AP Bio Ch 6
Pure Water or distilled water has a water potential of
0
The pressure potential in an open beaker (any open system) is equal to
0
Glucose does not ionize in water, what would its ionization constant be when calculating solute potential?
1
What ratio determines the most efficient size of the cell?
A large surface area to volume ratio determines the most efficient size of the cell
central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes
endomembrane system
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
endoplasmic reticulum
A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
transport vesicles
A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
All the processes discussed in this video require energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane. The molecule used to supply the energy is
ATP
Passive transport includes all the following except: Osmosis Active Transport Passive Transport Diffusion
Active transport
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.
All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.
Which of the following is NOT evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
Bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts all divide by mitosis.
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Both have their own DNA
Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table: Volume Surface Area Cell 1 9.3 μm3 26.5 μm2 Cell 2 12.2 μm3 37.1 μm2 Cell 3 17.6 μm3 40.6 μm2 Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently?
Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.
Through which process does the Mitochondria produce ATP energy?
Cellular respiration
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? lysosome ... movement nucleus ... cellular respiration mitochondrion ... photosynthesis central vacuole ... storage ribosome ... manufacture of lipids
Central vacuole ..... storage
What is the main function of the nucleus?
Controls all cell activities
What is the name of the jelly like substance found inside of the cell?
Cytoplasm
All of the statements about diffusion are correct except: The greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion occurs. Diffusion requires energy. The higher the temperature, the faster diffusion occurs. Diffusion occurs until the molecules reaches equilibrium.
Diffusion requires energy
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotes have cells while eukaryotes do not. Prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on anaerobic metabolism. Prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.
Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.
True or False: The smaller the value of the surface area/volume ratio, the more efficient the cell
False
nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Which organelle modifies, processes, and sorts proteins throughout the cell?
Golgi Apparatus
What is the function of ribosomes?
Makes proteins
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Makes ribosomes
glycoproteins
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins
Which of the following is not found in a prokaryote? Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Ribosomes
Nucleus
What process is used in order for plant cells to produce light energy?
Photosynthesis
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Produces lipids and detoxifies
What type of passive transport requires the proteins that are in the membrane to change shape?
Protein pumps and carrier proteins
The term that is used to denote water potential is:
Psi
What cell structure attaches to the Rough ER?
Ribosomes
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
Rough ER
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?
Smooth ER
stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for lipid metabolism. This leads to a collection of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells would be involved in Gaucher disease.
The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids
True or False: Bacteria have both a cell membrane and a cell wall.
True
True or false: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry genetic material.
True
A phospolipid is characterized by...
a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
lysosome
a membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
plasma membrane
a selective membrane/barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
Water moves from where to were?
an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential
Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria _____. are part of the endomembrane system have their own DNA are capable of reproducing themselves have multiple membranes
are part of the endomembrane system
Phospholipids are found in the cell membrane arranged...
as a phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophillic areas arranged in the watery portions of the environment.
Many of the proteins in the membrane are modified by the addition of _____________ and are called ______________,
carbohydrates; glycoproteins
prokaryotic cell
cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles; has a nucleoid; bacteria and archaea
eukaryotic cell
cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; protists, fungi, animals
This type of membrane protein forms pores in the membrane that allow molecules that normally can not pass through to traverse the memberane?
channel protein
Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the precursor to what organelle?
chloroplasts
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____.
chloroplasts
As the cell grows in size, the volume increases by the ______, and the surface area increases by the _______.
cube; square
nuclear envelope
encloses nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____.
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
food vacuoles
formed by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes
contractile vacuoles
found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell to maintain the appropriate concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell
With simple diffusion, molecules move from a _________ concentration to a ___________ concentration.
high; low
A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes on one side of the membrane than the other side is known as __________ solution.
hypertonic
Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?
in the mitochondria
As you add more and more solute to a solution what happens to the solute potential?
it goes down
Pinocytosis moves ___________ into the cell.
liquid
In active transport, the molecules moves through a concentration gradient that is
low to high
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
lysosome
rough ER
membrane factory for the cell; looks rough because ribosomes are attached to the outside, including the outside of the nuclear envelope
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____.
mitochondria
Since all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria but only plant cells have chloroplast, part of the endosymbiosis theory states this:
mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
What does it mean to be selectively permeable?
only select molecules can move in or out of the cell
All of the choices below are forms of energy-requiring transport except
osmosis
Water moves through the plasma membrane through two mechanism. What are they?
passive diffusion and aquaporins
The most common structure in the cell membrane are...
phospholipids
Which types of cells appeared first on Earth?
prokaryotes
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
With facilitated difussion, molecules pass through a channel formed by...
proteins
The DNA in the mitochondria codes for what proteins?
proteins found in the mitochondria
ribosomes
responsible for protein synthesis
smooth ER
responsible for the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions; lacks ribosomes
thylakoid
saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
cytosol
semifluid substance within the membrane in which sub cellular components are suspended; this plus its contents make up cytoplasm
If a membranous sac is filled with a 1% salt solution is placed in a beaker containing a 10% salt solution, the sac will
shrink
endosymbiotic theory
states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell
What factor(s) determine the size of the cell - more than one answer is possible?
surface area and volume of the cell
The sum of the solute potential and the pressure potential equals
the water potential
Endocytosis moves molecules
to the inside of the cell
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
vacuole
Exocytosis is an efficient way to remove this from the cell.
waste
Osmosis is the movement of __________ from high concentration to low concentration through a selectively permiable membrane.
water