AP Bio Ch 6

Pure Water or distilled water has a water potential of

0

The pressure potential in an open beaker (any open system) is equal to

0

Glucose does not ionize in water, what would its ionization constant be when calculating solute potential?

1

What ratio determines the most efficient size of the cell?

A large surface area to volume ratio determines the most efficient size of the cell

central vacuole

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes

endomembrane system

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

endoplasmic reticulum

A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

transport vesicles

A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

All the processes discussed in this video require energy to move molecules across the plasma membrane. The molecule used to supply the energy is

ATP

Passive transport includes all the following except: Osmosis Active Transport Passive Transport Diffusion

Active transport

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.

All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

Bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts all divide by mitosis.

Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Both have their own DNA

Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table: Volume Surface Area Cell 1 9.3 μm3 26.5 μm2 Cell 2 12.2 μm3 37.1 μm2 Cell 3 17.6 μm3 40.6 μm2 Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently?

Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.

Through which process does the Mitochondria produce ATP energy?

Cellular respiration

Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? lysosome ... movement nucleus ... cellular respiration mitochondrion ... photosynthesis central vacuole ... storage ribosome ... manufacture of lipids

Central vacuole ..... storage

What is the main function of the nucleus?

Controls all cell activities

What is the name of the jelly like substance found inside of the cell?

Cytoplasm

All of the statements about diffusion are correct except: The greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion occurs. Diffusion requires energy. The higher the temperature, the faster diffusion occurs. Diffusion occurs until the molecules reaches equilibrium.

Diffusion requires energy

What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?

ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotes have cells while eukaryotes do not. Prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on anaerobic metabolism. Prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.

Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.

True or False: The smaller the value of the surface area/volume ratio, the more efficient the cell

False

nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

Which organelle modifies, processes, and sorts proteins throughout the cell?

Golgi Apparatus

What is the function of ribosomes?

Makes proteins

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Makes ribosomes

glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins

Which of the following is not found in a prokaryote? Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Ribosomes

Nucleus

What process is used in order for plant cells to produce light energy?

Photosynthesis

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Produces lipids and detoxifies

What type of passive transport requires the proteins that are in the membrane to change shape?

Protein pumps and carrier proteins

The term that is used to denote water potential is:

Psi

What cell structure attaches to the Rough ER?

Ribosomes

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

Rough ER

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells?

Smooth ER

stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for lipid metabolism. This leads to a collection of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow. Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells would be involved in Gaucher disease.

The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids

True or False: Bacteria have both a cell membrane and a cell wall.

True

True or false: Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry genetic material.

True

A phospolipid is characterized by...

a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails

lysosome

a membrane bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules

nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

plasma membrane

a selective membrane/barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

Water moves from where to were?

an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential

Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria _____. are part of the endomembrane system have their own DNA are capable of reproducing themselves have multiple membranes

are part of the endomembrane system

Phospholipids are found in the cell membrane arranged...

as a phospholipid bilayer with the hydrophillic areas arranged in the watery portions of the environment.

Many of the proteins in the membrane are modified by the addition of _____________ and are called ______________,

carbohydrates; glycoproteins

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles; has a nucleoid; bacteria and archaea

eukaryotic cell

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; protists, fungi, animals

This type of membrane protein forms pores in the membrane that allow molecules that normally can not pass through to traverse the memberane?

channel protein

Photosynthetic bacteria are thought to be the precursor to what organelle?

chloroplasts

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____.

chloroplasts

As the cell grows in size, the volume increases by the ______, and the surface area increases by the _______.

cube; square

nuclear envelope

encloses nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm

The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____.

endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.

food vacuoles

formed by phagocytosis and fuse with lysosomes

contractile vacuoles

found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell to maintain the appropriate concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell

With simple diffusion, molecules move from a _________ concentration to a ___________ concentration.

high; low

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes on one side of the membrane than the other side is known as __________ solution.

hypertonic

Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?

in the mitochondria

As you add more and more solute to a solution what happens to the solute potential?

it goes down

Pinocytosis moves ___________ into the cell.

liquid

In active transport, the molecules moves through a concentration gradient that is

low to high

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

lysosome

rough ER

membrane factory for the cell; looks rough because ribosomes are attached to the outside, including the outside of the nuclear envelope

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____.

mitochondria

Since all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria but only plant cells have chloroplast, part of the endosymbiosis theory states this:

mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

mitochondrion

What does it mean to be selectively permeable?

only select molecules can move in or out of the cell

All of the choices below are forms of energy-requiring transport except

osmosis

Water moves through the plasma membrane through two mechanism. What are they?

passive diffusion and aquaporins

The most common structure in the cell membrane are...

phospholipids

Which types of cells appeared first on Earth?

prokaryotes

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

proteins

With facilitated difussion, molecules pass through a channel formed by...

proteins

The DNA in the mitochondria codes for what proteins?

proteins found in the mitochondria

ribosomes

responsible for protein synthesis

smooth ER

responsible for the synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions; lacks ribosomes

thylakoid

saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

cytosol

semifluid substance within the membrane in which sub cellular components are suspended; this plus its contents make up cytoplasm

If a membranous sac is filled with a 1% salt solution is placed in a beaker containing a 10% salt solution, the sac will

shrink

endosymbiotic theory

states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non-photosynthetic prokaryotic cell

What factor(s) determine the size of the cell - more than one answer is possible?

surface area and volume of the cell

The sum of the solute potential and the pressure potential equals

the water potential

Endocytosis moves molecules

to the inside of the cell

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

vacuole

Exocytosis is an efficient way to remove this from the cell.

waste

Osmosis is the movement of __________ from high concentration to low concentration through a selectively permiable membrane.

water