AP Bio Chapter 5 HW

Cellulose and starch are both made of repeating units of glucose. Discuss what is different about their structure that gives them such different chemical properties and uses

The difference is based on the fact that there are actually two slightly different ring structures for glucose. These two ring forms for glucose are called alpha and beta. In starch, all the alpha glucose monomers are in the same direction, in cellulose, every beta glucose monomer is upside down

Discuss why transferring a polar protein to a nonpolar solvent would likely cause the molecule to denature

Transferring a polar protein to a nonpolar solvent would likely cause the molecule to denature because the polypeptide chain refolds so that its hydrophobic regions face outward toward the solvent

Identify and justify why chaperon molecules are important to cells

The biological functions of proteins are governed by their 3d fold, the maintenance of this and protein homeostasis depend on molecular chaperones. They are what keep homeostasis in forder in protein cells which is important for an organism's functionality

Speculate on why a change in pH or Na+ concentration could cause a protein to lose its secondary or tertiary structure and denature.

A change in pH or Na+ concentration could cause a protein to lose its secondary or tertiary structure and denature because they break the hydrogen or ionic bonds.

Identify the two "types" of monosaccharides and discuss how they differ in structure

A sugar is either an aldose (aldehyde sugar) or a ketose (ketone sugar). Aldoses have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon skeleton while ketoses have a carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton

Describe how the 20 amino acids are similar, yet different in their structure

All amino acids have a similar structure. They all have both an amino group and a carboxyl group. The difference between the 20 amino acids is the R group (side group)

Lipids do not have a common chemical structure. Discuss why it is handy to group them together into a class of macromolecules.

Lipids are grouped together into a class of macromolecules because they are all hydrophobic

Identify what the formation of all macromolecules from their specific monomers has in common.

Macromolecules are constructed from only 40 to 50 common monomers and some others that occur rarely. They way that they form and the way that they disassemble is the same for all of them. They conncect by dehydration synthesis and they disassemble by hydrolisis.

Contrast and compare the structure of a saturated fat versus an unsaturated fat

Saturated fat is saturated with hydrogen and is solid at room temperature because the molecules are close together while unsaturated fat has carbons that have double bonds to other carbons and it causes bending by pushing the molecules apart lowering the density and the melting point making it liquid at room temperature

Identify which function group monosaccharides have in the greatest abundance. Describe what properties this functional group gives monosaccharides

Monosaccharides have hydroxyl groups in the greatest abundance because there are multiple of them and they allow sugar to dissolve in water easily because they are hydrophilic.

Identify and describe the four levels of protein structure.

The first level of protein structure is primary. The primary structure of a protein is a linear chain of amino acids. The second level of protein structure is secondary. The secondary structure is the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone. The third level of protein structure is tertiary. The tertiary structure is a three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains. The fourth level of protein structure is quaternary. The quaternary structure is the association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only)

One macromolecule isolated from an organism has a formula of C22H24O2 and another has a formula of C22H24O22. Based on the formulas alone, speculate and justify the likely identity of each macromolecule

The first one is a lipid because lipids consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions with only a few polar bonds associated with oxygen. The second one is a carbohydrate because the amount of carbon and oxygen in it is a 1:1 ratio with more hydrogen in it.

Many species of organisms have proteins that serve the same function yet these proteins are often slightly different in their primary structure. Discuss how these proteins can have the same function, yet be different in their primary structure

This can happen because in some cases the same biological function can be encoded by different proteins so therefor a protein could have different structure but it could be possible for the structure to encode the same function as another protein with a different structure