AP Art History Final

Sutton Hoo Purse

* Found in 1939 in Birmingham Hills * Made of Closinee (thin strips of metal with jewels) * Probably from King * Eagle eating ducks * Man with 2 beasts *Plant swirls * Zoomorphic

Book of Kells

* Took back to Irish mainland then stolen * Must hold onto it with care * Iona Scotland 800 AD * Parts of book cut off head * 4 scribes and 3 illuminators * Fish, moths, goblets, jesus face * Chi ro Iota Page * Good vs evil cats and mice

Rottgen Pieta

Period: Late Gothic Date: 14th century Location: Germany Materials: Red ad green once vivid, carved wood 2 ft tall Content: Christ dead after crucifixion with wounds, crown of thorns, tout skin around ribs, Mary is youthful yet angry/confused Form: scale is off (bigger heads), asymmetrical, texture carved Context: Focus on mary in gothic art, fore knowing jesus will come back, famine war and plague. Function: evoke emotional response, religious, connect viewer to jesus emotionally Meaning: god and mary are sympathetic to your suffering but Mary's was worse, pretty human Themes: religion, pain death and despair, sympathy Related: book of the dead, seated boxer, power figure from congo.

Walls of Sacsayhuaman

Date: 1450-1540 Periods: Inka Location: Northern Outskirts of Cuzco Materials: Huge stones, quarried into place, obtained through mita labor tax, fit like jigsaw. Content: zig zag formation like fortress, 3 levels, looks down on city, grassy pathways, circular foundations for past towers. Form: Large scale, 3d, geometric, rough rocks, asymmetrical, movement, curved. Context: spanish conquer and remove rocks to build new city, secular and religious city, young men came to educated and raised, acllas (chosen women) weave cloth and make beer. Function: fortress, temple to worship sun, military, protection Meaning: Ritualistic, military, house of sun Themes: ritual Related: Machu fichu (shape fitting stones) Stone hende (tenons interlock to keep together).

Coyolxauhqui Stone

Date: 1469 Culture: Aztec Location: Base of temple mayor Scale: Diameter 10ft by 10 inches Materials: Volcanic stone, low mid relief, carved, smoothed, painted. Content: dismantled body, face smushed to top, snake belt on waist, saggy, decapitated. Form: radial symmetry, repetition of limbs/bones, 3D, rough, movement. Style: abstract Context: Mother named Coatilcue and feathers, daughter and 400 brothers to kill and thrown down mountain, war god pushed daughter down hill. function: symbolic of mountain, don't go against us because you will be killed, monthly festival. Meaning: ritual, re enactment, temple is sacred mtn. Themes: family feuds, gods, sacrifice, political power, nature. Related: running horned woman, temple mayor.

Calendar Stone

Date: 16th century Periods: Aztec Location: Base of Temple Mayor Scale: 358 diameter by 98 cm depth. Materials: unfinished, painted, basalt stone, mid relief. Content: looks like sun, rays radiating, scary face, deep set eyes, wide mouth, earspools, clawed hands holding human heart. Form: motifs, rough texture, geometric, movement, circular, radial symmetry. Style: intricate, complex, naturalistic, abstract. Context: called sun stone, place horizontally, fire ceremony every 50 years, face is son god axis mundi, nahum aztecs spoke nahutakl, aztec capital surrounded by fault line. function: religious sacred solar, farming aid, sacrifice. Meaning: earspools are power, sense of structure, origin of cosmos, creations of suns or eras, shape = olin movement, death by earthquakes. themes: time, tradition, sacrifice, agriculture, solar. Related: relief sculpture, coo stone, stone henge.

Sphinx

2520-2494 65 ft x 240 ft long location: next to causeway near khafre pyramid. material: red body and nemses painted yellow, carved from bedrock of gizeh, 1 big stone, moved and carved at location (100 people, 3 years). content: half lion with head of king, originally painted, nemses (headress with snake on top), serious face frontal, false beard. form: large scale (largest in near east), static, 3d, composite, bilteral sym. context: beard and nose are in britain, close to city, groundwater sucked into stone and deteriorating, head = smaller than body, palette near sphinx, khafro = sun god. function: protect king's valley temple, it's own temple, large head nad body for khafro, summer solstice = sun in middle and horizon = symbolic. meaning: status, display of power, proection, calm face = able to protect, cats in egypt protect grain. themes: protection, gateway, power, grand. related: great serpent mound (sun, solstice, lunar), lamassu (half and half, protection), ahu'la cape, aztec headress.

Markets of Trajan

Location: Adjacent to forum, in Rome. Materials: stone marble concrete, cut into hillside. Style: high empire Content: groin vault, multi level commercial complex, mall, vaulted market hall, dense, 170 rooms. Form: symmetrical, apertures, light accents, geometric, curve. Context: nero appropriated land from him, emperors built for the public after nero, by apollodorus of Damascus. Function: marketplace, shopping. Meaning: beginning of consumerism, wealth of society, honor Trajan. Themes: Economic, innovations in building. Related: Athenian Agora, Shopping cart woman.

The Book of the Dead

1275 BCE Style: Abstract Material: papyrus scroll, painted. Content: Reads left to right Anubis (crouching) brings hunefer into judgement area. Anubis supervises judgement scales Heart/pot weighed against a feather Beast (ammit) part croc/lion/hippo Hunefer at right brought into presence of Osiris by son Horus (became "justified") Top of lotis blossom behind throne = 4 children/coordinal ponts Thoth (ibis head, reporting proceedings of what happens to H). Form: composite, static tells story, 2d, painted. Context: only if you live an ethical life then you have access to afterlife h = scribe priestly status literate egyptians thought heart = seat of emotions (intellect and character) Heart not balanced with feather then dead is non existent and devoured True voice = standard epithet to through dead individuals in their texts Ancient text that had spells/praers things that dead needed Function: children carry canopic jars, producced for juniffer, where to go once dead. meaning: eye of horis is battle between horus and seth. hunefer's heart rep a pot featehr = maat or established order of things, deity of divine order horus = flacon, talons white platform: natron (natural salts) Themes: hierarchy, narrative, worship, sacrifice related: lintel 25, standard of ur

King Tut Death Mask

1323 BCE 1'9 1/4" high Style: armana style Material: gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stone, portrait = gold, inalaid semiprecious stones. technique: beaten gold (1/4 ton), inlaid with lapis lazuli, turquoise, carnelian. mask - 2 sheets of gold hammered together weighing 22.5 lbs. Content: shiny, detailed royal beard, holding arms close together. **originally covered in black anointing liquid. mask - life like features, perf eyebrows, stripped, goddess nekhbet and wadject protect his brow, broad collar ending with falcon head terminals. Form: symmetrical, shiny, gold, black and blue accents Mask - symmetrical, repetition of horizontal lines, smooth yet ribbed texture. Context: coffin was in tomb @ thebes, married half sister, king sut ruled for ten years died at 18, son of Akhentaton, treasuers of his tomb = uncovered in 1922, howard carter excavated them in valley of kings, tomb = principal monument, sarcophagus reposed in innermost of 3 coffins (this one = luxurious). function: tomb for king tut, gives us insights, book of dead = road map to after life. meaning: sensitive portrayal dressed in official regalia (nemes headress and false beard), connection to image of god. themes: funerary, political, power, youth.

Royal Family Stele

1353-1335 BCE 12 x 14 in Style: stylistic, abstract. Material: limestone, shadowing, sunken relief. Content: Change in crown/headdress, ankhs (sign of life), rays of light pour down (hands at end), pharaoh holding eldest daughter sitting on pillows/tools, daughter = tenderly supported from head, another mother, mom holding other one pointing back to husband with youngest on shoulder, exaggerated non-ideal with swollen bellies thin arms and elongated skulls, god = present, aten = sundisk and sun = small cobra. fomr: curvilinear forms, composite view of body, profule face and forntal eye, softeness = informal, some elements of traditional egyptian. context: akhenaten changes state religion (amun to aten), him and his wife = only rep. on earth, upsets priesthood, wife = neferiti, monotheist. function: pace in private domestic environment, altar in someone's home, distinguish new egpt. meaning: both rule egypt together (simple throne), relationship with one another and children, obra = supreme and only deity, breath of life for A and N, throne of N rep upper and lower egypt. theme: love, fam, domesticity, religion. related: stele of hammurabi (diety), and ahu'la feather cape (power).

Tomb of Nebamun

1400-1350 BCE Amarna style: inc. body, new headress (cobra), male/and/woman. Caused by: Pharaoh Amenhotep IV Content: most readable position (composite), cat birds (horus) enormous vitality. Context: polytheistic (multiple gods), monotheistic (one god).

Hatesheput's Temple

1473-1458 BCE Location: senment deir el bahri, egypt in area of new thebes in new kingdom. on nile river near valley of kings and quens. style: realistic, greek, minimalistic, new kingdom. material: columns, rock pillars, buit for lower by senemote, 3 levels of terraces in limestone cliff, columnades uppot, sunken/low relief carvings. content: causeway, against cliff face (contrast), 16 sides, well proportioned rhythmically spaced, terraces were gardens with frankincense trees/rare plants from land of punt, daughter of amen re (first great female monarch), lower courtyard had sculptures, axiality (linear). form: horizontal/vertical columnades, movement and rhythm of light and dark, repetition of limestone cliffs, low relief, symmetry in status and building (bilateral). context: mortuary temple of H, elaborate/luxe decorated for pharaoh and gods, first great female monarch, didn't have any sons but wanted throne, depicted as sphinx or standing mummy, pr campaign because her brother waned to rule, young child can't rule alone but H gets more power and calls herself a king, died from overwight cancer and diabetes. function: honor, worshiping fods, ritual place (house for god), make her rule last (cement), spirit after death (mortuary temple), amen re east to west (afterlife). meaning: to senmut (her chancellor/possible lover/architect), reliefs = h's coronation and divine birth, 1st great tribute to woman's achievements, balance and order no chaos. themes: permanence, propoganda, stability, women, power. related: mesa verde (built inside cave), acropolis (columns), templo mayor (worship gods).

Pylon Temple, Temple of Amon-Re

1550 60 acres Location: luxor, egypt Style: realistic Material: lotus columns with papyrus and palm plants for marsh-like environment, karnak: precise cutting of joints and weight of stone blocks hold columns in place, sunken = chisel outlines below surface that preserve contours, sandstone mud bricks. Content: columns higher than sides = clerestory (sunlight), 2 axes (north and south, east and west), sotuh = luxor temple connectted by avenue of ram-headed sphinxes, axial cooridors approach, karnak: central columns and capitals = large and hold 100 people. hypostyle hall:(bright, clerestory, lighting, restricted), crowded with columns, roofed with stone slabs and carried on lintels. form: bilat sym, sunken relief sculpture, 3d, large scale, geometric. context: diff things in pylon, bby thutmose 1 and 2 and hatsh but rmses 2 helped, first developed during middle kingdom and modest, main precinct = 20 temples and chapels, "most select of places", sacred lake (priest washes statues and drank), kitchens, workshops, holds tallest obelisk dedicated by hatshepsuit, temple of thutmose (columns = tent poles), outer areas = flood during inundation (nile), rises form earth as sacred mound. function: principal religious center of amen-re in thebes, holds main precinct to amun-re, mut and montu, god can dwell on earth, working estate for priests (residents), columns = image and message bearing. meaning: largest religious complexes in world, zep tepi first time so beginnings of world creation, pylons or gateways = horizon (1 moves as floor rises like mound), roof = sky with birds and stars, rank = primeval waters before creation, clerestory = key role in roman basilica. themes: worship, religion, primitive. related: chavin temple, machu picchu (residential, ritual, gods) structures 33 and 40 (monumental, large scale, worship, made by bird jag IV), persepolis.

Standard of Ur

2600 BCE Location: Uruk, Iraq. Materials: Lapiz lazuli (afgan), shells (gulf), red stone (media), mosaic, bituem. FROM TRADE! Content: Peace - 1. lyre, registers horizontally across, king breaking through mosasic, 2 servants, aristocrats seated holding cups, 1 chair leg = animal lef, 2. goats/sheep/tribute/taxes, 3. servants/slaves. War - 1. Sumerian army with emperor in middle, chariots, 2. soldiers and POW, 3. repetition of chariots, left= right diff pics of movement, trot to gallop. Form: smaller than king, twisted perspective, most in profile, abstact ish. Context: invasion because geography, peace = prosperity, war = gods don't like, large army = taxes, hierarchy. Function: sound box, standard = box with hole underneath held as flag, use in afterlife. Meaning: so much and so little (inferred), join king in civilization, hierarchy with 3 levels. Themes: war, peace, social hierarchy, narrative. Related: ambun stone (after life), feather cape (power/status).

Stele of Hammurabi

1780 BCE 7'4" high Location: Susa, Iran Materials: Basalt, carved, baj relief. Content: stele, Hammurabi's code inscribed, @ top is relief depicting H & flame shouldered sun god shamash (horned down and flames), king raising hand, shamash front and side views, headdress = true in profile nd raises from mountain (ziggurat), inscribed cuneiform all sides, prologue, epilogue discusses posterity of king. Form: beard = diagonal, large scale, frontal shoulders, composite, 4-shortening. Context: cuneiform by sumerians, local governors stay in control of city states, improved taxation, H created law code, great detail, code written in Akkadian and was inscribed 3500 lines of characters, re-emerge Mesopotamia tradition/power when H ruled, most renowned king, made 4 quarters of earth obedient. Function: carried off as booty to susa, govern all aspects of life, emphasize H rule as pious theocrat, laws = come from gods, announce action and consequences, read from bottom to top. Meaning: stone = hard so laws can't break, god bestowing authority to rule and enforce laws on H, road and ring = authority, capacity to build social order and measure lives (tools), eye for an eye. Themes: power, order, worship, law, justice. Related: nan midol (basalt), anthro stele (stele, carved, male).

Seated Scribe, Kai.

2450-2350 BCE 54 x 44 cm (35 cm deep) Location: egypt @ necropolis @ sakara (near step pyramid). style: naturalstic, realistic. materials/techniques: painted limestone crystal, rocks in eyes, copper around eyes, nipples = wood, natural pigment, ochre for red. content: thin eyebrows, big nose and ears, thin lips, seated at ground, legs rossed, attentive, following eyes, casual dress, old body, wrinkled, holding papyrus scroll (used to hold writing tool), religious theme. form: symmetrical, color vs plain stone, realistic/naturalistic, neutral colors (red ochre body), contrast of white in eyes nad black eyeliner. context: old kingdom site = found, rigid and traditional, he was a sccribe who copied religious/historic/science observations, government, distinct, informal. function: funerary sculpture, ka (soul) statue, in mastaba (no one is going to see), made just for him. meaning: belly = well fed/$$, presentation = not of king/divine status, most of egypt = illiterate so he was important. themes: religious, after life, funerary, realism, social class, naturalistic. related: anthro stele (funerary), ibex beaker (funerary).

Statue of Khafe

2500 BCE 5'6" Materials: anorthosite gneiss (diorite), valuable extremely hard and dark stone brought down 400 miles nile river, depicted in the round, drew front back 2 profile views on ertical faces, appretices chisel excess stone so planes meet at right angle, master sculpted, abrasion for finishm subtraction b/c didn't finish polishing. style: idealistic content: young and in good shape, idealistic, wheel barrow hands, attatched to unarticulated slab throne, arms = close to torso and connected to chair with limestone ering simple kilt, rigidly upright on throne of stylized lions, lotus/papyrus between throne legs. form: in canon, frontal, rigil, stillness, 3d, bilaterally symmerical, smooth, large scale. context: pharaoh reigned 4th dynasty, carved for valley temple near sphinx, mummy line causeway. function: funeral rituals last for eternity, subsitute abodes for pharaohs ka, proclaim god like nature, portrait, line causeay. meaning: material from faraway places = imperial/power as ruler, last forever, lotus/papyrus intertwined symbolize united egypt, lion was a royal symbol as well as being connected with the sun as a symbol of the horizon. Themes: funerary, unification, idealistic. Related: sphinx, tamati waka nene.

Great Pyramids of Giza, Khufu, Khafre, Menakure

2520-2492 Location: gizeh (across nile from modern cairo) Material: ramp on 1 side of pyramid to quarry limestone by sleds, spiral ramps, combo of both, workers cut into rock and remove blocks of euqal size with stone or copper chisels and wood mallets, remove block by cutting channels on all sides then pry from bedrock, set ashlar blocks in place with ramps, case with white limestone. Content: gold at top (rays), 2.3 million stones, alignment/diagonal, large pyramids, temple at base and long stone causeway leading east to valley temple, queen pyramids arranged as satelittes, cemetery of smaller tombs (mastabas) for court members. Form: bilaterally symmetrical, 3d, pyramid shape, large scale, rough texture. context: each apart of mortuary complex with temple base, built over 75 years, organize huge workforce (seasonal crews 200 men teams of 20), khufu = oldest and largest (sunlight would dazzle), khafre remains funerary complex, built by the three rulers in title. meaning: ruler = re, buried near king = great honor, wealth and pretensions of 4th dynasty pharaohs,symbolize sun, suns rays as ramp pharaoh uses to heavens, shape = heliopolis. Themes: afterlife, social status, power, funerary. Related: ziggurat (bent axis vs causeway), anthro stele (looks egyptian, grave marker, funerary), machu picchu.

Stepped Pyramid of King Djoser

2625 BCE Saqqara 200 ft tall, 37 acres. By: Imhotep (whole system). Content: first columns before greeks, connected to wall, mortuary, Context: buried underneath ot, 1st of egypt pharaohs to be a god = djoser, build his tomb, revolution now built from stone, faced east because sun sets in west and people weren't slaves.

Palette of Narmar

3168 BCE 2 ft x 1 in tall Material: smooth, gray ish green, silt from river, baj/low relief. Content front: top - aeroa; voew, king's name chiseled at top, king in human form, sandal bearer behind, priest, decapitated birds eye view of people, falcon horus, boatm standard bearers of diff districts. middle - serpopards (feline snake heads). bottom - pow killed, bull destroying city (king). back: top - goddess hathor, name in center, egyptian king with red crown @ foes, horus human arm emerging from papyrus, hapi = god of nile and under bird, sandal bearer. bottom - on top of people being trampled. Form: canon, asymmetrical, low/baj relief, 1000 years of history @ same time = abstract, birds eye and aerial. Context: desert besides nile, black eyelinder, adornment/accessorizing, pharaoh = king and sumerian = king, deposit in horus temple, most beloved treasure of egypt, 3000 years of egyptian dynasty. Funtion: battle scene as historic narrative, initial unif. of egypt, depression for cosmetics (served to reduce glare)* originally ritual object dedicated to a god, bury beneath the floor. Meaning: reg = hierachy scale, easy 2 underderstand, red = lower Eypt divine power lower egypt = sun, upper egypt. unification putting hats together. Themes: ritual, originally burial, historic. Related: lamassu, standard of ur (large, tall king), elk hide, coyo stone, mayan lintels 23 & 24.

Sumerian White Temple and its Ziggurat

3200-3000 BCE 40 ft high, 17 x 22 m Location: Uruk, Iraq Materials: Mud bricks (stone = rare), temple had a bent axis approach, 1500 laborers worked 10 hours a day for 5 years to get tax relief (corvee), top layer is bitumen or asphalt, top temple is white plaster. Content: Coordinal points, waterproof bricks, white temple had 3 entrances, flat terraces with pit and fire traces, 4 sloping spaces (chopped off pyramid), steep stairway, winding ramp, bent-axis turn 90% to face the altar. Form: pattern on ziggurat, 3D, mud brick texture, white temple, neutral colored ziggurat. Context: Dedicated to Anu (god of the sky), heart of theocratic political system, rulers rule for the gods but ARE NOT GODS, liquid drains through to not ruin building, religious belief = incentive to build. Function: deities political authority, honor god/goddess, animal sacrifice, ritual. Meaning: gods, white temple astrology (coordinal points), priests/elite go in, mountain is significant for gods. Themes: supernatural, political, religious Related: Temple Mayor (mountain, sacrifice, gods), Nan Midol, Chavin temple.

Votive Figures

3200-3000 BCE (after Bronze Age) 11 5/8 x 5 1/8 x 3 7/8 in, 1-3ft tall Location: Square temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq), north Mesopotamia. Materials: gypsum alabaster, shell, black limestone, bitumen sticks shells. Content: women: long robes, bare right shoulder, 2 small leg remains of child. one of the smaller figures, wide eyes (inlaid shell and black limestone), sense of attractiveness, hands clasped with erect and broad shoulders (frontality), center part with braids spiraling down and framing beard, incising @ bottom of shirt (men), flat torso v shape, inlaid eyebrows, votive image of worshipper, horizontal and cleft belt. Form: cylinder shape bottom, geometric patterning (cones), symmetrical, small scale, rough texture, 3D, disproportionate hands and eyes, vertical. Context: Thought gods sent floods/bad weather, surrogate (usually photo) for studying, "standing male worshipper" and rulers god representatives on earth, Sumerian (multiple individual city states), originally buried a small group in floor of temple in city nucleus, tigris and Euphrates rivers had early ctiies and writing, city = admin buildings, temples, palaces, organized labor force. Function: worship god Anu in supplicant, god embodied sculpture, elite pays for it and placed before god and pray to it, offer constant prayers to gods on donor's behalf. Meaning: timeless, express Sumerian art, front is meant to be seen by a god, symbolizes person, hands folded in prayer holding small beakers, tilted upward is waiting for divinity, open eyes = eternal wakefulness. Themes: gods, worship, religion, prayer, wealth and status. Related: Ambun stone (god embodied in sculpture), female deity (resting place of god, vertical, anthro stele (simplistic, belt).

Palace of Darius

521-465 BCE 125,000 m2 Location: Persepolis, Iran near Sharad Materials: From all over empire, crisply chiseled reliefs, originally painted, built retaining wall b/c viewed from affair, intricate columns, cedar rood, glazed brick. Content: monumental center, 72 columns, on platform overlooking plain, approach = gateway of all lands, man-headed winged bulls @ entrance, ceremonial stair case (processional scene) to apandana (roof sup by columns) audience hall, greek drapery folds, nobles in elite/mil outfits. Form: reliefs décor walls/terrace, gold/silver adornment, peaceful reliefs low, project from background, large scale, 3D, rough texture, vertical, cylindrical, geometric. Context: 518 bc Persepolis, darius greatest ruler/builder and built w xeres, city Persians, capital of empire at royal hill, heterogeneous work force, not very secure bc Babylonian rebellions, Nebuchadnezzar II = renowned king, mud brick city, dazzling ones on monuments, nomadic people. Function: ceremonial and admin complex, visual microcosm of Persian empire, power, receptions in audience hall, gifts at local treasury, sacred site, afgh = camels, ethiop = ivory, indian = gold, venetian = glass. Meaning: harmony, reliefs of royal guards rep. different nations, active exchange of ideas, sacred connection to Mithra, stone platform = power.stature. Themes: Power, status geo, political, intercultural, fear, ceremony. Related: structures 33 and 40 (power, secure bird jag leadership), chavin temple (ceremonial complex), macho picchu (terraces, power, status), nan midol, golden temple.

Lamassu

720-705 BCE Location: Iraq Materials: carved from monolithic limestone, relief sculpture in palace gives processes of moving it Content: ring bulls (power), human head, bird wings, top crown with Rosetta, bird feathers, tail, bull ears, 2 horns, long beard, unibrow, incised and thick hair. Form: frontal and side view, large scale, 3d, sculpture, high relief and in the round. Context: big walls protect from attack, hities conquer Babylonians, lamassu at entrances near big walls, assyrians = war like. Function: protection at city grates, intimidate people of power and prestige, weight bearing, authority of king. Meaning: rep power and authority of king, guardian, frontal = watching you, side = welcoming. Themes: power, protection, fear. Related: great serpent mound (animal), buk mask (animal, wings).

Athenian Agora

Archaic through Hellenistic Greek. 600 B.C.E.-150 C.E. Plan. Date: 6th century bc Style: classical, realistic. Content: at bottom of Parthenon hill, stoas (columnades) provide shaded walkway, library concert hall, shrines and temples, water at fountainhouse, primitive machines for juries, pottery inscriptions to vote to ostracize. Form: marble, smooth, 3D, large scale, geometric. Context: surrounded by public buildings necessary to run the Athenian government, first was the burial ground and scattered habitation, 5th century was when citizens directly involved in government and elected a new few, great procession once a year through agora to mount (athenas ceremony). Function: center of city where citizens assemble, marketplace, most important place in Athens, conduct business, religion, political. Meaning: gathering place, assembly, Parthenon is wealth and pride. Themes: city, connection, government, architecture. Related: perepolis (apadana), Machu Picchu (residential, large, many people go there).

T'oqapu Tunic

Date: 1450-1540 Periods: Inca Location: Dumbarton Oaks Scale: 90 by 77 cm Materials: Camelid (alpaca) fiber and cotton, woven on backstop loom, died to post or tree and strap on weaver's back, create different patterns by leaning, dyed with cochineal bugs over cotton weft. Content: light strong weave, single piece, slit in center for head, black and white checkerboard. Form: Geometric motifs, straight lines, dark colors, large scale, symmetrical, repetition. Context: Exchange high status goods, gifts for inca who claim portions of local produce as their due, Qompi made by calls and spun textiles, tradition = single piece without any cuts. Function: Demonstrate power of Sapa Inka, give as gifts Meaning: One piece = sacred can't be cut, high rank, centrality to power, red and indigo = high status.\\ Themes: Power, military, rank, social status, political. Related: feather cape (power, high status, $$$), tapa cloth.

Barbara Kruger

Barbara Kruger * Use of words *Stereotypes and gender roles * Anti Consumerism * Born in 1945 * Worked in media * Big, black, red, and white * Red captures attention

Golden Temple

Date: 1450-1540 Periods: Inka Location: Cuzco Scale: 1100 ft high Materials: Stones, even course, pretty uniform shape, used to have sheets of gold Content: Double trapezoid door, puma shape, hurin (lower) and human (upper) sections, axis mundi, ceques imaginary lines protecting empire. Form: Temple is geometric, trapezoid, city is zoomorphic, 3D. Context: Spanish built on top of it, home of secular and religious activities, young men educated there, young girls made cloth and corn beer, spanish melt down the gold. Function: Worship sun god Into, sacred space, training place. Meaning: Power of puma, 4 corners of city symbolize 4 corners of empire, class divisions, stones are like people. Themes: spiritual, status, divinity, power. Related: feather cape, temple mayor.

St. Luke Lindisfarne Gospel

Content: Luke with curly hair & beard, latin words, red cushion, quill in right hand, tray with red legs, purple robe with red streaks, gold halo with blue winged calf holding gospel. Function: symbolic rep of luke's gospel, color and lines. Incit Page Lindisfarne Gospel Content: Zoomorphic birds and cat, spiraled forms and swirling vortex, large Q starts sentence. Form: busy, levels, patterning, geometric, red dots above each word.

Longman Caves

Datae: 493-1127 CE Periods: Tang Location: Luoyang, China Scale: Extends for 1 mile, Buddha = 55ft Materials: Limestone cliffs, originally painted blue red gold Content: pic 1 and 2- Shakyamuni = historical and Maitreya = future, 9 monumental images, Serene central vaircana buddha (cosmic) and 2 monks, Animated bodhisattvas (heavenly king and helper) Pic 3- Vaisravana (holding stupa, one of 4 heavenly kings), and Vajrapani (thunderbolt holder) Form: Pic 1- large scale, rough, geo, contour Pic 2- high relief, semi-circle, large scale, hierarchy, smooth, static Pic 3- movement, large scale, hierarchy, Contrapposto. Context: Sponsored by Emp. Gaozong and wife Empress Wu, Northern wei = most powerful dynasty before Sui and Tang founded by Tuba Tribesman (nomads), Emp Wen moved capital and barely managed to complete Central Binyang Cave, Tang Dynasty = age of international Buddhism Function: Mirror political situation in Tang empire, depict Buddha Meaning: Vairocana presides over all buddhas, maitreya = based on giving mudra, surface detail = simplicity and dignity Themes: Innovation, style inconography, celestial, power, religion, politics. Related: Mesa Verde, hatshepsut's mortuary temple, Great serpent mound (celestial)

Terra Cota Fragment

Date: 1000 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Central Pacific, Lapita of New Guinea. Location: Oceania and most of pacific Scale/Size: Vary but smaller. Materials/Techniques: Hand-shaped paddle and anvil technique to thin walls, open fire to harden, clay with sand so doesn't crack, has a slip: tiny particules of clay in water, drawn free hand/stamped, coral lime paste to stand out, material imported from other places, traded with sea of islands. Content: Stamped motifs/patterns, linear/curved/rounded shapes, face design (anthro), formal/structural sense. Form: 2D, asymmetrical, rough, grinds/motifs. Style: Naturalistic, abstract. Context: Taiwan - Hawaii - Easter Island, people had sea faring/navigation skills, manufactured pottery (most bowls but some had feet), they left pieces of stratification (or layers on top of each other) at the places they traveled. Function: Serving food and larger ones were for storage. Meaning: Grammar for archaeologists, provide evidence of Lapita movement. Theme: Practicality, ancestry, decoration, oldest human face. Related: Ibex Beaker (pottery, stylized), Apollo 11 (abstract).

Rapa Nui

Date: 1000 CE Periods/culture: Polynesian Location: Rapa nui Scale/size: 242 X 96 X 47 cm (stone = 25 tons). Materials/Techniques: volcanic turf, would take a year with 12 men, more months to move it. Content: back to the sea, ritual center, heavy eyebrow ridge, nostrils, thin arms against body, hardly hands, ahu = stone plaform, pukao = hats of coral, caved down liips, statue = Moai. Form: large scale, head out of proportion, symmetrical, rough structure (basalt) Style: abstract, stylistic. Context: smallpox came to the Peruvians enslaved survivors, maoi by Powhatans 100 ce to 1600s, adopt Christianity maoi = toppled and one is taken to Europe in 1869, island had deforestation (used all the wood, competition escalated, led to erosion and dead animals/plants), rats and cockroaches took over island. Function: commemorate important ancestors (watch and protect us), sight seeing (cruise ships $ to help bring back). Meaning: led to downfall of civilization, depicts ancestral chiefs, talk to them and they talk to you (natural and cosmic), coral eyes in = living god and out = dead god and euros banned it, Themes: Ancestral worship, protection, heritage, ecology/environment, colonization. Related work: Lascaux caves, ambun stone (carving).

Travelers among Mountains and Streams, Fan Kuan

Date: 1000 CE Periods: Northern Song Location: National Palace Museum, Taibet Sclae: 7ft tall Materials: Silk hanging on scroll, painted, texture dots and ink wash. Content: Hanging scroll, boulders in foreground, rocky outcroppings covered with trees, 2 men driving group of donkeys with firewood, temple in forestm triangle mountains with deep crevices, gaps between 3 distances (boulders, rock outcropping, soaring peaks). Form: organic shapes, frontal, scale. Context: By Fan Kuan, landscape painting aka shanshui hua, landscape style in dynasty, political disunity and kuan = disenchanted with human affairs, neo-confucianism (adding buddhism and daosim), yin and yang / Li and Qi (reality vs energy) Function: reflect artist worldview, universal creation, paint in light of own principles. Meaning: Mountains = sacred abode of immortals. pine trees = virtuous man, bold directness = open character and generous disposition. Themes: Beauty, religion, nature Related: Elk hide (nature), great wave, great hall of bulls.

Great Zimbabwe

Date: 1000-1400 CE Periods: Shona Location: SE Zimbabwe Scale: 1800 acres Materials: no mortar (like Inca), large natural granite Content: Largest tower form = granary, cylindrical towers, monoliths with geo patterns, tight passageways to tall towers, surrounded by large rocks, no straight lines Form: 3d, large scale, cylinder, geometric, curvilinear. Context: 3 areas = Hill Ruin, Great Enclosure, Valley Ruins, had cattle, bear gold mines, prosperous trade center before europeans, ruler got tribute in grain. Function: Royal residence with special places for super, tower = granary, social admin and civic center Meaning: unknown true significance, grain bins = symbols of royal power and generosity, zimbabwe = house of stone Themes: power and prestige, religious, trade, wealth. Related: Machu Picchu, palace of darius, golden temple, nan idol (stone, breaking it, mysterious).

Great Serpent Mound

Date: 1070 CE Periods: Adena Location: Ohio Scale: 1/4 mile Materials: Grass bedrock Content: twisting earth work, bluff overlooking ohio bush creek, lower jaw = appendages, small arms like lizard, large, elaborate, head is east and tail is west. Form: crescent shape, movement, curved lines, contour. Style: architectural, sculptural, naturalistic. Context: effigy mound example (of animal), no evidence of temple of writing, halley's comet, large labor force, cultivated maize beans and squash. Function: mark times and seasons, lunar phases, compass, worship snake god. Meaning: preservation, snakes are crop fertility and supernatural powers, serpent shape = draco constellation and pole star, egg eye maybe sun. Themes: fertility, spiritual, understanding natural world. Related: nose ornament, calendar stone.

Shiva as Lord of Dance

Date: 11th century Periods: Hindu, India Location: India Scale: 68 x 56 cm Materials: Copper Alloy, molded bronze Content: almond eyes, round moon face, dressed in jewelry, 4 long arms with different positions, foot across chest = meditation, abhaya mudra = be not afraid, hair radiates from head like sun and gangzi river god, flames ring of fire = mass time and space, agni flame of destruction, standing on opasmara dwarf. Form: small, circular, symmetrical, movement. Context: Movable, processional parade, Tamil Nadu empire - golden age, extended south to Sri Lanka with copper reserves Function: held, dress in clothes/jewels/candles, embody divine, physical beauty Meaning: earrings = male and female, embodiment of divine, destruction circle begins again, ideal beauty. Themes: religion, worship, dance/movement Related: seated scribe, ahula cape, doryphorus.

Jade Cong

Date: 1200 BCE Culture: Neolithic Location: Liangzhu, China Scale 49 cm high Materials: Jade, sand abrasion, long process Form: 3D, cylindrical, relief, smooth, geometric, symmetrical. Context: Buried with royalty, lived in cities, farmed. Function: Funerary, ward off evil spirits, Meaning: jade = durable and strong, circle = earth Themes: funerary, wealth Related: Anthro stele, sarcophagus of happy couple.

Olmec Style Mask

Date: 1200-400 BCE Periods: Motherculture MesoAmerica Location: Temple Mayor Scale: Size of palm Materials: jadeite. Content: glyphs on side of mouth, human face, upturned lips, elongated ears, few teeth, almond eyes. Form: small scale, symmetrical, no motion. Style: abstract, naturalistic. Context: mother culture of central america, lived in coast mexico, impressive public spaces, ball court, trading. Function: offerings, ritually buried. Meaning: glyphs = 4 quarters of human world, ruler is at center for power. Themes: tribute, trade, ritualistic. Related: temple mayor, jade cong.

Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace

Date: 1250-1300 CE Periods: Kamakura Location: Japan Scale: 1'4 1/4" and complete scroll = 22'10" long Materials: Emaki scroll, ink and colors on paper Content: Ox transports eye to carts.warriors, figures rush toward blazing building, warrior on rearing horse arrests gaze, archer who picks up soldier's movement, birds eye view, unpainted wood buildings, emotion. minamoto yoshitomo = behind carriage, crashed veranda, rest = lost. Form: vivid flashes of color, movement, Context: Red from right to left, heiji insurrection (short war), flashpoints = gunki monogatori, noble daughter = tools in political marriages, retired emperor could asser himself, sanjo = home of emperor goshirakawa who backed fujiwara. Function: Illustrate battles in civil war at end of Heian period, celebrate Japan's change to samurai, attack = seize power by abducting emperor/retired emperor. Meaning: horse and rider = deceptive cadence. Themes: narrative, war, violence, multicultural (inspired) Related: Alexander Mosaic, terra cotta warriors.

Basin

Date: 1320-1340 Periods: Muhammad ibn al Zain Location: Egypt or Syria Scale: 8 3/4 high Materials: brass inlaid with gold and silver Content: around roundels proceeding to royals, animals and figures running, signed 6 times, mamluk hunters and mongol enemies, eels at bottom, 2 frontal rulers holding goblets, decapitated limbs, hunting, arabesques inlaid with silver background Form: geometric, repetition, pattern, register frieze, circular, movement. Context: By Muhammad Ibn Al Zayn, court official salar ordered for sultan, mamluk = slave warriors asserted independence, known for textile and metal work Function: wash hands at ceremonies, fashioned for specific mamluk patron, used to baptize, made for someone not muslim? Meaning: fleur de lis = symbol of french royal family and sultan mamlak, limbs = war and violence Themes: power, wealth, practical Related: Niobid krater, ibex beaker.

The David Vases

Date: 1351 CE Periods: Yuan Dynasty Location: China Scale: 64 x 21 c, Materials: Blue and White Porcelain, high fired, by Zhang Wenjin, ancient bronze form, cobalt from Iran. Content: Dated inscriptions on one side, porcelain rings attached through elephant head handles, dragon (4 claws, mouth open on clouds) and floral pattern (peonies overlapping plantain leaves), phoenixes. Form: Skinny, long, curved lines, blue color, symmetrical, lusturous Content: Palace in Xingyuan as prayer for protection, exported in large quanities during Song Dynasty, Deducated in 1351 from Yushan country, presented vases and inscense to Daoist temple, owned by Sir Percival David, 1st made porcelain in 600 CE, Jianxi = kaolin added to porcelain Function: altar of daoist temple, offering in honor of someone just made a god. Meaning: Motif = taste of local markets Themes: religion, multicultural, mythology Related: Serpent Mound, Niobi krater

Temple Mayor

Date: 1375-1520 destroyed in 1521 Periods: Mesoamerican Location: Lake texcoco tenochitlan Scale: 90ft high Materials: Stucco, stones, volcanic stone, jadeite, basalt. Content: temple pyramids originally had 2 stair cases, 7 shells of excavated structure, 2 towers/temples, sacrificial stones at center, serpents at base. Form: superimposition, 3d, large scale, geometric, symmetrical Style: architectural, complex Context: human sacrifice, cortes came in 1519, has other deity temples. function: honor aztec gods of water rain and agricultural fertility, place for rituals, burial for important people. Meaning: 2 deities symbolized mexica concept of alt-tlachinolli and warfare, tradition. Themes: fertility, religion, ritual, worship. Related: stonehenge

Camelid Sacrum in the Shape of a Canine

Date: 14000-7000 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Mesoamerican Location: Mexico City Scale/Size: Realistic size. Materials/Techniques: Tool to carve fossil remains (Eyes and nose)/ Content: Dog (K9), curvature to pick out eyes and nostrils. Form: Symmetrical figures, fossil stone (texture), polished in certain areas (smooth). Style: Naturalistic. Context: Found in 1860, lost in 1895-1956 (suspicious), caused controversy b/c not proved age, found tools near actual place (near canal) so assumed age, Pleistocene bone. Function: Sacredness of bone abundance, not writing so unsure. Meaning: Sacred bone, other cultures (India, Egypt) think sacred, resurrection and fire Themes: Worship, fertility. Related: Ambun Stone (themes), Reindeer Swimming (living material).

Ruler's Feather Headress

Date: 1428-1520 Periods: Aztec Location: Vienna but fake is in Mexico City Scale: 116 by 175 cm wide. Materials: Feathers from quetzal, paper gold ornaments, netting in back. Content: Greenish yellow thin feathers, white topped, pearls, red, blue by headpiece. Form: curved bottom, cool colors, contrast hard gold ribbons, movement. Context: Amanteca feather workers live in special quarters, Montezuma's headdress, taken by Cortes to Charles V, different topics (religion) when Europeans come. Function: Ritual, power/status, transform himself into god. Meaning: transformation, eternity with 400 feathers, power, wealth, audience and power. Themes: Spiritual, ritual, power, wealth. Related: Ahi'ula feather cape.

Golden Corn

Date: 1440-1533 Location: Golden Temple's golden garden Scale: Lifesize Materials: Gold silver alloy, reppousse. Content: mimics riped ear of corn from husk, llamas lambs and farmer in garden, black maize in peru Form: naturalistic, bumpy texture, sharp husk point. Context: Europeans want gold/silver, Charles V gets gold and wastes on Wars, only 3 left Function: Status of emperor, wealthy. Meaning: Ripe corn = good harvest, different ecosystems, corn festival. Themes: supernatural, natural world, ritual. Related: serpent nose ring (gold), staff gods (few left)

Observatory in Machu Picchu

Date: 1440-1540 Periods: Inka Location: Machu Picchu near emperor's house Scale: 10 meters high Materials: Stone and masonry with NO mortar. Content: Cave underneath, 2 windows, upper stone. Form: Linear, geometric Context: Temple of the son, upper windows for june solstice, constellation. Function: Observe constellations, connect stars to world. Meaning: Cave is underworld. Style: religion, astronomy. Related: Chavin temple, stone henge, serpent mound.

Intihuatana in Machu Picchu

Date: 1440-1640 Periods: Inka Location: Highest point Scale: 4 desks Mateirals: carved from huge slab of rock Content: Pyramid like, small rock needle at top, 4 sides, multilevel. Form: Geometric, 3D, rough, asymmetrical Context: Hitching post of sun, damaged in 2000 from beer commercial, west of main plaza. Function: track passage of sun, determine when religious events would occur. Meaning: Boulders = relationship with earth, landscape with supernatural. Themes: Supernatural, naturalistic, abstract, rituals, astronomy. Related: Observatory, serpent mound, stonehenge.

Ryoan Ji

Date: 1480 CE Periods: Muromachi Period Location: Kyoto , Japan Materials: Stone water basin, stone Scale: 250 m2 Materials: Stones, white gravel 15 large Content: Main gate to Mirror Pond with mtn view, Pilgrims path 2nd gate to hojo (main building, abbot residence, rooms and gardens), rpcl garden in fornt of hojo with rocks and pebbles, wood veranda, 15 cosk in pebbles covering 250 m2 (only see 14 large rocks at a time) Context: most famous rock garden, inspired by jap and chinese, shinto = jap religion focus on deities, zen buddhism = meditate for enlightenment, changed through time Function: Aesthetics of Zen, cultural zen center for elite under Hosokawa Fam (patron) Meaning: rep. wabi (refined austerity/sternness) and sabi (subdued culture taste), white gravel = flowing water elements, rocks = islands/shores/bridges, stillness/contemplation incites meditation, 9 big stones = tiger cubs crossing water. Themes: Religion, naure, abstract Related: Great Wave (water), Golden Temple (had golden garden)

Tlatilco Female Figure

Date: 1500-1200 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Tlatilco Location: Mexico City Scale/Size: 4 in high Materials/Techniques: Ceramic with pigment, pinch clay by hand, sharp tool for detail, stamp for face. Content: 2 heads, 3 eyes, braided/done up hair with beads, hips large, waist small, no hands or feet, nude. Form: Lines showing hair texture, smooth, curves, symmetrical. Style: Abstract. Context: Modern MX and Aztecs built on top of these civilizations, usually the other figures have 1 head, men = rare and worse masks so higher in society, grew maize and traded (evidence = seashells and oysters found), found by bricklayers and archaeologists studied. Function: Tradition, religious, twins. Meaning: Duality, fertility, shamanistic visions. Themes: Supernatural, fertility, duality. Related: Ambun Stone (fertility, curve, stone).

The Great Hall of the Bulls (Lascaux Caves)

Date: 15000 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Paleolithic Location: Lascaux, South France Scale/Size: 1000 ft tall, 12 ft animal Materials/Techniques: Painted on a cave, white-ish, shape of cave, used ochre and charcoal, scafoldings for lampstone oil lamps, master painted with assistants. Content: Encyclopedia of animals in different styles and shapes, twisted perspective for better view, silhouettes, cows/bull/horses/deer. Form: Movement painted @ diff, times, lines for contour, movement, overlapping. Style: Impressionistic. Context: 1 of first man depictions, Henry Blue spent time w caves, we can go into Cave 2 because it was deteriorating after 15 yrs, hunter gatherers, no writing, diff theories. Function: Mostly unknown but deities, hunting magic rituals, reindeer = hunted but these animals weren't hunted, decoration (not accessible), teaching tools. Meaning: Story telling, dances b/c good acoustics. Themes: Magic, fertility, natural world. Related: Swimming Reindeer (animals, movement).

Ardabil Carpen

Date: 1539-1540 Periods: Maqsud of Kashan Location: Iran, LACMA Scale: 10.5 by 5.3 m Materials: Wool (holds dye), 25 million knots, kids make, red is pomegranate Content: sunburst, 16 medallions, floral vegetation designs, different lamp sizes, poem in corner makes it unique Form: geometric, symmetrical, repetition, perspective depth style: saz Context: maqisud = court official in charge of producing, Ardabil = home to shrine of sufi saint, elevates status of manufacturer Function: décor mosque shrines, walls for warmth in winter Meaning: 2 different lamps = 2 different perspectives of life, family society, wealth and power, deeply mediate and lose yourself, heavenly dome into water Themes: elegance, décor, factory, wealth Related: tapa cloth, david vases (floral).

Machu Picchu

Date: 15th Century Periods: Inka Scale: 125 mil squared Materials: Stone cut individually, peck stones with tools gradually shaping, earthquake damping movement, smoothed faces. Content: Trapezoid doorways, natural part of mountain range, terraces down the mountain side, carved rock outcrops, steps planted with crops, 16 stone channels drain rainfall, structures roofed with wood and thatch. Form: geometric, large scale, 3D, rough for lower class, smooth for upper. Context: Inka are great architects, naturally fortified for defense, 50 miles north of cuzco, nice climate, andean landscape, lower status buildings don't have shaped stones, no written but spoken language, residents are retainers and colonists are mitimaes. Function: Private estate of Inca ruler for 1/2 year, record astronomical events, ruler and fat host feasts and ceremonies, terrace produces maize crops. Meaning: rare site left undisturbed, imperial power (all across empire come to work on it), social division, religious. Themes: ritual, astronomical, religious, power, ancestry. Related: stone henge

Portrait of Sin Sukju

Date: 15th and 16th centuries Periods/Culture: Joseon Dynasty (confucianism) Location: Korea Scale: 167 by 110 cm Materials: Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk, brushwork. Content: Silk rank badge is golden embroidered with peacocks on cloud, portrait painting, official robes with black silk hat, 1 ear showing with turned head, cabriole style arms, leather shoes on foot stool, concealed hands, facial = physical likeness and wrinkles on eyes Form: full length, angular lines, blue gold and black, symmetrical. Context: Different artists in Royal Bureau of Painting created, soul is alive even when dead, confucianism = fillila piety (honor elders), sukji = scholar, politician, prime minister who served till prince anpyeong's death, compiled hwagi (cataolgue of paintings) Function:Hung in shrine, commemorate in life and death, meritorious subject (service and loyalty), cherished/worshipped by families, focus for ancestry worship Meaning: rank badge = power, solemn face = wisdom, power Themes: worship, ancestry, honor, lineage. Related: Tamati Waka Nene (power), hatshepsut's statue.

Wall Plaque

Date: 16th Century Periods: Edo Location: Benin Scale: 19 by 16 by 5 inches Materials: brass, lost wax technique = model, cast, chaste, high relief, carved plaque. Content: small/portable, frontal, ova king and attendants form benin, hold shields above head for attack of sun, bottom figures have weapons, rosette shape, king on horse Form: hierarchy scale, texture, high relief, symmetrical. Context: Only oba got shade, hung with others like it, traded with portugal, king oba collected taxes/managed trade/owned all land, britain burns down the place. Function: decoration, lineage, history, narration, hierarchy Themes: multicultural interaction, trade, hierarchy Related: Athena adjusting sandal, hegeso family stele.

Bandolier Bag

Date: 1850 Periods: Delaware East Woodlands Location: Oklahoma Scale: 70 by 50 cm Materials: Wool, cotton, tiny class beads, porcupine hide, silk ribbons, women make. Content: Colors = yellow, blue, red, green, orange, tassels, red wool fringe, metal combs, each over shoulder strap is different, Form: contrast with white, geometric, soft texture. Context: Removed and relocated by Jackson, women made, men worn, soldiers wore similar bag, unique and can be worn by anyone Function: ceremonial, cultural, attention at festivals. Meaning: compliment men's outfits, contrast colors = celestial and underworld, gap and social status. Themes: celestial, social status Related: Ahi'ula feather cake (unique, power, status, men).

Golden Stool

Date: 1700 Periods: Ashanti South Ghana Scale: 46 by 61 by 30 cm Materials: Gold, wood ContentL Gold color, sits on its own stool, crescent shape, bells attached, flat, geo base with honeycomb. Form: symmetrical, geometric, simple shapes. Context: apparently Osei tutu said this fell from the sky, britain invades for gold and steel, hidden from british, brass weights sculpted, king has nice sandals and umbrella Function: soul of Ashanti nation, sunsum = energy aura that touches the things you touch, different symbols of you, bells = warn danger Meaning: essence of group, gold = power, king = intermediate between heavens and real Themes: power, prestige, miracles, sacred, supernatural Related: tapa cloth, golden serpent nose ring, golden corn, golden temple.

White and Red Plum Blossoms

Date: 1710-1716 Periods: Edo Location: Japan Scale: 156x172 cm Materials: 2 fold screens, color and gold leaf on paper, black ink and washes of gem-like mineral color. Content: 2 flowering trees, gold leaf background, curls and spirals of floating water, branches, lower parts of trees. Form: serpentine contour lines upward, diagonal branches, depth, exaggerated 2d images in 3d. Context: Korin stood at forefront of movement, Rimpa school = abstract and natural, korin taught himself tarashikp (dilute wahses of color) and mokkotsu (w/o exterior lines), themes of nature Function: define enclosed space, rimpa school reflection Meaning: gold background = ethereal glow, lower parts of tree = style of time, curls = running water. Themes: abstract and realistic, naturalistic, water''Related: Great wave (water), lascaux caves (movement)

Ndop

Date: 1760-1780 Culture: Kuba Location: Democratic Republic of Congo Scale: 55 cm high Materials: Wood, cam wood powder, carved rep of outfits Content: Ideal face of king, defined had shoulders stomach and collarbone, not 1 individual king, drums with severed hand = ibol, ceremonial life = ikul. Form: rounded shapes, 1 to 3 proportion, motifs/emblem idol, geo pattern. Context: King = celebrated for generosity and number of loyal subjects, recipient of praise song, commissioned his ndop, 19 ethnic groups that acknowledge, apprenticed to learn art. Function: Record reign, soul double, solidified accomplishments amongst predecessors, ibol = gives identity. Meaning: History, head = 1 to 3 ratio and seat of intelligence Themes: Naturalistic, historical, prestige, power. Related: ambum stone, tamati waka nene.

Female Deity

Date: 18-19th century Periods/culture: western pacific tribe, religious Location: Nukuoro, Carolina islands Micronesia. Scale/size: 40.2 cm high Materials/techniques: Unknown if caved with local adzes with tridacna (salt water clams) shell blades or western metal blade tools, pumice (volcanic rock) from beach on surface to smoothen, media (stone). Content: Ovoid head tapering slightly at chin and columnar neck, discretely shown slits for eyes and nose, shoulders sloped downwards, chest - line that is rudimentary, flat butt on flexed legs, sketchy indication of hands/feet. Form: 3D, horizontal lines on face, chest stomach, knees, geometric shapes, smooth, symmetrical, small scale. Style: abstract, minimalistic. Context: Nukuoro inhabited area since 8th century, left samoan archipelago with chief wawe, considered to be a Polynesian outlier, apart of an isolated atoll (ring shaped island) discovered by euros first by Monteverde (Spain), protestant teachers went to their trade posts, for regular visits. Function: Stood in Amalu (godhouse belonging to the community), figures were rituals in festivities where fruit was brought to statues, dancers, men, women tattooed (beginning of breadfruit harvest). Meaning: a deity in stone sometimes animals or wood figures, worship in temples, décor with loom woven bands mats and feathers, considered the rest place of a god or deity ancestors spirit, 20th century euro artists believed stylized rep of human figures = purest form of art. Themes: ritualistic, religious, stylistic, minimalistic. Related: Antrhopomorphic stele (vertical), ambun stone (sculpture, gods in stone), Stonehenge (vertical).

Ahu 'ula (feather cape)

Date: 18-19th century. Periods/culture: Polynesian. Location: Hawaii (now in British Museum) Scale/size: 4 ft 8 inches by 8 ft Materials/Techniques: Feathers placed over a netting (Saopo feathers), made by men. Content: Red and yellow with black feathers, semi circle, might be soft, matching staff and helmet, all capes must be unique. Form: Crescent shape, symmetrical, complimentary colors, warm primary, Style: Geometric Context: Chiefs = considered holy/godly, sea captains and crew got capes, passed onto patrons (financed their voyages), most visible = yellow feathers, more mana = the larger the cloak. Function: Show power status, physical protection, wore it during battle and ceremonies, considered it to be a trophy, if you give it as a gift, it is a sign of respect/peace offering for friendship. Meaning: Transferred power, power of chiefs, red = Hawaii blood, protects mana, given = sign of respect, one person has it at a time, protect from evil spirits. Themes: Rank, mana socially stratified culture. Related Work: Tamati Waka Nene (chief, symbolism, Hawaii, feathers, mana).

Funeral Banner of Lady Dai

Date: 180 CE Culture: Han Dynasty Location: Hunan Province Scale: 205 x 92 x 48 cm Materials: Silk, painted, red and white color. Content: Registers, 1. heavenly realm with dragons, 2. lady dai and attendants waiting to ascend to heaven, 3. body of lady with mourners funerary/sacrificial rituals, 4. underworld w/snake and deity. Form: Patterns, overlapping bodies, depth, T shape, large scale, smooth. Context: Died at 50 years old and ruled during Han dynasty, earliest known Chinese portrait, image of her in afterlife, found with a number of burial goods, 4 compartments of tomb. Function: cosmos beliefs, afterlife connection, name banners identify dead, domain below human world indication Meaning: bi = the sky, moon and sun = supernatural, red - funerary, beings in underworld = water and earth, spirit realm, **po = body and hun = paradise Themes: funerary, wealth, family, supernatural, afterlife, fabric arts Related: Etruscan toms (all they need in afterlife), sarcophagus (female, funerary), tapa cloth, peru inca tunic.

Great Wave off Kanagawa

Date: 1830-1833 Periods: Edo Location: Kanagawa Japan Scale: 26 x 38 cm Materials: Polychrome woodblock print, ink and color on paper, prussian blue, line pure color. Content: Glimpse of mtn being swallowed up by wave, massive cresting wave about to crash 3 fishing boats, men bend low to dig oars against rough sea. Form: curvilinear, movement, scale, background, diagonal line to mtn peak, oblique angles. Context: Claude Monet = fan, 1867 Paris - Hokusai's work on view at Jap Pavillion, part of series of prints "36 views of mt fuji", hokusai created linear perspective, audience = ordinary people, ukiyo-e impermanent floating world = woodblock prints made during edo, focused on daily life of all social levels, matt c perry = opened japanese trade. Function: displays dutch art influence, first intro of jap culture to west, creates japonisme (collecting art) Meaning: wave = threatening Themes: inspiration, water, nature Related: attack sanjo, jade cong (asian)

Hiapo (Tapa Cloth)

Date: 1850-1900 (still today) Periods/Culture: Nibeans, Polynesia Location: Tanga in Polynesia Scale/size: wrap coffins/skirts/shirts, 50-150 cm (larger = more effort) Materials/techniques: Nat materials from islands, hiapo (mulberry) tree, strip then soak in water, beat with tutu by women with wooden hammer and anvil, design boards of fiber using coco lead stems that are sewn on by hand, even numbers lay white sheets over board and join pieces, red ish on top for design, put outside to dry and then paint motids in black tomo Content: cloth, tan and shades of black and blue, circle that looks like sun, floral on outside. Form: asymmetrical (approx. symmetry), geometric in the middle, white color, sometimes red and black accents. Style: abstract Context: Polynesia ost come from Lapita, cook came in 1774, London miss society comes, hierarchy and chief = top, cloth represents mana (status and high power), women make them, nibeans = first to have human depictions, good navigators. Function: ceremonial exchange, high rank, wrap gift, cover grave bc its taboo to look down, weddings to wear or gift Meaning: preservation of dead ancestors, native celebrations, exchange, funerary Themes: funerary, religion, gift giving.

Navigation Chart

Date: 1850s, 19th century Periods/Culture: Microensian, Oceania Location: Marshall Islands Scale/Size: 65.5 X 99 X 3 cm Materials/Techniques: Wood sticks, shells, coconut fibers to tie in, float on top of ocean. Content: Wood frame, random lines (diagonal, horizontal, and vertical), shells that seem randomly placed. Form: Lines represent movement (of ocean and people navigating), scale (small shells), asymmetrical, smooth shells, possibly rough sticks. Style: Abstract Context: Found by admiral EHM in 1890-1893, sailors, small islands = drive to explore and navigate, vessels = quick and low so you can see low islands and not visible from more than a certain distance. Function: Used as navigation, charts marked location of islands/swells/wave patterns. pneumonic because you leave the navigation chart at home, look at horizon to memorize, souvenir. Meaning: Shells = island placement, read/interpret in order to navigate, straight support it and sometimes current, curved = swells. Themes: Natural world, navigation, memory device. Related work of course: Swimming Reindeer (realizing the natural world), Terra Cota Fragment (Lapita, same people).

Tamati Waka Nene

Date: 1890 Periods/Culture: British missionaries late 1700s, indigenous Maori of New Zealand. Location: New Zealand, kept in Auckland Art Gallery. Scale/Size: 101.9 X 84.2 cm Materials/Technique: Oil on canvas outline in pencil over white background before applying translucent paints and glazes (directly on stretched canvas), reimaging black and white into color. Content: Tanogatuku iho = treasures from ancestry, Chief/war leader of Ngati Hao people wearing Kahu kikwi (cloak of feathers), earring of greenstone or pounamu (tango or treasures), holding tewhatewha (weapon with feathers and hand grip of abalone or paua eye), Moko or facial tattoo especially makes him a person with high mana (power/status). Form: Contrast between light and shadow, neutral colors, white tint in sky, comp weapon to sky, dark backgrounds, 2D, repetition on robe, curved lines on face and veins, straight lines on weapon, texture = smooth feathers, rough robe, corse hair. Style: realistic, artistic interventions, naturalistic. Context: Hawaii ruler in feather cape to announce status, ritual dress and tattoos are power from human interaction, artists painted Maori clothes for Europeans and European clothes for the Maori, he converted to Wesleyan faith and baptized in 1939, Czech artist Gottfried Lindauer came to NZ in 1873 after 10 years painting professionally in Europe and went to make a studio in 1864, Henry Patridge patroned to paint Maori portraits, painted from photo by John Crombie (many Maori had pics produced as carte de visite aka playing card size). Function: portrait hung after person has died in family homes and in Wharenui (common center), to be spoken to/wept over/cherished by family. Meaning: Embodiment of him, glorify person in the painting, audience praises, Mana = power of prestige. Themes: realism, exaggerated (in garments that weren't his), naturalistic, ancestry. Related work: Great Hall of the Bulls (painting), Ambun Stone (ancestry).

Painted Elk Hide

Date: 1890-1900 Periods: Eastern Shoshone Location: Wyoming wind reservation Scale: 81 by 78 inches Materials: Elk, patched together, natural ed ochre and charcoal, freehanded and stencils. Content: animals in movement, ceremonial people, headless of eagle feathers, buffalo, horses, bright colors, teepees, dancing men with ease in middle Form: motifs, asymmetrical, diff colors, repetition, movement. Context: Cadzi Cody = artist, sacred sun dance banned in 1935, introduced guns after spanish arrival, non religious wolf = grass dance, horses form europe. Function: Wall hanging, blankets, deity worship, tourist $$, story telling, history. Meaning: daily life, buffalo = sacred, eagle feathers on bonnet = bravery Themes: honor, power, ceremonial, memory Related: Navigation chart, Lukasa memory board

Staff god, Rarotonga

Date: 18th-19th century Periods/culture: Polynesian Location: raro tonga, Cook Islands Scale/size: 396 cm Materials/techmniques: Paper, mulberry bark, wood, iron wood, feather earrings, shells. Content: Wrapped with lengths of bark cloth, face of a god with eyes and mouth, engraved, faces/figures (profile and frontal) geometric and carved, cloth w alternating dark and light colors. Form: rough, symmetrical, stick anomaly feather. Style: abstract Context: worshipped staff gods till 1773 euro arrival, converted to Christianity, London missionary society (demanded staff gods and destroyed/cut off genital parts), only 20 left. Function: represent clan and distant relatives, protective/procreative powers. Meaning: fertility, protection, sacred, fam descent, geneology, removal of cloth = power gone, male, female, childbirth. Themes: ancestry, spirituality, European contact, fertility. Related work: Ahu'ula (feathers, symmetrical power).

Female Pwo Mask

Date: 19-20th Periods: Choke Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo Scale: 27 by 18 cm Materials: Thin hard to carve wood, red color = red earth and oil, white kalyan powder around eyes Content: Elaborate mask and hair, articulated facial features, calm face and not talking, deep dark red color, big eyes, earrings, pounded dots around eyes. Form: symmetrical, contrast, smooth, geometric, circles. Style: Abstract Context: By choke people in Democratic Republic of Congo, danced by male, passed down, wore with tight fitted rafia body stocking and wood breasts, walked like woman, traded with Portuguese, hairstyle = fashionable. Function: honor young and fertile women, recognize founding female ancestor of chokwe lineage. Meaning: successfully given birth = honor, closed eyes and mouth = she needs respect, white around eyes = spiritual eyes with 2nd sight. Themes: fertility, femininity, power, power, prestige, gender role, lineage Related: Buk mask, Malangan mask, tlatilco female figure (abstract, elaborate, fertility, hair).

Aka Elephant Dance Mask

Date: 19-20th century Periods: Bamileke Location: Camerron Scale: 50 inches tall Materials: Beaded, stitched, cloth panels, plantain fiber, over rafia. Content: Human face, leopard stripes, elephant ears move. Form: bright colors, geometric, small scale, symmetrical. Style: stylized Context: Danced by elephant society where bamileke wore red feather headress, leopard, king = transformed into elephant, court official and warriors also wore. Function: masquerade that brings to life, honor king, social harmony, hierarchy. Meaning: elephant = rule, red = blood and life, white = bones of ancestors, stability, black = night Themes: divine rule, wealth, hierarchy, Related: Aztec feather headers, buk mask, lamassu.

Reliquary Figure Byeri

Date: 19-20th century Periods: Fang Location: Cameroon Scale: 59 cm high Materials: wood, iron Content: elongated torso, herniated belly button, male, large head, downward eyes, closed mouth, clasped arms, muscles, top of head = enlarged Form: symmetrical, geometric, diagonal lines, static, cylindrical, round limbs Style: stylized Context: 2nd life as puppets, guarded scared bones of important people, high status noble person, lineage heads, nomadic so no cemetery and maintained by older men Function: guarded reliquary, intend to ward off harm like uninitiated people, educate young men about ancestors, express spiritual ideas Meaning: musculature = power, approach with honor and respect bc eyes = closed, umbilical cord = life Themes: funerary, honor, respect, protection, strength Related: votives (arms crossed), sarcophagus (funerary).

Ikenga Shrine Figure

Date: 19-20th century Periods: Igbo Location: Nigeria Scale: Pretty small, bigger = more money Materials: wood, carving, hard wood/ tricky to carve Content: Male, human face with animal attributes, large ram horns, sword in right hand, left hand depends on who you are. Form: proportional/symmetrical, large horns, geometric, texture Style: Stylized Context: Traditional male strength, don't have chief, maintained like a man's home. Function: achievement of owners, occupation, sacred diploma, personal god of human achievement. Meaning: seated on stool = honor, express power, horns = aggression/ Themes: spiritual, authority, individualism Related: Ndop (depends on who you are), Bandolier Bag (each is unique), golden stool, golden nose ring.

Lukasa Memory Board

Date: 19-20th century Periods: Luba Location: Democratic Republic of Congo Size: small, handheld Material: Wood, beads, material Content: Carved geo designs on back and sides, beads of various sizes, narrow at center to hold, each is different, zoomorphic. Form: Geometric designs, curvature, asymmetrical, hour glass, utilitarian, texture of wood beads = rough. Context: Luba = enslaved by leopold II, oral language, access to gold/ivory/copoper, settled on congo and traded, mbudye society = training secretive. Function: memory aid describing myths of founding of luba kingdom, solve present day problems, genealogy, migration of people. Meaning: memory, past to present, beds are king and others, lines = migration, won't always be read the same depending on audience. Themes: history, narrative, genealogy, pneumonic device Related: great hall of bulls, navigation chart

Bundu Mask

Date: 19-20th century Periods: Mende Location: West Africa Scale: 39 by 24 by 26 cm Materials: Carved wood, rafia, patina. Content: worn on head, rafia covers face, black sheen, small mouth and ears, closed eyes, wild hair, 4 lines under eyes = scarification. Form: symmetrical, 3D, smooth, facial details, low relief designs, shiny. Context: Mask worn on head, only mask worn by female, initiation, Sande Society in charge of taking to woods to learn skills. Function: initiation, expectation to marry, instruction on womanhood. Meaning: brown = confidence, lines on neck = fat to have children, mask = spirit, inner morality, eyes = reserved, hear and speak no gossip. Themes: transformation, beauty, morality, ceremony, womanhood Related: transformation mask, buk mask.

Veranda Post of Enthroned King and Senior Wife

Date: 1910-19114 Periods: Yoruba Location: Nigeria Scale: 60 by 13 by 16 in Materials: Wood, pigment, carving, at one time pained Content: enthroned king seated in front of towering female figures small figures at feet, wife = strong soldiers, hairstyle form support to hold up roof, wife gazes down, king's crown with bird's beak at king, large beaded crown. Form: vertical, geometric, lines, 3d, originally colored, frontal, hierarchy scale, detail. Context: Inner palace courtyard of King Ikere, 1 of 4 for Olowe of Ise, located outside of tower, Lineage passed through women so matriarchy. Function: Importance of women in yoruba society, coronation ceremony, originally structural post of palace porch Meaning: beads = past rulers, gap in teeth = beauty, large = more important, king central position = status and calmness, bird beak at king = divinity, women = fertility, palace = center of power. Themes: hierarchy, gender roles, power, watchfulness, fertility. Related: Running horned woman, sarcophagus of couple, votive (eyes to heavens), female pwo mask.

Black on black Ceramic Vase

Date: 1939 Periods: Pueblo Location: Son Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico Materials: Coiled shapes slipped polished and fired (in oxygen poor atmosphere), local clay with temper from broken pots for shape, dry and cover with clip, design with iron solution. Content: black ware, decorative motifs of nature, rounded pot, 2 deign bands, bird in flight with rain clouds above. Form: Matte texture, polished surface, curved shape, geometric, traditional yet abstract, ART DECO movement. Context: Maria Montoya and husband Julian make and invent black ware, girls learn from mothers, signed her name and neighbors names in community, in workers guild, north = soft materials and printmaking = new outlet. Function: previously for food storage but Maria made them beautiful, brings pueblo style into wider context. Meaning: community, prayer for rain that could be flown up, transform utilitarian object into art. Themes: decor, gender roles Related: Ibex beaker.

Presentation of Fijian mats and tapa clothes to Queen Elizabeth II

Date: 1953-54 royal tour Periods/culture: Fijian, tapa. Location: Pacific islands, Fiji Scale/size: 16.5 X 22 cm Materials/techniques: silver gelatin print, barkcloth skirts (masi) made by strippinng bark, soaking, beating into strips of glued together cloth of arrowroot, mats = strip, boil, dry, blacken often with pandanus leaves, weave into diagonal patterns with fray edges. Content: procession of Fijian women making their way through group of seated men and women, black and white pic, red/white/black on masi, women wearing masi and holding mats. Form: geo patterns on skirts, tree in background, people sitting in foreground, warm colors, lines, black and white pic Style: realistic, photorealism. Context: Queen = Tonga with Queen Salote and fam, enormous barkcloth where her initials are on hgatu (75 ft), queen and prince Phillip come to their Fijian colony for 3 days prior to continuing first tour, Fijian art includes elap wood/ivory carvings and bure kalou (woven god houses) where they descend to priest, queen visited hospitals, poetical mtgs, performances with kava tea (sipped by commoners by importance and everyone is at same level). Function: masi = gift in important ceremonies (worn by women), mats = type of ritual exchange and tribute and more widely avaible than masi, tourist souvenir

Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan

Date: 1969 Periods: Cultural revolution Location: Shenyang Scale: 10 in, 21 in Materials: Oil on canvas Content:Man sitting atop mtn peak (Mao Zedong), determined look, ideal mao at center marching toward coal mines of anyuan (organized strike), traditional gown with umbrella and fist, mist below, telephone pole at left and dam at right (modernity) Form: deep dark blue and purple hues, depth Context: Chinese communist revolutionary founder of people's republic of china, painted at town of great proletarian cultural rev, wife = Jiang Qing who helped quell criticisms of Mao, correct political fallout especially famine/deaths from Great Leap forward, liu chunua (member of red guard) turned to social realism (emotional) Function: use socialist realism to portray mao as leader, committed to common people Meaning: dam and telephone pole = modernity and nature, determined look = inspiring to viewers Themes: propaganda, modernity, revolution, socialist realism Related: Augustus of Prima Porta (power, ideology).

Terra Cotta Warriors

Date: 221-209 BCE Culture: Qin Dynasty Location: China Scale: 6 ft tall Materials: Terra cotta, 720k laborers, originally painted in bright colors. Content: different hairstyles, stance, rank, face and clothes, warriors, infantry men, horses, chariots, shoulder and body armor, braided top knots, gold/silver ornaments Form: symmetrical, frontal, human proportions, texture, in the round, 3D, realistic. Context: discovered 1974, over 800,000, jin shi huangdi - 36 year reign and built acropolis with army, weigh several hundred pounds, findings of gardens and stables inside, weigh several hundred pounds, credited with writing/currency/infrastructure, banished Confucianism. Function: window of insight to next life, tomb, cosmos, symbols of victory Meaning: continuation of afterlife, politics, cosmos. Themes: funerary, mandate over heaven (divine right), power. Related: happy couple, anthro stele.

Apollo 11 Stones

Date: 2500 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Paleolithic Location: Namibia, Africa. Scale/Size: 2 meters Materials/Techniques: Charcoal on gray, quartz-style stone. Content: Rock with antelope/zebra on it, profile with animal on it, 2 legs added later. Form: Asymmetrical, 2D, smooth texture. Style: Abstract, simplistic. Context: Discovered by German Went during Apollo Program. Not the oldest cave rock. Look @ tools/blades/flakes to find approx. age of carbon dating. Modern thinking. Function: Ritualistic to capture essence of animal. Hunting. Meaning: Supernatural creature (half human, half animal). Themes: Natural world. Supernatural. Shamanistic. Related: Terra Cota Fragment (abstract).

Stonehenge

Date: 2500-1500 B.C.E (3 phases) Periods/culture: Neolithic Location: Salisbury Place Wilshire, England Scale/Size: 97 ft diameter 24 ft high Materials/Techniques: Build circle, upright wood posts and pulleys, sarsen and bluestones from Wales (nobody knows how they moved ), axes to cut trees. Content: Huge circle, lying down or standing upright (megalifts), 2 large with one on top (trilithon), horseshoe shape (burial ground), tenons interlock to keep them together. Form: Post & lintel, smoothly finish 1 side (diff textures), repetition of trilithons, now it's asymmetrical, geometric, II avenue lines. Style: Abstract Context: Egalitarian society (1rst phase), changed and stratified (3rd phase), Ireland and England both attracted to Stonehenge, no weapons so peaceful people (no time to fight). Function: Solar/lunar calendar, funerary (showing social class), healing site, ancestry worship. Meaning: wood = alive and sone = dead. Themes: Religious Related: Anthropomorphic Stele (religious, Neolithic).

The Great Stupa

Date: 300 BCE-100 CE Culture: Buddhism, Maurya, late Sunga Dynasty Location: Madhya Pradesh, India Scale: 54 ft high, 120 ft diameter Materials: Stone, dirt, carving, different reliefs. Content: Pic 1- Hemispherical mound, reliquary, yahtzi = top or axis mundi, surrounded by harnica gate and chatiyas (dates), viharas = where monks live, 600 inscriptions of patrons Pic 2- reliefs, eastern gateways, jalakas = past life, match cardinal points, yakshi and flowering tree (mix religions) Form: Pic 1- Large scale, radial, focal point, low relief, 3d repetition. Pic 2- texture, relief, 3D, geometric, movement Pic 4- movement, pattern, repetition Context: stupa = heap, construction overseen by Ashonka, built at place of wife's death, patroned by Ashonka and generates god karma, great teachers = ashes in stupa, before Buddhism was made Function: Pic 1- Buddha's relics = buried, climb mountain of own mind, reminder of his life, worship everywhere Pic 2- 4 noble truths, 8 full path, help transition to Buddhism Pic 4- perform circumambulation (pray and walk), offerings Meaning: Pic 1- coordinal points, base = crossed lotus, middle = body, top = bowl rises from apex surrounding hemrika and shashra Pic 2- Buddha in emblems, past 4 lives (chitakas) Pic 4- ambulatory, heat and fire mimic through body temp, same that cremated Buddha's body, burned bonds of selfhood to ordinary world Themes: religion, remembrance, reliquary Related: Temple mayor (axis mundi), votive, ziggurat (coordinal points)

Jade Cong

Date: 3300-2200 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Liangzhu Culture Location: SE China, near present-day Shanghai. Scale/Size: 10 x 2.5 in but varies (larger = $$) Materials/Techniques: Jade, worked with sand/water/bows, polish it, cut - abrade - polish. Content: Hole in center, square around, abstract mask-like faces, bi disk on chest and cong around body, fierce eyes, small oval mouth. Form: Ensized lines, smooth texture, symmetrical, geometrical. Style: Abstract, stylized. Context: People lived on river, preliterate (almost had writing), grew rice (could be artists, not just farmers), known for jade, rich society b/c not many could afford in tombs. Function: Ceremony/protective because buried with high rank, exorcism to get rid of evil spirits, funerary (power over nature), representative. Meaning: Round shapes = sun/heaven, vertical lines = earth, jade = durable, beauty, subtle, elegant.. Themes: Religion, spirits, deities, funerary. Related: Ibex beaker (funerary, stylized) and Anthropomorphic Stele (funerary, stylized, faces).

Ambun Stone

Date: 3500 years ago so 1500 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Neolithic Location: Highlands of New Guinea (now in Australia) Scale/Size: 8 inches high, "neck" depicts it can be held in hand, 4.5 lbs Materials/Techniques: Took a few weeks, grey wacke stone (hard, sedimentary), fractured lines with veins revealing age, experienced tectonic movement, stone carving tools to chip shape, finish with patina. Content: Rounded/free standing neck, curved head, long nose, limbs hug torso for cupped space, stylized eyes/ears/nostrils/shoulders, fetal spiny anteater OR bird/fruit bat. Form: 3D, neg space in middle, neutral color, symmetrical, lines reveal age, smooth texture, over exaggeration. Context: "Bones of ancestors", big man system @ rituals, Christian takeover made it lose potency, powerful bc fat, originally sold by boys for 20 shillings - art dealer in London - Australian art Museum (NG wants back), broke in 4 pieces and allowed them to figure out age. Function: Life as religious object, mortar and pestle to grind things up. Meaning: Moving around (life of its own), fat deposits, primitivism (west corrupted their culture). Themes: Ancestry, fertility. Related: Reindeer Swimming (both animals, carved).

Buddha BBC

Date: 3rd Century AD Culture: Kushan Kings Location: Ganges Gandhara Materials: Carved from grey schist (rock with crystal to glint/gleam) Content: lotus position, hands touching in front of chest, small body, robe with draped, toes exposed, serene distance, bun, halo, carved around circular monuments. Form: shadow, symmetrical, frontal, scale, texture. Context: wealthy region, new human form given, not a god, originally rep by symbols, Buddha abandoned prince life and sat under pipal tree/meditated for 39 days, passed on dharma to monks Function: visually see the gods, teaching tool, journey to enlightenment, helps mediate Meaning: flaming pillar = light, footprint = left traces on earth, spiritual ambiance, Buddha enlightened one, bun = wisdom. Theme: Spiritual, power, materialism, cross cultural, religion. Related: Votives, nike of Samothrace, stele of Hammurabi, seated scribe, seated boxer.

Petra

Date: 400 BCE-100 CE Periods: Nabataean, Ptolemaic, Roman Location: Jordan Petra- 30 miles, Sandstone, soft cut rock Treasury- 82 by 128 ft, limestone stone Great Temple- 7560 m2, stone carved limestone painted at one time and scaffolding Treasury- Content: Elephants from india, kanatharoi vase with large handles, hellenistic facade, khazneh monumental tomb, broken pediment and central tholos, corinthian greek columns, amazon victories and central Egyptian woman Isis, twins castor and pollux twin greeks. Great Temple- Content: Large theater, nymphaeum shrine for water nymphs, markets, cella = inner sanctuary room, qasr el-bint = most important temple in city, frescos. Treasury- Form: Detail, shadows, levels, columns, symmetrical, geometric Great Temple- Form: large scale, symmetrical, geometric, 3d, lines. Great Temple and Treasury- Context: hellenistic city, petra was capital until trajan moved to bosra, great traders controlling luxury trade, at intersection of trade routes, good at harvesting ran water/agriculture/stone carving, earthquake destroyed water system, located at most important entrance through Siq (shaft, 2 km long, natural gateway) Treasury- Function: tomb for king areas iv and his family Great Temple- Function: audience hall, religious center, dushara principal god in temple Meaning: isis = goddess of good fortune, multicultural, permanence = siq, canyon = protection, life after death Themes: trade, funerary, powerful, multicultural. Related: roman temple, mesa verde, hatshepsut's temple.

Buddha West and Central Asia

Date: 400-800 CE Periods: Bamiyan, Afghanistan Scale: 175 ft hight, 120 ft high Materials: Stone, stucco, high relief, painted, welded each piece together, gems, metal, copper. Content: Vairochana = bigger enlightened, Shakyamuni = historical smaller, inside cave, floweing drapes, wavy hair, bronze face with gems, frescos. Form: large scale, 3D, painted, shadow, symmetrical Context: Fertile region on silk road, Mongolian Gangiskan = revenge there, Taliban blows up both bc Islam doesn't like images of gods, $ to restore doesn't help poor Function: Monastery, circumnabulation, prototypes for Longman caves. Meaning: Buddha = rep western society, iconoclasm (destruction), buddhist imagery Themes: Multicultural, worship, iconoclasm, silk road Related: Great Stupa, Rapa Nui, Golden Corn, Mesa Verde

Anthropomorphic Stele (vertical stone)

Date: 4000-3000 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Neolithic Location: Ha'il, Saudi Arabia Scale/Size: 92 x 21 cm (3 ft high) Materials/Techniques: Sandstone (easy to carve). Content: Rectangular body, trapezoid head, facial outline with eyes and nose, diagonal swords across body, belt w/dagger. Form: Symmetrical, lines create texture/accessorize, minimalistic. Style: Abstract Context: 1 out of 3 in Saudi, fertile and lush environment, center of trade for China (silk road) and west, more accessible to humans, Savannah Desert, Pre-Islamic. Function: Religious, burial, gravemarker. Meaning: Simple yet expressive, afterlife. Themes: Spiritual, funerary, minimalistic, religious. Related: Ibex Beaker (period Neolithic, symmetrical).

Beaker with Ibex (goat) Motifs

Date: 4200-3500 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Neolithic Location: Iran (Susa) Scale/Size: 29 in. Materials/Technique: Clay (hand thrown), handpainted. Content: Mtn goat wild or domesticated (not natural with beard and tail detail), baseball thing, stretched out greyhound, meandering design, long necked bird. Form: Smooth texture, symmetrical, vertical, geometric shape. Style: Stylized, abstract. Content: Buried pots with dead, found in cemetery, apart of clan (baseball), stamp from each artist, rich city. Function: Book of Esther in bible, religious, funerary. Meaning: Unknown but symbolic animals. Themes: Fertility, funerary. Related: Great Hall of the Bulls (animals).

Mesa Verde

Date: 450-1300 CE Periods: Anasazi Indians Location: Colorado Scale: 3-4 stories high Materials: Sandstone and timber, adobe, wood beams, logs for ceiling, MORTAR Content: Wedged into sheltered ledge, 24 kivas once roofed, enter through hole with ladder, connected rooms around plazas, murals inside. Form: 3D, geometric, large scale, soft texture. Style: Abstract. Context: 125 people live, drought so they left and came here for shade, 200 rooms, spiritual center = kiva or male council house, decorated with murals of deities, fire pit, hearth for ventilation. Function: kiva is spiritual center, ritual regalia are stored and private rituals the place, residential, gatherings, protection. Meaning: location keeps cold in summer and warm in winter, mural = earths and sky. Themes: ritualistic, family, religion. Related: Machu Picchu, Nan Midol, structures 33 and 40.

Nose Ornament

Date: 500-200 BCE Periods: Chavin Peru Scale: 2 cm high Materials: Hammered and cut gold Content: Septum of nose, 2 serpent heads, swirling on sides, gold. Form: symmetrical, movement, smooth, geometric. Style: minimalistic. Context: Good at metallurgy. Function: Shows power, apart of religious ceremony. Meaning: nobility, inner power, elite, loyalty. Themes: Religion, power, spiritual, wealth. Related: feather cape.

Running Horned Women

Date: 6000-4000 B.C.E Periods/Culture: Roundhead, Neolithic. Location: Algeria, North African Desert. Scale/Size: Unknown Materials/Techniques: African rock art, ochre material. Content: Gracious silhouette w/covered hands and small feet, flexing/bent = running, fine fringes of raffia, 2 horns, dotted cloud, scarification on body, small people behind her. Form: Asymmetrical, 2D, smooth texture, hierarchy scale, neutral colors, twisted perspective. Style: Abstract, realistic. Content: Lush/green when painted but now desert, Henry Brennen (French) found in 1930s, Archaeologist Lahope thought Egyptian influence (entho-centrism), Touregs charge $ to see and some ccaused damage, now a world heritage site. Function: Sanctuary and worship, large/above all else, horns as every day clothes = power. Meaning: Goddess of agriculture. Themes: Farming, religious, supernatural. Related: Great Hall of the Bulls (cave paintings).

Jowo Rinphoca

Date: 641 CE Periods: Yarlung Location: Lhasa Tibet in Jokhang Temple Scale: 1.5 meters Materials: Gilt, wood with gold, lapis lazuli, turquoise, pearls Content: Young boy Buddha, scultped by Visvakaram with god Indra, crown with jewels, lotus position, ground floor of temple, garment has pearls and jewels, left hand mudra = meditation and right = call earth to witness enlightenment Form: Calm face, symmetrical, texture Context: Artist blessed by Buddha, #1 temple, myth that it was placed in the heart of a demon and temples were never destroyed again Function: Political power in Tibet, pilgrimage sight, see 1 time in life, monastery, Kora - circumnabulation (forehead body down and then pull legs) Meaning: Enlightened buddha, himalayas behind temp;e, Tibetan independence, light and darkness Themes: religion, nationalism, power. Related: Golden temple, angkor wat, king tut's death mask.

Lintel 25

Date: 681 CE Periods: Maya Golden Age Location: Yaxchilan, Mexico on river. Scale: 51 by 33 inches. Materials: originally painted, high quality carvings, low to high relief. Content: blood ritual, lady xoc is seeing hallucinations, jade jewelry and headers, flat nose, spools and headers, glyphs along sides. Form: texture carvings, movement, geometric, contour rivalry. Context: Blood lining ritual, lintel tells xoc's story, present day honduras, known for irrigation/calendar/astronomy, ended because water drought. Function: depict blood ritual, more pain tolerance is more power, ancestor worship, sacrifice. Meaning: ancestry worship, nobles and priests can only see, dark with lit fires, women understand pain during childbirth, lineage through women, positive because ancestors help her city. Themes: ritual, ancestors, sacrifice. Related: Coyo stone, waka nene.

Dome of Rock

Date: 691-692 PeriodsL Islamic Umayyad Location: Jerusalem and Palestine Scale: 115 feet high Materials: Mosaics, gilt, aluminum, stone masonry, wood roof, ceramic tile. Inside - marble colonnades, mosaics of gold with jewels, patterns. Content: Columns white marble, rises from enclosure, 8 sides, gold dome in center. Inside- rock enclosed by 2 ambulatories, inscription of qur'an 240 m long, 4 piers and 12 columns, arches Form: Pattern, geometric, repetition, arches, light, repetition, no negative space. Context: By caliph Abd-Malik, adam buried here, atop Haram al-Sharif (highest point), where sacrifice with Abraham was made, angel gabriel came to muhammad in his sleep at kaaba in mecca and took him to al-masjid, muhammad traveled to heaven Function: commemorate muhammad's night journey, shrine for islam, coming of new religion, NOT a mosque. Meaning: large rock = sacrifice spot, mosaics = late antiquity, holy sepulcher = tomb for christ, small chamber below. Themes: funerary, faith, power, sacred, multicultural Realed: Parthenon, golden temple, roman basilica.

The Gold and Jade Crown

Date: 6th century CE Periods: Silla Kingdom (3 kingdoms) Location: Korea north mound of tomb at Hwangnomdong. Scale: 10 3/4" high. Materials: Gold, jade, and gold rivets/wires securing. Content: Band, uprights, myriad spongles adorning, stylized tree shaped crown aka daegwan, antler shaped protusions, branches have gold discs/jade ornaments (gogok) Form: symmetrical, colorful, geo, negative space. Context: Practical and symbolic buried elite in tombs and crown was above and below ground, Kumsong city = City of Gold, jigh quality, Conquered Kpguryo and Paelche kingdoms, embrace buddhism bc place of worship (before practiced Shamansim) Function: Rep power of rulers with materialism, ceremonial rites of royalty, worn on forehead. Meaning: Antler form = life and supernatural, tree = axis mundi world tree connecting heaven and earth, jade ornaments = fertility ripe fruit Themes: Funerary, multicultural, silk road Related: Ibex beaker, jade cong.

Great Mosque Masjid e Jameh

Date: 700 CE, additions Periods: Islamic and persian LocationL Isfahan, Iran Materials: Ceramic tile on walls (glazed), veneer over brick core, turkish and persian blue. Content and Form: Mosque- excerpts from koran on walls by calligraphers, muhaqqaq stele fills midribs frame, domes in hyppostyle interior, dome soffits (undersides) with designs, niches or muqhara vaults offering light, minarets, shares walls with other cities. F- bubble wrap, domes, geometric, motifs. Courtyard- 2 story arcade, 4 iwans open into courtyard, SW iran for sultan and attendants dome covered room, qibla iran = largest with minets, basin and fountain. F- light, static, central, repetition. Prayer hall- complex forms, arches and vaults, mihrab with floral motifs. F- arches, geometric, dark, curved lines, drab colors, brick piers, smaller scale prayer. Context: made during Abbasids time, tulan malik shan transformed it, expanded with needs of umma muslim community, urban integration, turks isfahan = capital, named after kohming, small mosque for women. Function: domed interior for use of ruler, gives access to main mihrab, political, social, economic. provide tranquil space, multicultural. pray Meaning: qibla iwan = director for prayer, movement journey of discovery. Themes: politics, commercial, social, religious. Related: Great Mosque of Djenne, dome of the rock.

Nan Midol

Date: 700-1600 AD Periods/culture: Saudeleur Dynasty Location: Puhupei Micronesia Scale/size: 18 km2 (200 acres), á artificial islands Materials/techniques: basalt stone logs (mystery how they got there), heat and coal to crack them the carve, 750 ktons moved to here (well-organized society). Content: basalt boulders, columns, 100 artificial eyelits, ontop of coral reef and protected from waves, canals border and criss cross, like the venice of Micronesia. Form: lines, large scale, symmetrical originally. Context: Built by 2 sorcerers that were brothers (flew in the logs with powers), 1600 AD = dynasty collapse, clan in charge of it today, UNESCO site (clan leader is pretty stubborn), bad luck to go there according to natives, space between the ruins (translated). Function: ceremonial, story telling, noble/king/priest hangout spot, mortuary, temple for eel/sea turtle. Meaning: ceremony in these structures, residential, magical, holy eels. Themes: ritual, religion power. Related: Easter island (basalt rock, power) and Versailles (king trying to control nobles/religious peoples).

Toda Ji Temple

Date: 743 rebuilt after fire in 1700 Periods: Nara Location: Nara, Japan Scale: 50 x 86 m, 5 stories high is statue Materials: Cypress wood into planks, used red pine and zelkova after got rid of all cypress, joint blocking and bracket, cypress wood once painted, bronze/copper in statue. Content: Pic 1- Deer park, 84 cypress pillars, 9 story pagodas, 2 tears, tiled roof Pic 2- holds warrior guardian by Kei School Bracketing systen, 18 pillars Pic 3- Contrapposto, defined body, evil look, Ungo and Agyo. Pic 4- Heart of hall, above lotus, Vankara buddha, gold behind with figures (swelling chests, drapery), hair curl.

Borobudur Temple

Date: 750-842 Periods: Saliendra Dynasty Location: Central Java, Indonesia Materials: Volcanic stone, 1.6 million stones Materials: High relief, 1460 stone reliefs Materials: In the round, 504 buddhas, 72 stupas. Content Pic 1- Mandala (axis mundi), like a pyramid, saliendra is lord of mmountain, sculptures at base, cardinal points Pic 2- flower garland sutra text with pathways, tells morals Pic 3- Buddha in lotus position with mudra, bell shaped stupa with lattice work Form: Pic 1- large scale, geo, sunlight on temple Pic 2- high relief, movement Pic 3- in the round, calmness Context: rulers built as monument to Buddha, rediscovered by samford raffles, 100 years as capital then jungle took it over, designed by Gunadharma, UNESCO saves Function: Pic 1- shrine, reliquary, sacred mountain, circumnabulation Pic 2- view from the forms/morals, bottom = pics Pic 3- formless (leaving earthly world) Meaning: Pic 1- enlightenment, mountain of cosmos Pic 2- teachings (get rid of desire) Pic 3-formlessness Themes: enlightenment, religion, sacredness, formless, worship Related: Great Stupa, Machu Picchu, Pyramids of Giza (lots of pieces), Buddha BBC.

Great Mosque of Cordoba

Date: 785-786 Periods: Umayyad Location: Cordoba, Spain Scale: Very large Materials: stone and red brick, recycled roman columns, criss cross ribs, gold tessare, arches. Content: minaret (tower for prayer calling), dome shaped building, fountain and orange trees in garden, series of building. Inside - 36 piers, columns with double arches, maqsra = reserved for caliph, height, visigoth's voussoir pattern Form: symmetrical, vegetation, repetition, arches and columns, pattern Context: mosque under umayysads, abidahl ramen and family overthrown/killed by abyssids, promoted agriculture and building programs. Function: Worship, roman temple to church by visigoths to mosque to catholic church Meaning: minaret faces mecca, cross cultural. Themes: religion, culture, political Related: golden temple, amon re temple, today-ji temple.

Folio from Quar'an

Date: 8-9th century Periods: Arab, North Africa Location: Near East Scale: 23 by 32 cm Materials: Brown gold ink, bellum parchment, reed pen, line guides Content: vowels in red, sura or chapter divided by gold circles, plant and animal motifs, Kufic script, right to left, mushaf = calligraphy written in brown manuscript. Form: repetition, geometric, smooth Context: quar'an = recesitation, angel Gabriel recites, 113 suras, Arabic is 2nd most popular alphabet, pre islam. Function: sacred text of islam, important task, purity of writing = purity of soul, materials = power of patron. Meaning: calligrapher plans out, sometimes hard to read, manuscripts = 2nd importance, materials = dignity of quar'an Themes: religion, narrative, wealth, status, writing. Related: code of Hammurabi, lukasa memory board, sanjo place.

Angkor Wat

Date: 800-1400 Periods: Hindu Ankor Dynasty Location: Angkor Thom, Cambodia Scale: 400 km2 Material: Laterite encased with sandstone to carve reliefs, sandstone blocks quarried at Kulen Hills, stone, high relief, 30 years with 300k workers. Pic 4 is low to mid relief. Content: Pic 1 and 2- enclosure wall moat, 3 galleries with central sanctuary with 5 towers, scenes from epics, axis mundi Pic 3- Faces on towers of Buddha (J VII), watchful Pic 4- Very long, devas (gods) fight asuras (demons) to reclaim power (churn ocean), Elixir of life (amrita) released from earth, play tug of war with Naga (serp king), Foam makes apsaras (maidens), Indra (vedic god) descends from heaven. Form: Pic 1 and 2- Large scale, geometric, repetition, dark colors, columns Pic 3- LArge scale, cylindrical, rough, geo Pic 4- repetition, texture, symmetrical, movement, hierarchy. Context: Enter east and leave west, "city temple", King Suryavarman built for gods to reside, map of cosmos and patron record inside, Jayavarman VII = son who turned to Buddhism and built Bayan as apart of building program, Bodhisativa and Lokeshvara = divine prototypes. Function: Pic 1 and 2- dedicate to Vishnu, mausoleum for king, claim to office. Pic 3- Watching from all directions, cardinal points. Pic 4- Beginning of time, narrative. Meaning: Vishnu = protector, 5 stone towers = mtn ranges in Meru, axis mundi = aligned with rising sun and moon central place, creation Themes: Religious, power, sacred, naturalistic, astronomy. Related: Versailles, Great Mosque of Djenne, Maya 33 and 40 (secure Bird Jaguar IV's rule)

Chavin Temple and City Complex

Date: 900-200 BCE Periods/Culture: Chavin Location: Eastern and western Andes Peru (between 2 mountains and 2 rivers so sacred) Scale/size: 10330 (mtn) feet, 40 (temple) ft. Materials/techniques: Stone, carving, heavier tools, a lot of people. Content: Rectangular sunken score, stone (rough), colorization between old and new, animals carved = jaguar and snakes. Form: U-shaped (old), asymmetrical, rough texture. Context: Earthquakes, had many llamas, lot of people constructed so hierarchy/organized, early horizon and mother culture (role model), center of trade (rivers and mtns), fires, strong farming, traded llama wool, metallurgy, ceramics, great technology. Function: pilgrimage site, ritual based, under temple = tunnels, acoustics. Meaning: Torch-lit ceremonies, pilgrimage, worship, priest in old temple (voice of gods), axis mundi (sees sunrise in east). Themes: spread ideas, religion, ceremonial. Related: running horned women (found in cave, deity).

Relief Sculpture

Date: 900-200 BCE Periods: Chavin Location: Hunter Peru Materials: Low relief stone, granite. Content: Feline mouth, jaguar head, 3 faces, serpent headers, conch shell, feline reptile features. Form: contour rivalry, composite view, geometric. Style: abstract Context: shaman connects human with animal, mix of beliefs from different geo areas, wall hangings, slabs all over city Function: decorative, transformation Meaning: duality, supernatural Themes: supernatural, religion Related: tlatico, lanzon

Lanzon Slab

Date: 900-200 BCE Periods/Culture: Chavin Location: Andean Highlands of Peru in Old Temple Scale: Over 15 ft tall Materials: roughly shaped stones around it but slab was finer, smoother, carved, low relief. Content: contour rivalry, cubism, 2 animal heads with 1 fang/mouth, notched wedge shaped stone, supernatural being, shape of stick, standing figure, large round upward eyes, large mouth with bared teeth. Form: Motif of serpent, curved lines, bilaterally symmetrical, vertical. Style: Stylistic, abstract. Context: Only seen by priests, part of chavin de huantar, cultural expressions, lanzon means great spear in Spanish for agriculture, near huachesca/mosna rivers two joining into 1m old and new temples, no windows. Function: pilgrimage site, acoustics, oracle. Meaning: fangs = jaguar and caiman, eyebrows/hair = snakes, hands = heaven and earth, barrier between believers and intruders. Themes: complexity, rituals, supernatural, sacred, worship. Related: running horned woman, anthro stele.

Lakshmana Temple

Date: 930-950 Periods: Chandella Dynasty Location: Khajuraho India Scale: 85 temples in complex Materials: Sandstrone, granite base, no mortar, High relief, Pic 3- in the round Content: Pic 1- sikhara = most sacred, platform, entrance, go inside "bee hive tombs", staircase, galleries with light, amblatory that goes around, some dark places Pic 2- Couple, in juncture wall, mithuna = intertwined bodies state of being, curvilinear, sensuous Pic 3- free standing, outlined, woman in front, guardian. Form: Pic 1- Himalayan shape, symmetrical, repetition, registers Pic 2- ideal, curves, canon, movement Pic 3- Freestanding, stylistic, repetition Context: 2 religions in temple = Janism and Hinduism, support arts, created by King Yashobarman and finished by son, Mongols destroyed temples. Function: Pic 1- Gods reside, given form. Pic 2- Pleasure divine human, sacred and secular, co-existence. Pic 3- strength, guardian Meaning: Garbaghirha = dark heart of temple with cosmic mtns, axis mundi, male = form and potential, female = life and energy and together = REBIRTH Themes: Spiritual, worship, movement, life vs death Related: Machu Picchu (no mortar), Lamassu (lion guard), Parthenon.

Pyxis if Al-Mughira

Date: 968 CE Periods: Umayyad Location: Madinat al-Zahra Materials: ivory with jade, cut from elephant tusk. Content: inscription "god's blessings, favors, joy, beatitude to al mughira", men picking dates with horses, small silver container of perfume, medallions surrounded by animals, 2 men collecting falcon eggs, lute players with 2 figures (braided scepter and flask of umayyads, other with a fan), 2 lions attacking 2 bulls Form: cylindrical, mid relief, texture Context: Al Andalus (present day spain), portable, not anionic (without humans), executed after al hakam died bc he was a threat to his ham ii. function: box used for cosmetics, gift to mughira (son of caliph), bestowed upon royalty. Meaning: date = lost lands of the east, falcon = legitimacy, fan man = abassids, scepter man = umayyad caliph Themes: gift, coming of age, luxury, wealth Related: ibex beaker, swimming reindeer.

Mblo Mask

Date: Early 20th Periods: Baule Location: Cote d'ivoire Scale: 36 cm high Materials: Wood, brass, pigment, high glass patina. Content: oval face, elongated nose, small open mouth, downcast slit eyes, projecting "horns", scarification. Form: Abstract crown pieces, symmetrical, lines, negative space Style: stylistic Context: Conceal face with small wood mask (Gbagba) and dance with drummers/singers/orators in a skit, keep out of sight when not using, invisible and visible world interaction, owie kimou carved a lady and her husband commissioned it. Function: worn in secular masquerade in Kami village, social relief, honor respected member of Baule, portrait mask Meaning: What it means to be a good/beautiful person, eyes and forehead = modesty and wisdom, triangle brass additions = health. Themes: Entertainment, spiritual, commission, idealism, lineage. Related: Staff god (away when not using), olmec style mask, pwo mask.

Power Figure

Date: Late 19th Periods: Kongo Location: DR of the Congo Scale: 36 by 19 by 14 in Materials: Paint, resin, wood carved, ceramic, metal nails Content: blades pegs nails through body, standing man, hole in chest, head is bigger, scared, white downturned eyes, sharp teeth with open mouth, raised eyebrows. Form: 3D, frontal, symmetrical, geometric, texture. Context: belly holds sacred medicine, divine protection, Nekongo brought the first sacred nkisi medicine from heaven, europeans destroyed, voodoo doll based on this Function: resolve mambe (verbal lawsuits disputes), lick blade to seal function through saliva, oak broken = destroyed, avenger, mkoditi = hunter, guardian angel, container of sacred substances. Meaning: glass init = other world inhabitants, seeds tell spirit to replicate, claws = grasp something, peg = matter is being settled, stone = protection. Themes: mythology, protection, conflict resolution, sacred, revenge. Related: Defeated boxer, code of hammurabi.

Transformation Mask

Date: Late 19th Periods: Kwakwaka'wakw Location: NW Canada Scale: 37 by 57 by 49 cm Materials: cedar wood, feathers, corn, bird skin hides, plants, fibers, cotton, iron, several months to make Content: bird like when closed, human when open, detailed ovoid eyes, brightly colored surfaces, s and u forms. Form: bilaterally symmetrical, 3d, feather texture, movement, abstract designs, zoomorphic and anthromorphic. Context: rich environment, pot latch ceremony for host to display status, class of professional artists, different clans, derived wealth from natural resources, umayn are groups from common ancestors, christianity takeover. Function: economic, social position, ancestry, status, gift giving. Meaning: ancestral entities, at night, music, genealogy, rain is trickster, supernatural forces. Themes: ceremonial, supernatural. Related: Feather cape, tapa cloth.

Malagan display and mask

Date: mask was 19th century (1882-1883), display was 1930. Periods/culture: malagan new Ireland, Melanesia. Location: Northern new Ireland, papua new guinea Scale/size: mask = around 49.5 cm, display = varies because were arranged around 1 human tall. Materials/techniques: mask = wood, pith and shell, carved, veggie fiber, display = sea shells stones shark teeth natural pigments for sculptures, engravings, fiber, wrapped in banana leaves because male only. Content: human like face, carvings may be masks wooden board, sturdy housepeople, circular woven mat, inscribed likeness motids as accessories, mowhawk hair (pompodar), big moths but small teeth human -ish nose, 2 birds or fish or circular sun motif, black yellow red represent violence, war magic, intricate carvings white to brown. Form: negative space, curved lines, geo shapes, contrast texture and color, asymmetrical. Style: abstract Context: relatives can buy after ceremony because it is copyrighted, final event 5 months until celebrate (go to each house and give shells so spiritual forces), large hair comb (some) reflect hairstyles but masks aren't physical, relationship of a deceased person to a clan and living fam members some begin long after death, Dutch = first to come to this lush, green, island, sculptures or the decreased = commissioned physical form but spiritual, left to rot after ceremonies (back to earth). Function: male initiation, free living from obligation of serving the dead b/c souls go to the underworld (celebrate living), free dead spirits because masks = dead ancestors, funerary/social/financial struggle, identity as a clan better than other ones. Meaning: boars = ritual animal, expensive ceremonies show rich clan, drink tea and most important is 1st, bring joy, 2 sided during dance (dramatic), make sure dead have safe passage, specific myths/animals, funeral. Themes: ancestry worship, rebirth, ritual, funerary. Related work: Ambun stone (negative space, ancestors), buk mask (ritual object), waka nene (ancestry worship).

Buk (mask)

Date: mid to late 19th century Periods/culture: Melanesia Location: torres straight, Melanesia and now at Met in NY Scale/size: 21 1/2 in high Materials/Techniques: Turtle shell, raffia, shells, fiber, resin Content: mask human face (beard, nose, tiny mouth), bird with feathers large spanning 3 ft on each side like propellers, frigate bird, 2 large eyes on face, sticks connected and bird will move when you dance. Form: feathers texture contrasts with shell smooth, movement, symmetrical, neutral colors, patterns in beard and propeller, geometric, patterns in beard and propeller Style: abstract, naturalistic. Context: turtle shell masks most found in torres straight, Spanish come in 1606, euro missionaries come in 1800s and destroyed most, explorers took some to preserve, kept in houses of stone Function: 1 part of an elaborate costume during music and dance rituals, birdman wears to be supernatural (male initiation), todem for funerals, tells historical story. Meaning: ritual object during night (fire, music drums, wind), spiritual, supernatural. Themes: ritual, supernatural. Related work: waka nene (realistic, geo), ahu'ula (color scheme), ibex beaker (funerary).

Kaaba

Date:631-632 Periods: Shona Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia Scale: 15 m tall, 10.5 m each side Materials: Granite masonry, silk covering with verses from Qur'an in gold, door is solid gold. Content: Square building draped in silk, corners are cardinal, circumnabulate hoping to touch black stone, inside = green cloth table with incense and Qur'an. Form: large scale, rectangular, geometric, crowded. Context: Muhammad was founder and ex merchant, before him they put idols in there, flees to medina from mecca, returns and destroys idols, mosque = built by abbasid. Function: Circumnabulate 7 times (Tawaf) and point to it Meaning: Need for renovations, easy access, supernatural fell from the sky during adam and eve's time, white = purity. Themes: worship, religion Related: great stupa, lanzon slab, golden stool.

Structures 33 and 40

DateL 753 CE Periods: Maya Location: Yaxchilan Central acropolis and south acropolis on river Scale: large Materials: stucco ornamentation, carved limestone, stacked stones. Content: 33 - side of main plaza, focal point, 1 vault deep, 3 entry ways, roof honeycomb, human in cent niche maybe bird jag, carved lintels, rules at top playing ball game against enemies. 40- rect vaulted building with stucco roof comb, had stele of bird jaguar over war captives. Form: symmetrical, intricate, geometric, large scale, rough, motifs. Context: Example of Maya architecture, usumacinta region style, built by bird jag iv, commission his rule, went to throne 10 years after dad's death. Function: secure bird jag's leadership, dynastic lineage, 33 0 not hold many people. Meaning: power, monument, rulers against enemies, jaguar = power and propaganda, 40- military. Themes: decorative frieze, warfare, propaganda, rulership, power. Related: Lintel 25, nan midol.

Pompeii House

Location: Pompeii, Italy Materials: Painted frescas, mosaics, marble, 1100 sq meters, plants. Style: 3rd and 4th style coverings, Roman house, Etruscan Necropolis. Content: Cublium bedrooms, 2nd level storage and sleeping, enter through narrow doorway, atrium reception hall, tablinium office of master, courtyard, culina (kitchen), triclinium dining room. Form: 3D, symmetrical, straight lines. Context: city of Pompeii destroyed by volcano in 79 A.D., low rant clients bound to their masters, favors, excavated in 1890s. Function: dwelling, enforce social position, busts of ancestors, domestic display, where patrons met lower. Meaning: Wealth, thriving civilization, former slaves so social mobility. Themes: Hierarchy, patronage, wealth. Related: Etruscan necropolis, mesa verde, golden temple cuzco, palace of darius.

Peplos Kore

Location: Acropolis Museum in Athens Materials: Originally painted (yellow or red gown), mix pigment with wax and apply while hot, stone, marble. Style: stylistic. Content: About 4' high, soft flesh, step forward, animal patterns not visible to naked eye, archaic smile, body under heavy drapery (peplos), rectangle of linen cloth or chinon pinned on shoulders then himation, might be a goddess, left arm = straight and bent at elbow, hand = in fist, holes crowning her head (metal diadem rod out of head), holes for bronze earings, red paint on face. Form: sense of movement, columnar shape, 3d, smooth. Context: Athenians buried after Persians sack of Acropolis in 480 BCE, kore = type of figure found throughout ancient Greece, male kouros = nude, paint parts @ middle of torso, buried for more than 2 millennia, we do not know what she is carrying. Function: votive offering to goddess Athena in her sanctuary, bought by men, goddess of Athena/Artemis. Meaning: metal diadem = diety, smile = symbol of well being/transcendental, ideal femininity, fertility. Themes: natural, realistic. Related: votive figures (size, small figure, wearing outfit), menkaura and his wife (femininity, realism), female diety.

Nike Adjusting her Sandal

Location: Acropolis in Athens, South side of the parapet of the temple of Athena Nike. Materials: Marble, polished. Style: Abstract Form: linear patterns, smooth/cold marble, off balance, shadow. Content: awkward posture, garments cling so tight to body almost transparent (chain folds), pockets of shade vs polished marble style, high relief, left thigh exposed. Context: Parapet built with exquisite reliefs, most beautiful reliefs, by anonymous, ionic temple, Athena associated with victory and battle. Function: Railing, demonstrate Nike Athena, beauty. Meaning: Nike = victory, erotic. Themes: elegance, grace, beauty. Related: Menkaura and his wife (statue, beauty, pose), Nefertiti Statue (woman).

Pergamon Frieze

Location: Altar of Zeus Pergamon, Turkey Materials: Marble, carved, originally painted, high relief. Style: Hellenistic, virtuoso. Content: Coming from all directions in a general clockwise motion, Alk's mother is asking to spare her son's life, Athena at center with beautiful/graceful moves left but arm = right, Athena battling Alkyoneos, she grabs hair of giant Alkyoneous out of the earth, nike flies into crown her, swirling draperies, emotion, snake biting right side. Form: Violent counter clockwise movement, shadow contrast with exposed bodies, deeply curved, diagonals, direction. context: quotation of Athena from Parthenon's east pediment, defeat of Persians, zeus based on Poseidon of west pediment, alex the great's death splits up the land and one was kingdom of pergamon. Function: celestial battle, demonstrate fight for earth, narrative, celebrate victory, gods. Meaning: emotional, victory, virtuoso, drama, expressiveness. Themes: narrative, emotion, drama, love of body, virtuoso. Related: hegeso (cloth, proportion, multiple people), nike adjusting her sandal (drama, cloth), horned running woman.

Hegeso Stele - Dipylon Cemetery

Location: Athens, Dipylon cemetery. Materials: Marble, painted (necklace), carving. Style: Athena Nike parapet, simplistic yet deceptive. Content: Shallow space with full width of body, foot on foot rest 4 shortening with sandal, young woman sitting on elegant chair with foot stool, draped in cloth that bunches at arm belly and breast, attended by her maid and examines jewelry in box, letters at the top both names on pediment, antae at right and left, maid simple ungirt chion without elaborate, serene faces, elaborate folds. Form: Geometric, 3d, no negative space, smooth. Context: lives are defined by men, style of temple Athena Nike parapet reliefs, captures daily life, in secluded woman's quarters, h only sees the jewelry, disappearance of this type of monument, women's fear = home because not citizens. Function: memory of Hegeso (daughter of Proxenos), Amphora/kraters marked but this is a korai placed over burial, epitaph reveals Hegeso died. Meaning: Slaves/jewelry = wealth of her father, bow = dowry proxenos would give to husband. Themes: Patriarchy, status, gender roles. Related: Figures on Parthenon frieze (panathenaic, draped folds of cloth), female diety (woman).

Parthenon

Location: Athens, the Acropolis, SE of city. Materials: Marble (quarry from 10 miles away, carve base and top, carve in between column), stones, remodeled as it was conquered, levers/ropes/pulleys to transport and crane to lift. Style: dynamism, organic. Content: some figures ranged on sides of lost center group survive, east pediment = birth of Athena from Zeus' head, west frieze = horseman, had 92 metopes (south = ituman lapiths in combat with centaurs), inside = statue of Athena by pheidias, intasis bend, marble sculptures of Athenian mythology, cella = room for statue, pediment sculptures in the round fill triangle gables at end, massive columns with broad flutes go down to stylobate, doric = outside and ionic = inside, abacus flare rising up to simple rectangular block. Form: low relief frieze, high relief metopes, vertical lines, bright colors, rectilinear but barely any right angles. Context: priests only go inside, pericles moves treasury to here, biggest public project in Greece, apart of vast building program with Delian league, rich city during golden age, compete Athena and Poseidon over city, 1 of many acropolis', more gov participation, not Athena's first temple, paid tax to protect Greece from Persia, bulge of column so perfect from far away. Function: church then mosque/minaret, venetian siege it stored gun powder, devote to Athena, store house full of valuable things, look out at city to see who is coming, tall= close to the gods, treasury in back house. Meaning: Ionic and Doric = all of Greece, sacred, birth of democracy, triumph, on hill = symbolic. Themes: power, violence, battle, ascendancy of Greece, civilization and barbarism, rational thought vs chaos, wealth. Related: Palace of Darius (column), Golden temple (built for sun god Inti).

Tombs

Location: Dome arches necropolis (ideal city) Materials:cut into ground, stucco, frescos. Style:Etruscan Content: music dancing, demons, wives and husbands statues celebration, furniture, tools weapons pets motifs' stone beds and pillows, wall paintings from funerals, naked men fighting and man bitten, what they need in afterlife like Egyptians, columns, bunk style beds, through the red door. Form: small, gridlock. Town with streets in between. Context: cremated body, strong economy, afterlife is similar to today's life, equality, provoked into war, Etruria taken over by romans. Function: burial site, preparation for afterlife, party in the room. Meaning: anxiety/demons into paintings during wartime, more stuff and paintings means you're more wealthy, homes for the dead, men have darker skin than woman. Theme: social status, worship, funerary, celebration Related: jade cong, lady xoc blood rituals, book of the dead, ziggurat.

Pedimental Sculpture

Location: East Pediment of Parthenon now in British Museum. Materials: Marble, originally painted, high relief. Style: Idealized, classical. Content: Arranged to fit in triangle, Athena and Zeus in middle, middle figures = missing, reacting to Athena birth, Hestia Aphrodite goddess of moon right of Athena, almost transparent cover of controposto. Form: drapery contours body, movement, detailed/life like drapery, individualistic yet complex. Context: Athens = democracy, golden age, Parthenon is treasury, Athena is patron god, Add to dictionary made other city states mad, lord Elgin brought to Britain, Phidias designed most of the sculpture. Function: Birth of Athena and reaction, detail/decoration of Parthenon, understand natural portrayal. Meaning: Sun god with chariot = birth of Athena, nobility, gods. Themes: Birth, power, gods/goddesses. Related: Mayan lintels, coyoxalhqui (goddess chopped up), Parthenon, female diety, running horned woman, royal family stele (Relaxed, female).

Temple of Athena Nike

Location: Edge of the Acropolis in Athens. Materials: Pentalyic and marble (top of the line). Style: high classical, ionic. Content: Dedicated to Athena Nike, columns = front and back amphiprostyle not sides, volutes at top of capitals, frieze at top, edge, cella, treasury. Form: Linear, symmetrical, 3d, texture/fluting. Context: kalikrates = architect, smallest temple in acropolis, expensive, viewed from all sides. function: Worship victory at battle of marathon vs Persians. Meaning: War celebration (trophy), human event (not gods), extravagance. Themes: victory in war, religion, math. Related: Parthenon, Golden Temple (Inca, Cuzco).

Column of Trajan

Location: Forum in Rome Italy Materials: Luna marble, painted for legibility, complex lifting, materials from all over, low to high relief. Style: ancient roman architecture, high empire. Content: 23 registers of every day things, shaft covered in spiral narrative, once had nude statue of emperor at top, square bace with dacian arms and armor, spiral staircase. Fomr: large scale, columnar shape, 128 ft, square base, low to high relief. Designed by Apollodorus Damascus, copied many times, not in chronological order, battle scenes are 1/4 of it. Function: Square base is tomb, narrative to honor Trajan, influence other monuments. Meaning: band = like illustrated scroll in neighboring libraries, focus on emperor, wealth and power. Themes: power, funerary, storytelling, narrative, honor, propaganda, commemoration of victory. Related: standard of ur (story telling), anthro stele (funerary), coyolaxqui, book of dead.

Basilica Ulpia

Location: Forum/markets of Trajan. Materials: bronze roof, marble, concrete, stucco, 169 m in lenth, 25 m wide aka nave, columns of white and yellow marble, apse at ends (altar). Style: high empire. Content: light white clerestory massive windows, columnades, apses. Form: repetition of Corinthian columns, large scale, 3D, symmetrical. Context/Function: Civic center for event space, center of forum, paojians said it was expensive, court of law, school meetings, army drills. Meaning: bronze = antiquity, beauty, control nature in interior space, churches take inspo. Themes: wealth, power, law, architecture. Related: Parthenon, pantheon, amon re pylon temple.

Niobides Krater

Location: Louvre Materials/Techniques: Red figure technique, black background. Style: Severe style. Content: Figure reclining at bottom pulling himself up with spears, figures on different levels, back= terrible scene about mortal Niobe, Apollo and Artemis killing Niobe's children, Artemis reaching for an arrow, Apollo drawing arrow and children on field, Apollo tension to hs abdomen to his face, Artemis = deliated, Herakles = mortal/god holding club lion skin. Form: Profile (god and goddess), dyingchi children = more frontal, same small scale, 3dd. Context: Calyx- krater by Niobid painter, Niobe had 14 children, bragged to Leto about their beauty (Apollo and Artemis), copy of wall painting by Polygnotus, thought to be painting of the sculpture of mythical figure, Greeks defeat Persians in 490 BCE. Function: Mix wine and water, emphasize soldiers coming to honor Herakles asking him for protection before battle. Meaning: Violence vs relaxation, center = honor, depth. Themes: Family, violence. Related: Ibex beaker (vase, scale), Coyolxauqui stone (family), black on black ceramic vase.

Spear Thrower Doryphoras

Location: Palestra @ Pompeii but now at Naples Museum. Materials: Marble, ,bronze originally. Style: Classical, perfection, idealistic. Content: Originally holding bronze spear, Dory on his right foot, left leg is relaxed with ankle up, right is weight bearing, right arm is relaxed, hips are parallel to axes of knees, head = turn, chiastic weight. Form: counterbalanced body, S curved shape, balance broken by turning head, movement but doesn't move, smooth, asymmetrical balance, chiastic cross balance, 4-0 scale. Context: Roman copy lost Greek original, Greek art is popular with Roman generals who began conquering Greek cities 211 CE, one of the most sought after/copied sculptures, canon - not new, relates beauty to ratio, Polyclitus made it, perform athletics nude, contraposto by Greeks in 5th BCE (alive). Function: Demonstrate what perfect/ideal beauty is, celebrate body and its physical abilities, to inspire athletes, classic expression of contrapostom impose order on human movement, create ideal statue in canon. Meaning: perfect proportions = perfection, inspiration, human potential, idealized. Themes: Human body perception, beauty, male. Related: book of the dead (Egyptian canon), seated scribe (depicts male person), maori chief (power, mana), menkaura and his wife (idealized), Parthenon (math proportions, verticality, marble, balanced).

Kouros of Anavysos

Location: Palestra in Pompeii (Athens but taken to Paris). Materials: Marble, incostic hot wax colored for hair, chiastic (weight). Style: Idealistic, archaic. Content: 6'4", early archaic = much slimmer/less realistic/carved face/less rounded/less muscle. left foot forward, archaic smile, proportional head, muscular, tall, broad shoulders, red hair. Form: body is rounded, 3d, smooth, naturalistic flow. Context: thousands made, contact with Egypt, used to be stiff/abstract, found in 1936, buried by Persians, always trying to improve. Function: mark son of aristocrat's grave who died in war, didn't look like him. Meaning: idealized body, young death = life cut short, "stay in mourn of the dead..." Themes: funerary, idealism vs realism. Related: seated scribe, king tut's mask and sarcophagus.

Panathenaic Friezes

Location: Parthenon Acropolis Athens, now in Louvre, inside porch/ionic, high relief. Materials: marble, would have been painted, high up. Style: tranquil, idealistic, classical. Content: soft looking drapes, wearing peplos, invited guests watch procession come to halt as it nears Athena's shrine ancient wool idol, Olympian deities are spectators and wove the peplos, Aphrodite's left arm to get son Eros's attention to Athenians, in a line and same level. Form: carved shallow, movement rhythm vs stillness in gods, smooth, 3D, long, horizontal lines, same level, vertical figures. Context: Erechtheion temple for Athena and Poseidon, possibly folding of peplos, elders and maidens of east frieze, starts at cemetery then Parthenon maidens put on new peplos for Athena, Athenians are masters of the empire, citizens almost stature of gods, procession ends with sacrifice to gods in their presence, must walk and look up at gods. Function: demonstrate panathenaic festival procession, took place 4 years in Athens and is birthday of Athena, celebrate Athena and greatness of citizens, maybe demonstrated folding of the peplos, narrative (gods with humans). Meaning: procession, opinion on Athenians had of their worth, gods. Themes: Mythology, divinity, tranquility, ceremonial, celebration. Related: Hatshepsut Temple and Sculpture, standard of Ur (horizontal, peaceful), royal family stele (important people), votives.

Pergamon Altar

Location: Pergamon Acropolis present day Turkey and NOW in Berlin, Germany. Materials: Marble, sculpture frieze = high relief, 36 x 33 m goes back about 30 ft. Style: Hellenistic Context: Frieze - battle between giants and gods @ Mt. Olympus Altar - ionic columns, stoa like arcade, 1 story. Form: Altar - figures emptied into it, bilaterally symmetrical. Frieze - movement and static, 400 ft long. Context: Made after Alexander the Great's death, Greek in all of his conquered places, King Attalos made it, on hill top, Greeks defeated Gauls, Germans = want to be similar to Romans. Function: Greeks defeated Gauls, depicts battle of supremacy, superiority of Greek culture. Meaning: walking into the battle as you walk up the steps, giants = gauls (France), culture, superiority and triumph, zeus' power. Themes: heroism (frieze), sacrificial, narrative, dramatic. Related: Hatshepsut's temple (hill top), Temple mayor.

Augustus of Primaporta

Location: Primaporta, Italy in wife Livia's villa Material: Marble, 6'8, early first century CE copy of a bronze original of 20 BCE. Style: Idealistic, polykleitan. Content: Wearing military regalia, addresses troops with right arm extended in manner of orator, head is individual athlete, sharp ridges of brows, tight cap of layered hair, reliefs on emperor's cuirass, cupid at augustus foot riding dolphin. Motifs on it- beneath = Apollo and Diana tellus (earth) with baby and cornucopia, portrait of Augustus as general, center = roman and Parthian, around = sol, carlus (sun and sky). Form: relief, large scale, 3D, freestanding, contrapposto. Context: roman artist intertwined politics and propaganda, inspired by classical greek art, based on polykleitos doryphorus, Caesar's family julians traced their ancestry back to venus, cupid is goddess son, 1st emperor of roman empire. Function: gods on his side and related, carry political message, imagery communicates ideology, military victor supporter of roman religion, tells 200 year period of peace/Pax Romana, connects himself to golden age. Meaning: breastplate is sun shining on his side, reliefs on cuirass advertise return of roman military standards, cupid = divine descent, dolphin = naval victory over marc Anthony and Cleopatra at battle of Actium. Themes: battle, power, politics, propaganda, youth. Related: doryphorus, lamassu, Hatshepsut's temple (propaganda), winged nike of Samothrace.

Sarcophagus of the Happy Couple

Location: Rome (banditaccia necropolis, cerveteri museo nazionale did villa giulia in rome Materials: painted terra-cotta a technical achievement, for elite commission, modeled as a complete object, leather hard stage burnish object, smooth to make glossy sheen cut in 1/2 and fired Style: Etruscan, stylized yet abstract. Content: Woman maybe holding a perfume bottle or a pomegranate, lifelike, male braids hang neatly at back splayed across, anthropoid or human shaped, reclining man on lid, rest on highly stylized cushions, stylized braided hair hanging stiffly at sides of neck, females hanging down in front of shoulder. Form: elongated portions, horizontal, vertical, smooth, symmetrical face, life-size, balance. Context: cremation was common, ruled by etruscan kings, occupied northern Italy, women more privileged, excavations in banditaccia, belongs to banqueting scene, conviviality central to Etruscan mortuary, rituals, mixed gender banquets. Function: originally contained cremated human remains cast in four sections, inspiration for sarcophagus squarely in the convivial social sphere, depicts of revelry, iconographic fodder for Etruscan artists. Meaning: body is styled to resemble a kline or dining couch, Ionia influence with Etruri. Themes: funerary, social status, gender roles. Related: menkaura and wife, koros figures.

Soldier Emperor Ludovisi Battle Sacrophagus

Location: Rome, Italy materials: marble (smooth), carved in deep relief. Style: late roman, ideal romans Content: smaller at bottom, chaotic scene of battle between romans and goths, horseman with no helmet or weapon, forehead = carved emblem of mithras, goths = wild. Form: no negative space, large scale, high relief, rectangular frame, movement, shadow (light vs dark). Context: Battle of Romans and barbarians, discovered in 1621, purchased by cardinal ludovisi, bury dead in sarcophagus. Function: depict battle between heroic romans and barbaric goths, place to bury dead. Meaning: figure in middle = roman victory/invincibility. Themes: war, heroism, funerary, power. Related: pergamon frieze (battling), sarcophagus of the happy couple).

Coliseum

Location: Rome, Italy (center near forum). Materials: Wood cranes, limestone at bottom, lighter materials at top, travertine venire and 6000 tons of concrete, jew slaves did work, 3 levels of columns (doric, ionic, Corinthian). Style: High empire. Content: 110 drinking fountains and 2 bathroom, staircases, 3 levels of arches, columns, 160 ft tall, 360 theater around, 2 greek theaters put together, retractable roof at upper deck, circular amphitheater, hypogeum, statues inside, flags at top, foundation is 20 ft deep. Form: 3d, large scale, geometric, circular shape, symmetrical radial, pattern, repetition. Context: Jews paid for and built coliseum, every seat could see, 2011 $1.4 million reno, pope sixtus V used as wool factory, 400 years of use, sponsor = special recognition near emperor, different things during the day, lfts = capstans over 60, 50k people, nero killed himself and vespesian built. Function: tourist attraction, entertainment, spots, appeasement, revene against nero, status. Meaning: Arena = sand that soaked up blood, social hierarchy seating, animals from other places = power, battles represent rome. Themes: social staus, power to shape landscape (concrete), entertainment, violence. Related: mayan ball court/lady xoc, augustus, temple mayor (power, blood), coyoxalqui.

Seated Boxer

Location: Rome, Italy en Museo Nazionale Romano. Materials: Copper in face for wounds so like red blood, originally bronze and still bronze, wax casting to carve into portions, ivory/glass paste. Style: Hellenistic. Content: Muscular/powerful, hollow, originally ivory eyes, thin, athletic figure, not beautiful face, cauliflower ears, left = splayed out, right leg = out and up on heel, bleeding, hands wrapped in leather, collapsing torso with head down, broken nose with gashes and teeth. Form: large scale, smooth, curved lines on beard and gloves, 3D. Context: Hellenistic tackled a range of subjects, didn't abandon such traditional themes like Greek Athlete, rendered old subjects in new ways. Function: Convey emotions/evoke compassion for the veteran fighter. Meaning: pathos, heroism, strength. Themes: emotion, heroic, humility and humanity, informality. Related: Hatshepsut statue, seated scribe, votive (crazy eyes).

Forum of Trajan

Location: Rome, Italy. Materials: Remove hillside, libraries = brick, rest is stone, exotic/imported marble and many statues. style: high empire Content: clerestory windows, 2 aisles flank nave on each side, basilica ulpia = larger than Pompeii, semi circle, basilica dominated colonnaded open square, temple behind basilica at rear end, 2 libraries and column of Trajan, gateway like arch and entrance = long sidem large bronze statue of Trajan, statues of captive dacians, rows of trees, paved in marble. Form: large scale, rough, 3D, straight lines, symmetrical. Context: completed after death, Trajan's major building project in rome, twice the size of augustus', paid for with spoils of war campaigns, by apollodorus of Damascus. Function: glorify Trajan victories vs daccians, dedicated to god Trajan, civic center. Meaning: construction unique under the heavens, ideological messages, power over nature. Themes: antiquity, monumentality, power, military/war. Related: Palace of Darius, structures 33 & 34 (secure bird jaguar's rule), agora, pylon temple.

Supermarket Shopper

Location: Sammung Ludwig, Aachen. Materials: Polyester resin and fiberglass, decorate with wigs an clothes, polychromed in oil, steel cart, make plaster mold and filled with resin, remove outer molds and cleaned, painted with airbrush. Style: super realism, realism. Content: obese unhealthy female shopper, hair in curlers, pink shirt, blue skirt, light blue shoes, black purse, gold scarf/necklace, unhealthy foods in cart, pushing cart. Form: life-size scale, bright colors, 3D. Context: Hanson = interested in finding visual vocab public would understand, made numerous life size sculptures, lower/middle class Americans, realism speaking of idiosyncrasies, loaned to several European galleries. Function: depict stereotypical average Americans, buy buy buy consumer mindset. Meaning: familiarity, reality. Themes: stereotypes, criticizing, realism. Related: votives, seated scribe (fat).

Nike of Samothrace

Location: Samothrace in Adrian Sea on the cliff overlooking Harbor (maybe waterfall grotto) now in Louvre. Materials: Lartose (expensive marble), in the round, carved subtraction. Style: Hellenistic. Content: Might, legs = solid grounded, stride forward, torso lifts up, wings blown back, drapery. Form: Sudden stillness meets violent motion, looks a certain way with light, illusion, texture, emotion, shadows, 3D, senses (splashing water). Context: Found in 1863 by French man, wind blowing, stone ship in temple. Function: Commemorate noble victory, part of fountain, react to environment. Meaning: theatrical, movement, voluptuousness. Themes: victory, battle war, environment. Related: Nike adjusting her sandal, doryphorus, horned running woman, ramses II, easter island (face, ocean, environment).

Head of a Roman Patrician

Location: The Palazza Tourlanea, Rome. Materials: Marble, subtraction. Style: Varism (naturally occurring features are exaggerated), hyper realistic. Content: wrinkles, large nose/ears, serious/melancholy, toothless, sagging jaw, dimples, bust, frown, bald. Form: frontal, motionless, in the round, static, asymmetrical. Context: Tradition of ancestral imagens, seriousness = power/respect. Function: death masks of notable ancestors kept and displayed by family, actor/portrayal in mask, public image, display of power. Meaning: wisdom, strength, power, seriousness of mind = gravitus, virtue, success in politics/business. Themes: status, realism, intellect, wisdom. Related: Tamati Waka Nene, Neferitti (bust) seated boxer, Hellenistic art.

Temple Model

Location: Tuscany, North Italy Materials: terracota/mud, wood columns and stone base. Style: etruscan Content: sculptures on top, eight columns in front in thr tuscon order, roof went over edges and is terracota, solid house, porch, three rooms. Form: porch interior space, square rectangle shape, geometric, on higher ground. Context: vitruvius roman wrote book called de architecture and passed it down, greek influence, borrowed religion from greek. Function : worship. Meaning: gods on top are zeus (tinea), hera (uni), athena (menirva) Theme: religion, crosss cultural (gods, pediment), mythology. Related: parthenon, panthenon, temple mayor, ziggurat (mud brick home of the gods).

Big Self Portrait Chuck Close

Location: Walker Art Center Minneapolis, Minnesota. Materials: Acrylic on canvas (gessoed), overlays print with numbered grid and reproduces the image block by block. Style: photorealistic, superealistic. Content: self portrait of artist, beard hairs with razor blade, solemn look on face, black glasses, thin-looking hair, no shift. Form: rough face, gray black and white, stillness, symmetrical, shadows, light dark contrast, realistic. Context: based on photograph, father died at 11, learning disability with face blindless and quadriplegic, known for large scale portraits, associated with super realist movement, avoided revealing facial expressions. Function: translate photo info into painted info, depict an image of himself, recognize others, little parts of a whole picture, system. Meaning: starting small, tiredness. Themes: puzzling, mysterious, autobiography, photo realism, self portrait. Related: super market shopper (same look on face), tamati waka nene (portrait, hair, can't forget it), seated boxer.

Alexander Mosaic from the House of the faun

Location: in Pompeii Italy in the house of the fallen. Now in Naples museum Materials: stone and glass, over 1 million pieces Content reflection on she wants, copy of the pantry increase, on ground in garden, Empty at top, ruler of Persia fleas from Alexander Persian guard spears at the Greek, Darius pleading, wounded and dying at the bottom, horse hooves above ground. Style: Hellenistic. Form: warm colors, repetition of lines on border, movement, quality, light and dark create 3-D forms, for shortening Context: Alexander unifies Greece and takes other countries, found on floor between 4 yards with columns, empire divided amongst people after death, irruption of volcano in Pompeii, possibly painted by a woman Function: depict a battle, decoration, the painting is vertical, the Mosaic is on the floor, collector of Greek art Meaning: confidence, regard for the Greeks, obsessed with Greeks and culture Themes: naturalism, war, narration, movement. Related: standard of ur(mosaic), running horned woman, Greek vase heart of painting, mesa verde designs.

Apollo Temple Model

Location: top of temple Materials: By Vulca of Veii, terra-cotta, difficult with wet clay, and tall thing (sag or fold over and explode) Style: Etruscan, archaic. Content: fin like lines on legs, braided hait stylized, flat drapery dressed, forward leg, archaic smile, almond eyes, full lips, high cheek bones, animated. Form: 5'11, movement, balanced, stylized, 3-D, large scale Context: found in 1916, involves Hercules and his labors killdeer for sister Artemis both go after the same dear, Hercules versus Apollo Function: decoration and narrative Themes: religious mythology and narration. Related: votives, peplos kore, doryphorus, terra-cotta fragment, Nike fixing sandal.

Justinian Mosaic

Period: Early Byzantine Date: 500s Location: San Vitale (Ravenna) Materials: Glass and gold mosaics Content: Emperor leading re-enactment, Justinian in charge of it all in purple center surrounded, Bishop is in front of him though, maximian holds jeweled cross, Justinian holding Eucharist owl, standing in front of field of gold, figures on right with gospel and incense burner, feet = not proportional. Form: Frontal, overlapping, bishops feet close to viewer, gold background, emotion-less. Context: Never came here but patroned, waned to be center of all life, maximian closer = power struggle. Function: Re establish emperor power, power comes from God Meaning: Visual testament to Justinians goals of restoring territorial boundaries, power struggle. Themes: religion, power, worship. Related: Chairman Mao, Alexander Mosaic, votives.

Reliquary Sainte Foy

Materials: Gold, silver gilt, jewels and carneos over wood core. Content: face staring at viewer head of Roman child statue, spolia using old thing Form: frontal, static, symmetrical, repetition, in the round Context: celebration every October, donated gemstones for her outfit, St Foy = young Christian girl condemned o die at refusal to sacrifice pagan gods, martyr popular in South France. Function: Container holding remains of Saint/Holy Person, brought in money and pilgrims to Conques Meaning: Holy figure, worship every October, Romanesque art and architecture. Themes: Christianity, religion, worship, obsession Related: Hatshepsut Statue, golden corn, power figure congo.

LAst Judgement Sainte Foye

Materials: Once painted, stone mid to high relief. Content: depicts tympanum semicircular relief carving, Christ as judge is center, throned with hands up and down with mary and peter near him, arcade with pediment aka house of paradise with Abraham and st faith with hand of god, angels open up graves of dead right corner, pediment lower hell where devil is enthroned, judas hung himself after betraying Christ, weigh your heart to see heaven or hell. Form: large scale, mid relief leveled registers, repetition. Context: inside Romanesque church, pilgrimage spot, very few can read of write, at entrance west side. Function: warning in stone, narrative. Meaning: Mouth = hell, heaven vs hell with to hands. Themes: sin, religion, heaven vs hell, punishment Related: alexander mosaic, standard of ur, tapestry of lady dai.

Mastaba

Materials: mud brick, stone, easy to build. Content: flat, trapezoid shape, under is burial shaft, sacrophagus (coffin), like a necropolis. form: geometric, functional. context: 1. remove brain through nose, 2. remove organs (heart, liver) into canophic jars, 3. soak in salt, 4. get moisture out in sun for 1 month, 5. paint body (men = red, women = yellow), in between legs = book of dead and serdab bugs wrapped inside body (gems), wrap body, Priest did all of this at the top. Function: burial site, wife/advisors/children have their own. meaning: ka and ba (soul leaves, spirit must find ba). Themes: funerary related: jade cong, anthro stele, ibex beaker.

San Vitale (look up interior pic)

Period: Byzantine Date: 548 AD Location: Ravenna, Italy Materials: Gold mosaics and glass with gold leaves, gold solidi, marble columns from east, windows = alabaster. Content: Extplain exterior, 2 concrete octagons, windows, diff levels, mini flying buttresses. Int- Justinian with halo and crown, clerestory lighting, 8 piers alternating with exedrae, push outward into 2 story ambulatory, 8 leafed design, cross vaulted choir preceding apse, different mosaics. Form: Ext- geometric, octagonal, levels, centrally planned (circular) Int- Golden light, colors, repetition, levels, frontal. Context: cultural and eco prosperity during Justinian, exarchs = governors who rule, Bishop Maximianus dedicated it, emperor is a participant in sacred rites, theo and Justinian never came to Ravenna, arians thought Christ = creation of god, small beach city. Function: Reassert control, honor saint vitalis, martyrum. Meaning: Ravenna = sacred fortress, apse and choir décor = holy ratification of Justinian right to rule. Themes: Religion, rank, power, multi cultural, propaganda. Related: Hagia Sophia, Cordoba mosque.

Hagia Sophia (one with the Arabic circle sticker-like things)

Period: Early Byzantine Date: 537 Location: Istanbul Materials: Walls and flores with colored stones from all over world (marble), gold mosaics, brick, stone of column drilled to make shadows. 270 ft long and 240 ft wide & 108 ft dome Content: Ext- Classic dome w/Islamic inscription, buttresses, 4 Turkish minarets, halo of light from windows at base, 8 piers, classic Corinthian columns. Int- Stones, mosaics of mary and jesus, floating dome of heaven w/ pendentives (triangles) transferring weight to piers, arcades of nave and galleries, prayer niche mihrab on qibla mall moved toward mecca capitals with monograms of Theodora and Justinian, Arabic script by oculus. Form: Ext- Dome on square base, proportion, symmetrical, repetition, geometric. Int- light floods, shadows w columns, large scale, patterns, repetition windows, rhythm. Context: By Anthemius and Isidorus for Justinian, NOT with roman principles, orthodox face (Latin mass equivalent), patriarch/archbishop of Constantinple move slowly to and from nave and sanctuary, laity segregated by sex, **Myth that angel told working boy how to fix it during construction, on earthquake fault and destroyed so had to rebuild, Theodora = prostitute and Justinian = born peasant. Function: 1st church, mosque in 1453, secular museum today. Meaning: Church of holy wisdom, nave = for the clergy, emperor has sanctuary, church and state are one, light is the image of God Themes: classical, religion, status, power. Related: Parthenon, mosque jamid Kaaba, chavin temple.

Catacombs

Period: Early Christian Date: 2nd-4th century Location: Priscilla Rome, Italy Materials: Several layers, 5 miles long, touffa (volcanic) stone, frescos. Content: Greek Chapel- Greek and Latin words/symbols, 1st style wall paintings with fake marble, cublica for wealthy, lokali = shelves. Good Shepherd Fresco-Young Christ = Young Shepherd, 3 goats, 2 trees with doves, contrapposto, semi circular lunets with Old & New Testements w Jonah. Orant Fresco: Cubiculum, same woman 3 times who died, looking up to heavens. Form: Greek Chapel- Small scale, illusionism, 1st style. Good Shepherd Fresco- contrapposto, frontal, shading. Orant Fresco- Not proportional hands, shadows under chin. Context: Tombs empty after robbing, martyrs in tombs (died for a cause), 313 tolerated w/Edict by Constantine (legalizing Christianity), earliest Christian art. Function: Burial, pictures = narrative, resurrection. Meaning: Social status, anchor = salvation, fish = Christ, Jonah = forerunner for Christ. Themes: religion, funerary, narrative, peace, icons. Related: Pyramids of Giza, Etruscan Necropolis, Couple Sarcophagus.

Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel

Period: Early Christian Date: Early 6th Century Location: Vienna Materials: tempera ink galluts with gold and silver on purple vellum, pumis powdered and dusted, base coat. Scale: 12.5 x 9 inches Content: R- shown 2x (leaving to get water and assisting Eliezer at well with camels), walks by classical colonnade, nude at left, walled city Nahor. J- wakes up and leads family across river, wives on donkeys, sons behind crossing river, separated from family and wrestles man, angel man blesses Jacob at his hip and family goes on way. Form: R- camels = shaded for depth, silhouetted against blank landscape, light colors, movement, scale. J- malleability, skewed perspective. Context: Folio 7 recto from Vienna Genesis, caught between 2 artistic value system, books = luxuries, Abraham wanted wife for son Isaac and sent servant Eliezer to find someone who prayed at well and Rebecca from Nahor is perfect. Function: Biblical book, narrative Old Testement with Jews. Meaning: Purple is royalty, nude at left personifies water, man = angel. Themes: transformation, religion, luxury, love, narrative. Related: Code of Hammurabi, Alexander Mosaic, Standard of Ur.

Royal Portal of Chartres

Period: High Gothic Date: 1145 Location: West Facade o Chartres Materials: Stone with plaster Content: Episodes of Christ's life on capitals of 3 doorways forming frieze Right = Christ on Mary's life lintel below are life scenes, Left = Christ ascending to heaven, archivolts are zodiac scenes with labors of the months, Central = 2nd coming signs of 4 evangelists, 24 elders, 12, apostles around Christ, kings and queens decorate jambs Form: Repetition, high relief, pattern, texture, vertical. Context: Named for statue columns of royalty on doorways, Thierry of Chartres may have conceived complex icon program, tympanum theme = byz representation of theotkos and Romanesque throne of wisdom Function: Proclaim majesty/power of Christ Meaning: 7 arts figures = medieval learning and human knowledge, sculptures = majesty and power, mary central role in sculpture, archivolt = cosmic earthly worlds, kings and queens = secular and biblical authority. Related: The last judgement, ludovisi battle.

Chartres Cathedral

Period: High Gothic Date: 1194 Location: Chartres, France Materials: Stone vaulted ceiling, solid limestone, stone with layer of plaster with light ochre color. Content Ext- 12th century west façade, left tower, central tower and right tower, colonettes ribbed and line each side of 3 doors supporting the lintels, jamb figures angled inward, shadow porch with funnel doorways. Int- Aisles on either side of nave, entrance on 1 end opposite = apse, crypt houses most precious relic aka mantle of virgin, rectangular nave bays with own vault flanked by single square, flying buttresses, gothic tripartite nave, high windows with double lancets with single oculus and colored glass. Form: Ext- Symmetrical, frontal, repetition, basilica plan with cruciform shape. Int- Repetition, darkness, pattern, reds and golds. Context: Once apart of complex, rebuilt after fire of 1194 because townspeople revolted, rose window and tall lancets = gift from Blanche of Castile Queen France, King only controlled area around paris, Isaiah prophesized that messiah would come from jesse's family. Function: pilgrimage site. Meaning: light = divine, Christ personifies wisdom, portal on left = Christ before physical form Themes: narrative, divinity, light vs dark Related: Sainte Foy, Hagia Sophia.

Pantheon

Period: High empire. Date: 118-125 CE Location: Rome, Italy Patron: Hadrian Content: supported with walls and light materials at top done, 30 ft oculus, rotunda is heart of design, raised bronze letters, concrete, façade of 8 Corinthian columns, concrete cylinders covered by hemispherical dome. Context: one of best preserved buildings, Agrippa built original to honor Actium victory, be like Augustus, orderd Apollodorus to kill himself. Form: dome shape, smooth, concrete, circular oculus at top. Function: oculus= light source, temple to all of the gods, dynastic sanctuary. Meaning: temple of all of the gods, orb of dearth and dome = vault of heaven. Themes: tradition vs revolutionary, simplicity.

Dedication Page with Blanche of Castille & King Louis XIV of France

Period: Medieval Date: 1226-1234 Location: Paris, France Materials: gold leaf on vellum, ink and tempera, specialized artists. Content: Dedication- gold background, blanche with blue eyes and widow veil and animated face and louis holding scepter and ball disc, enthroned beneath triple lobed arches and mini cityscapes, below is monk and scribe with sacred text, seated beneath trefoil arch, crowns with fleur-de-lys. Apocalypse- Angel touring heaven, ongoing battle between god and evil and angels win, latin text, figure on right harvesting grapes and Christ pours the wine, top is demons hearding damned into hellmouth, upper portion is revelation 15:1 Christ on left and 7 angels with priest teaching men and jews turned away. Form: Dedication- Gold colors, symmetrical, repetition, levels, light Apocalypse: Geometric, patterns, vertical, repetition, symbols. Context: Commissioned by St Lois and royal family, one of many books in bibliotheque nacionale, king died of dysentery over 3 yr reign and widowed wife, apocalypse = book of revelation. Function: Blanche of Castille ordered for her teen son, moralized bible made for French royal house with pages of old and new testament Tells story of John's ision Meaning: Fleur de lys = French right to rule, like virgin mary and Christ, winepress = hell. Themes: power, anti semitic, religion, wealth, divinity. Related: book of kells, Eliezer and Rebecca.

Golden Haggadah

Period: Medieval Spain Date 1320 Location: North Spain Materials: Gold Content Passover- Right is Miriam holding timbrel decorated with Islamic motif with maidens dancing and playing instruments, Left is master of house under canopy ordering distribution of matzoh and haroset to children, House prepared for passover, sheep slaughtered for Passover and man purifies utensils. Content: Plagues- Painful boils afflict Egyptians, swarms of frogs overrun the land, pestilence kills domestic animals and wild animals invade city. Content: Liberation- Upper Right corner with 3 scenes = angel strikes man, queen mourns her baby, funeral of first born. Upper Left = pharaoh orders Israelites to leave Egypt, Israelites with dough walk with hands illustrating verse. Bottom Right = Egyptians are knights led by king Bottom Left = Israelites safely cross the red sea, moses looks at drowning Egyptians. Form: Gold leaf background, geo shapes, lines, vertical. Context: Passover was when moses led jews out of slavery in Europe, moses orders jews to paint red marks on doors, used to tell story around seder table each year, contains 56 miniatures. Function: Signify wealth of owners, narrative. Meaning: red mark = angel of death passed over these homes and children survived, haggadah = narration Themes: cross cultural, religious, narrative Related: Bible of st. louis

Virgin and the Child Between St Theodore and George

Period: Middle Byzantine Date: 4-6th century Location: Mt Cyanide St Catherine in Egypt Materials: Incostic (wax with color), wood. Content: Mary in center with old baby Christ, 2 angels in background, Left is theo and Right in George, Greo Roman = mary and right angel. Form: symmetrical, light, hierarchy scale, fall out of picture, gold, crowded. Function: Medieval monastery, private devotion, east Christians considered icons personal connection medium for spiritual transaction. Meaning: Awaiting to take to light of God, away from reality, halos= divinity. Themes: religion, worship, respect Related: votives, Vienna gospel.

Jahangir Preferring A Sufi Shaik

Period: Mughal, Gothic Date: 1615-1618 Location: DC Materials: Opaque watercolor on paper with gold and ink Content: Blue carpet embellished with flower designs, putti figures mid air, allegorical portrait of Jahangir on hourglass throne in jama robe with human head footstool, 2 cupids inscribe throne of sand with wish for him to live 1000 years, halo with golden sun and white moon, hindu painter bichitt at bottom with red turbin holding miniature gift, above is king james I in portrait form (gift), Turkish sultan, elderly sufi shailan salim. Form: hierarchy scale, repetition, patterns, bright colors, light. Context: By bichitr, mini from album made for emperor, father Akbar prayed for an heir and he is giving book to holy man Sufi, 6 albumns in muraqqa' attributed to Jahangir and jahan heir, portray victories and heroes Function: depict rulers divinity Meaning: Jahangir emperor above time, halo means center of universe and light source, ruler is stepping on bichitr's name Themes: power, time, spiritual over worldly, spiritual. Related: quar'an folio

Bayeux Tapestry

Period: Romanesque Date: 1070 Location: Made in Canterbury but in Bayeux, France Materials: Wool yarn into linen cloth, embroidery, muted colors. Content: First Meal- servants cooking in cauldron, bishop odo buses the food, William odo and Robert meet to eat, mythical creature borders, bottom = side stories. Calvary- Dominant soldiers in battle w steel armor shield spears, unarmed horses, inscription at top. Form: Horizontal, large scale, movement, middle zone is action, Aesop's fables, curvilinear. Context: designed by women, flat, William conquers in 1066 at king, patron is odo, Edward the confessor dies and gave throne to cousin will, herald really wanted it, normans are descendants Vikings. Function: commemorate power struggle, norman victor POV, fairly accurate. Meaning: example of Anglo-Norman art, power of king William, magical and mythical creatures Themes: propaganda, warfare and violence, family, power. Related: attack on sanjo, Trajan column.

Theodora Mosaic

Periods: Early Byzantine Date: 548 AD Location: San Vitale (Ravenna) Materials: Mosaic gold and glass Content: Moving into apse from right to left for Eucharist ceremony, she is holding a gold cup with wine in her hand, beneath an imperial canopy, outside in courtyard, wearing elaborate jewelry and clothes, halo, with attendants, fountain and 3 magi below. Form: color, pattern, repetition, shadow. Context: Counterpart of Justinian,right of apse windows, married in 525, she talked him out of fleeing after Nika Riot. Function: Fictional portrayal proxies for absent sovereigns, re assert power. Meaning: Not equal to her husband, 3 magi on robe = elevated company of 3 monarchs approaching Jesuits bearing gifts. Themes: power, wealth, gender roles, politics, religion, divinity, Related: Alexander Mosaic, Menkaure and wife, stele of hegeso, lintel 25 (blood giving ritual).

Fibulae

Periods: Early Medieval Barbarian Date: Mid-6th century Location: Spain Materials: Garmet, amethyst, pierced open work, closinee, silver gilt with filagry and inlaid color glass. Content: Top ends = eagle hends, little fish in middle, attached abstract crossbow, bears Christian cross, 2 weed motifs. Form: Detailed, geo, repetition, symmetrical Context: Diverse ethnic groups put on spin, Barbarian tribes were foreigners who were nomadic and illiterate takeovers of Italy. Function: burial, status, brooch and attach 2 garments together. Meaning: eagle = emblem to john and the sun, rome + pagan + Christian altogether. Themes: Multicultural, zoomorphic, identity, funerary. Related: Nose ring, Korean crown, bandolier bag.

Lindisfarne Gospels

Periods: Early Medieval Hiberno Saxon Date: Early 8th century Location: Northumberland Materials: Quill pen from goose feather, soot black ink, sapphire blue/verdigris green/sandy gold colors. Content: Wine glass shapes against knots, snake like creatures, cross carpet pages with background of ornamentation. Form: horror vacui (no empty space), pattern, repetition, colors, curvilinear, rhythm and motion. Context: Eadfrith Bishop illuminated codex in 8th century, 259 written leaves with full page portraits, Vikings attacking at this time. Function: Monks read during riturals, honor God and St. Cuthbert. Meaning: Cross red outline stabilizes the background into meditative force. Themes: religion, hiberno saxon. Related: Quar'an folio, Rebecca and Eliezer, tapa cloth.

Bahram Gur fights the Karg

Periods: Gothic Date: 1330-40 Location: Iran, Mongol court in Tabriz Materials: Ink colors gold and silver on paper opaque watercolor Content: gur's men on horseback in mid motion faced karg (horned wolf), hero alone forward using bow and arrow then blade cut off head, worn and twisted themes, karg = bloody head. Form: overlapping forms, spatial recession, asymmetry, movement. Context: Shanama composed by Firdawsi and history of Persia before islam as well as its glories/heroes, Bahram is king of Sasanian empire ruled Persia 3-7th century, gur is onager type of ass, mongols invade and create cities. Function: depict stories from shahnama, brave deeds of king Bahram gur defeated horned wolf, express status of owner, link between mongols and old Persians Meaning: knowing shahnama is pride in country, gur = just rule triumphs chaos (karg) Themes: virtue, power, status, fatalistic. Related: quar'an, alexander mosaic.

Santa Sabina

Periods: Roman Date: 400s Location: Aventine Hill in Rome, Italy Materials: Plain brick walls. Content: Ext- porch, carved wooden door of Old & New Test, crucifixion portrayal (with 2 smaller figures), windows, cylindrical tower. Int- Spolia columns carrying nave arcade of arches, open central nave, altar, apse = semicircular space, clerestory lighting with gypsum windows, flat ceiling with wood beams, wall with mosaics, Eucharist, painting in dome, lack of weight in building. Form: Ext- Repetition, texture, plain colors, light. Int- Longitudinal axis (focus attention on opposite end to the entrance), repetition, light, rhythm on apse. Context: Ancient pagan admin structure, by Peter of Illyria (Dalmatian priest), on site of early imperial houses. Function: new official religion of Roman Empire, holds large amount of people, gov building, site for law courts. Meaning: Light = divinity. Themes: politics, religion, multicultural. Related: pantheon, mosque of Cordoba.

Sainte foye

Periods: Romanesque Date: 1050-1130 Location: Conques, France on way to Santiago Materials: Stucco, motifs, carved, barrel vaulting, piers of nave = stone blocks Content: west workers and towers with radiating chapels, cruciform or cross plan controlling crowds, last judgement on tympanum, arcade covered by pediment (House of Paradise) Int- Transcept exit w/o interrupting mass, barrel vaulted nave, arches, apse = smaller chapels w/altar @ front, nave is entire open space, ambulatory around, 3levels with clerestory light, bay = unit w 3 same size levels. Form: Ext- Symmetrical, large scale, repetition Int- repetition, movement, level, dark Context: Begun in 11th and finished mid 12th century, Romanesque church, apse with smaller radiating chapels and saint shrines, circulate around ambulatory out of transept. Function: pilgrimage church on route to Santiago de compostela, abbey, ambulatory helps get them out. Meaning: House of paradise = remain in paradise with Christ forever, moth = hell with chaos, devil = judas (betrayed). Themes: worship, escape, religion. Related: Great Stupa, san vitale, saint Sabina.

Nefertiti Statue

Stucco, painted limestone bust Glazed ceramic ware (faience) Elongated neck Sculpted by Thutmose

Fourth Style Painting Room 78 of Nero's Golden House

ocation: Room 78 of Domus Aurea (Golden House), Rome Italy Materials: 10-21 multicolored imported marbles, 10-20 austere wall. Style: 4th style, Roman. Content: Ixion attempted to seduce Hera and Zeus punished by putting in wheel, kinship with 3rd style, walls = austere creamy white, sea creatures bids other motifs directly on monochromatic background, landscapes are framed paintings in center of large white subdivision of wall, look @ fragments of buildings, columns with 1/2 pediments or nothing at all, exedra = semicircular in semi dome, 10-21: myth panel at center of rear wall, décor of dining room = combo, lowest zone = multicolored imported marbles, large white panels with floral frames and center motifs. Form: motifs, brightly colored, proportions, 10-21: virtruvian canon (organization). Context: seized areas of land to build, getting richer and showing off, another motif in painter's ornamental repertoire, patron client, see their wealth with trust (fides) and duty (pietas). 10-21: decorated just before eruption of Mount Vesuvis, roman townhouse, government by ancestral custom. **Combo of 1, 2, 3 style. Function: 10-21: room = triclinium in house of Vettii at Pompeii vettius brothers remodeled after earthquake, domestic space, dwelling, reinforce social position as well as those of clients. Meaning: Greek remembrance obsession, architecture. Themes: embarrassment, wealth, social position, narrative. Related: Great Hall of the Bulls (narrative), Runing Horned Woman (goddess), Standard of Ur (mural, narrative), Royal family Stele (inside, power).