharecroppers starting out had no supplies or food to make it through the first growing season, so country storekeepers gave sharecroppers provisions and took croppers' shares as collateral, as cotton prices fell, more and more croppers fell into permanent debt and merchants who were landowners (or who conspired with landowners) used debt as a pretext for forced labor
Slave Trade
shift to slaves gradual until 1660s when the tobacco boom crashes and social mobility for Africans ends
Maddox and C. Turner Joy
ships involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident
U-Boats
short for Unterseeboot, "undersea boat," or submarine; (1915) Germany issued a warning that all ships flying flags of Britain or its allies were liable to destruction; responsible for sinking of the Lusitania
Treaty of Ghent
signed Christmas Eve 1814, retained prewar borders of US, ended War of 1812
Andrew Jackson
slave-owning planter, led American troops in War of 1812 to victory in the Battle of New Orleans, became a national hero; senator from Tennessee, endorsed by John C. Calhoun, had ties to influential families, rise from common origins and his reputation as a "plain solid republican" attracted voters from all regions
Battle of Princeton
small victory by Continental army (January 1777)
growth of the middle class
social product of increased commerce, made up of the 'farmers, mechanics, manufactures, traders,' as well as other professionals; reflected dramatic rise in prosperity
Eugene Debs
socialist party leader sentenced to ten years in jail for the crime of arguing that wealthy capitalists had started the conflict and were forcing workers to fight
Radical Republicans
sought sweeping transformations in the defeated South
WEB Du Bois and the talented tenth
term used by Harvard-educated sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois for the top 10 percent of educated African Americans, whom he called on to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights
Nat Turner
staged a bloody revolt resulting in the deaths of at least 55 white men, women, and children; quickly dispersed by white militia who took their revenge on the blacks
AIM and the siege of Wounded Knee in 1973
staged large protests gained national media attention by sieging territory at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in February 1973; location of a massacre of the Sioux in 1890; AIM members created relationships with elderly members of the tribe; lasted two months, AIM members lived in buildings that were surrounded by FBI agents and U.S. marshals; two people died as a result of gun battles; siege ended with negotiations; attracted nationwide media coverage and created government action on tribal issues
GIs
stands for "government issue".
convict leasing
state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor in mines and other industries, corruption abundant and the conditions were horrific
Patrick Henry
strong opposer of Grenville's legislation, orated fiery comments bordering on treasonous; refused to attend the Constitutional Convention b/c he 'smelt a rat'
Underwood Tariff Bill
substantially reduced import fees, lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment
Roger Taney
successor to John Marshall (1835), partially reversed nationalist and vested-property-rights decisions of the Marshall Court and gave constitutional legitimacy to Jackson's policies of state's rights and free enterprise
Queen Elizabeth
successor to King Henry VII, approved Protestant confession of faith
Joseph Stalin
successor to Lenin, communist leader of the USSR, part of the "Big Three" also consisting of Roosevelt and Churchill, his unwillingness to honor self-determination for nations in Eastern Europe was, from the American point of view, the precipitating event of the Cold War
Great Compromise
suggested by CT delegates, combined parts of VA and NJ plan to create a Senate (2 members from each state) and a House of Representatives (based on population)
convict lease system
system in which southern states leased gangs of convicted criminals to private interests as a cheap labor supply, convicts paid nothing, money went to states, and jobs taken away from labor force
division of labor
system of manufacture that divides production into a series of distinct and repetitive tasks performed by machines or workers
Townshend Acts and boycott
tax legislation that imposed duties on colonial imports of paper, paint, glass, and tea
"Splendid Little War"
term coined for the Spanish-American War by secretary of state John Hays
Salutary neglect
the British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England
virtual representation
the British response to the call for colonial representation in Parliament said they better represented colonies by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from and having the colonies "best interests" in mind
impact of Cold War on Civil Rights Movement
the Cold War placed added pressure on U.S. officials. "More and more we are learning how closely our democracy is under observation," President Harry S. Truman commented in 1947. To inspire other nations in the global standoff with the Soviet Union, Truman explained, "we must correct the remaining imperfections in our practice of democracy"
CORE
the Congress of Racial Equality, created by James Farmer in 1942:
Morrill Act and Land Grant Colleges
the Morrill Act set aside 140 million federal acres that states could sell to raise money for private universities, the goal of these "land-grant colleges" was to broaden educational opportunities and foster technical and scientific expertise
Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine
the U.S. battle cruiser Maine exploded in Havana harbor, led to war fever
Mobilization for War
the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war
Three-fifths compromise
the agreement between delegates that each slave would count as 3/5 of a free person for the purposes of representation and taxation
Cult of domesticity
the belief that, as the fairer sex, women occupied a unique and specific position and that they were to provide religious and moral instruction in the homes but avoid the rough world of politics and business in the larger sphere of society. Popular in the Mid-19th Century, caused women's rights movements.
Edmund Pettus Bridge
the crossing of the Edmund Pettus Bridge resulted in Selma marchers being attacked with tear gas and clubs by mounted state troopers
Ngo Dinh Diem
the dictatorial head of South Vietnam whom the United States had supported since 1955; by the fall of 1963, Kennedy had lost patience with him
mercantilism
the economic theory that trade generates wealth
Thurgood Marshall
the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education
Ku Klux Klan
the first Ku Klux Klan group was formed by ex-Confederates in late 1865 or early 1866 when targeting supporters of William G. Brownlow, the Republican governor of Tennessee, turned to Nathan Bedford Forrest, a decorated Confederate general who was best known for the massacre of black Union soldiers trying to surrender at Fort Pillow and his strong belief in white supremacy, to don the robes of Grand Wizard; the Klan became virtually identical to the Democratic Party in many towns, burned freedmen's schools, beat teachers, attacked Republican gatherings, and murdered political opponents, Democrats seized control in GA and SC and began to make their way across the South, terminated Reconstruction programs
Hudson River School
the first coherent school of American art, active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England
Jamestown
the first permanent English settlement in the Americas
Geronimo
the leader of the Apaches in Arizona and New Mexico, fought against the white man, who was trying to force the Apaches off of their land, had an enormous hatred for the whites; eventually pushed into Mexico where he surrendered
Northern Securities Case
the newly created Bureau of Corporations filed suit against the Northern Securities Company, arguing that this combination of northwestern railroads had created a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act; landmark decision (1904), the Supreme Court ordered Northern Securities dissolved
Glorious Revolution
the overthrow of King James II by William of Orange
Redemption
the overthrow of elected governments by paramilitary groups, included the terrorization of Republicans: black political leaders were shot, hanged, beaten to death, or even beheaded
Paternalism
the policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best interest.
ethnocultural politics
the practice of voting along ethnic and religious lines, became prominent feature of American life
Popular sovereignty
the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives
Guerrilla warfare
the use of hit-and-run tactics by small, mobile groups of irregular forces operating in territory controlled by a hostile, regular force.
Alliance for Progress (La Allianza)
this was a Marshall Plan for Latin America that was suggested by President Kennedy to help the Good Neighbors close the gap between the rich and the poor and to help quiet the communist agitation; unsuccessful
flapper
thousands of young women in the 1920s followed this style which was somewhat radical for the time.
impact of textile manufacturing on New England
transferred from combing wool by hand to by water-powered mills; created tons of jobs (more than 12,000 in 1820); grew rapidly: 8,000 in 1809 to 333,000 in 1817; offered new opportunities for families (many families began to raise livestock), more efficient, and prosperous; also polluted environment, deforestation
Brest-Litovsk Treaty
treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans, ended Russian participation in the war
Treaty of Paris (1763)
treaty that ended the French and Indian War: France gave up all territory in mainland North America as well as Spanish Florida, and recent conquests in Africa and India
Benjamin Harrison
twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893, included the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars
Quasi War
undeclared naval war between the United States and France during the Presidency of John Adams due to the XYZ affair
Slave resistance
underground railroad, abolitionists (David Walker, Williams Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Grimke Sisters)
United Farm Workers
union of farm workers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farm workers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest.
laissez faire
unrestrained capitalism
Josiah Strong and Our Country
urged Protestants to proselytize overseas and predicted that the American "Anglo-Saxon race" would spread itself over the earth
Ulysses S. Grant
used riverboats clad with iron plates to capture Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River and Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, caught by surprise at Shiloh by Confederate troops but forced a Confederate withdrawal
Sir Isaac Newton
used the sciences of mathematics and physics to explain the movement of the planets around the sun (and invented calculus in the process) which challenged Christian views despite his profound religiousness [Principia Mathematica (1687)]
Race relations after WWI
very tenuous even after WWI, - even though many African Americans served in the war + the Great Migration happened, these developments sparked white violence, rise in lynchings, - arrival of southern migrants from Great Migration deepened existing racial tensions for scarce housing + jobs, attacks on African Americans broke out in 25+ cities
Mayflower
vessel that carried the Pilgrims to America
Jackson and the use of the veto
vetoed the rechartering bill for the Second BUS proposed by Clay and Webster
Double V
victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home
Noah Webster
wanted to raise the nation's intellectual prowess, his Dissertation on the English Language (1789) celebrated language by defining words according to American usage
Sojourner Truth
was an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist, born into slavery in Swartekill, Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826
Kaiser Wilhelm
was the ruler of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918, pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain
The Liberator
weekly newspaper started by Garrison in 1831 in Boston
Brook Farm
where Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller were residents or frequent visitors, residents planned to produce their own food and exchange their surplus of milk, vegetables, and hay for manufactures; economic failure due the lack of farming skills of their members
Abigail Adams
wife of John Adams that demanded equal legal rights for married women
Abolitionist movement
women were central to the antislavery moment (understood special horrors of slavery for women), spoke out to mixed crowds of men and women, caused controversy; Controversy over speaking out turned many abolitionists' attention to women's rights movement
William McKinley
won election of 1896; Republican candidate, supporter of big business, push for high protective tariffs, under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901
Richard Nixon
won the Republican presidential nomination in 1968, sensing Democratic weakness, Nixon and his advisors believed there were two groups of voters ready to switch sides: northern working-class voters and southern whites; won election of 1968
White Flight
working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
written by MLK when he was in jail during the protests, promoted the doctrine of civil disobedience, a method of protests that urges blacks to ignore all laws that they believe are unjust, the letter then circulated around the world
