AP Bio FINAL
phloem
A branch of celery is soaked in a glass of water containing food dye. Soon, the tough fibers in celery branch are colored. What tissue do the tough fibers contain?
a dandelion anchored by a long main root that penetrates deep into the soil
A carrot is an example of a taproot. Which of the following can also be classified as a taproot?
The veins form a network pattern
A horticulture student is classifying plants as dicots or monocots according to their leaf structure. How is a dicot leaf recognizable?
a slide of the apical bud of a stem
A lab technician is looking for a slide that shows an example of permanent tissue. Which slide is the best choice?
root cambium showing different types of cells
A plant biologist is examining sections of plant tissue under the microscope. The slides are not labeled and the biologist is interested in simple tissues. Which slide is a sample of a simple tissue?
nodes and internodes
A student examines a plant part and cocludes that it is part of a stem. The presence of blank ________ fuly justifies the student's conclusion.
parenchyma cells at the center of the section
A student reported vascular tissue while inspecting a cross- section of a plant stem under the microscope. Which cells would allow the student to identify vascular tissue?
phosphodiester
ATP is the source of energy for cells. In which bonds does ATP store energy?
Student D observed that parenchyma cells were the most abundant
Analyzing cross-sections of different parts of a plant in a plant anatomy class, students categorizing the most frequently encountered types of cells in plant tissues. Which student gave the most accurate report?
Homeostasis
Animals maintain an overall steady state of internal conditions by ________
to efficiently pass electrical impulses between cardiac muscles
Cardiac muscles contain specialized regions along the plasma membrane called intercalated discs. What is the role of intercalated discs?
vitamins
Certain molecules are required by but not produced by the body. Fat- and water-soluble ________ are organic molecules that cannot be produced by the body but are required for many enzymatic functions.
hypothalamus
Certain organs control the release of hormones that have vital roles in digestion. What controls hunger and satiety signals?
bolus
Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth, where food is prepared into a _______, which is then swallowed.
mesophyll
Chlorophyll, the primary photosynthetic pigment, emits light in the red region of the visible spectrum. The presence of chlorophyll correlates with photosynthetic capacity. Under a fluorescent microscope, what part of a leaf would fluorescent in the red region of the spectrum?
bicarbonate
Chyme is highly acidic. What is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize chyme?
columnar epithelial cells absorb material from the lumen of the digestive tract to prepare the material for entry into the body
Columnar epithelial cells, which are typically found in a single-layer arrangement, are found along the digestive tract. What is the role of columnar epithelial cells in digestion?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Correctly list the hierarchy of taxonomy?
secondary xylem
Dendrichronolgy is the science of dating the age of a tree by counting the annual rings in a tree trunk. If scientists are determining the age of a tree by dendrochronolgy, what tissue are they looking at?
Birds and butterflies have wings with similar characteristics for flight, even though their wings do not share an evolutionary relationships
Describe an analogous structure?
Analogous: Dolphins are mammals and fish are not
Dolphins and fish have similar body shapes. Is this feature more likely a homologous or analogous trait? Explain.
The model does not consider the possibility that genes could be transferred between unrelated species
Explain why the classic model needs to be revised.
by producing bile
How does the liver assist in fat digestion?
a negative feedback loop cannot proceed in diabetic individuals, as they do not produce enough functional insulin to lower blood sugar
How is a condition such as diabetes a good example of the failure of a set point in humans?
the gallbladder secretes bile to the duodenum, which uses bile to break down fats. The gallbladder is considered an accessory organ because food does not directly pass through it
How is the gallbladder involved in digestion, even though it is considered an accessory organ?
an underground stem with fleshy leaves modified for food storage as in onions
Many forms for modifies organs exist in plants. What is a rhizome?
cactus
Modified organs are part of survival strategies of plants. Which plant has flattened, photosynthetic stem that could be mistaken for a leaf?
whorled
Multiple leaves attached to the same node are fairly unusual. One example is found on the macadamia nut tree. The leaf arrangement in the macadamia tree is best characterized as _______
the individual's neurons would not be able to receive input properly
Neurons have several specialized structures, including dendrites. What might happen if an individual has malformed dendrites?
the venation is parallel
On a field trip, students collect a few samples to analyze back in their classroom. One student picks a blade of grass in the field and identifies it as a dicot leaf, nut his partner thinks it is a monocot. Which explanation supports his partners' opinion?
It provides protection to the root tip
One of the major concepts of biology is that form follows function. If that is so, what can be deducted from the shape and location of the root cap?
intestinal flora have enzymes that break down some of the fiber
Plant materials, such as fruits and vegetables, are difficult to digest because they are difficult to break down. How are humans able to obtain nutrients from fruits and vegetables?
the thin epidermis that covers an onion bulb
Plant scientists are intersted in isolating meristematic tissue for an experiement. They sample several regions of a plant. Which sample is most likely to contain meristematic tissue?
increased temperature
Plants can modify their water potential by opening and closing their stomata to modulate the rate of respiration according to environmental conditions. Which environmental condition would cause the stomata to close?
matrix of blood
Plasma is the _______
camel
Ruminants and pseudo-ruminants are both able to digest plant materials, but they have different mechanisms for doing so. What animal is a pseudo ruminant?
improve signal transfer efficiency
Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes manufactured a lipid called myelin. When statement best describes the function of the lipid?
apical meristem, which contributes to increase in length
Scientists are cataloging slides of plant cross-sections. They are interested in finding examples of secondary growth. Which example contributes to secondary growth?
Epidermis to cover the plant
Scientists label cells in the lateral meristem of sapling with a dye to follow the developmental fate of the cells. After several weeks, sections are prepared from the sapling and observed under the microscope. Which tissues are most likely to be stained by the dye that was injected into the lateral meristem?
homologous traits
Scientists used the cladistics system to organize what?
There are cases where organisms evoleved through convergence and appear closely related but are not
Some organisms that appear very closelu related. Why is this?
complex tissue appears only in lateral roots and branches
Students are asked to sort tissue slides into simple and complex tissues. How should they recognize a complex tissue through a microscope?
the Casparian strip will show the deepest coloring
Sudan Red dye stains primarily waxy, hydrophobic material. A root is soaked in Sudan Red and analyzed for stain retention. What is a scientist observing sections of the root under a microscope likely to see?
support
The dermal tissue of a plant provides __________ for the plant.
thoracic
The pleural cavity is part of which cavity?
colon
Water reabsorbtion is an essential component of processing food. Where is the majority of water reabsorbtion?
positive feeback loop
Wha type of feedback loop pushes an organism's further away from its normal set points?
parallel structures in diverse organisms
What are homologous structures?
Vasodilation allows for radiationand evaporation heat loss, and vasoconstriction brings blood to the core to conserve heat by vital organs
What are the roles of vasodilation and vasoconstriction in maintaining body temperature?
mutations and sexual reproduction
What are the two primary sources of genetic variation?
hind leg bones in whales and leaves on some cacti
What are two examples of vestigial structures?
reproductive barriers
What do scientists focus on to distinguish between species?
pharynx
What does not play a role in masticating food?
the webbed feet of a duck help it swim
What is an example of adaptation?
d 23
What is an example of convergent evolution? How does it support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
lowering of blood glucose after a meal
What is an example of negative feedback?
a heritable trait of behavior that aids an organism's survival and reproduction
What is the best definition of adaptation?
to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms
What is the purpose of the phylogenetic tree?
goiters
What is the result of insufficient amounts of material iodine in the body?
exoskeleton
What is the term for a hard covering or shell that provides protection and muscle attachment?
stratified
What is the term for epithelial cells that are composed of multiple layers?
it leads to multiple species forming from one parent species
What is unique about speciation due to adaptive radiation
The small intestines absorb nutrients
What statement is true?
increase muscle activity to generate heat
When faced with a sudden drop in enviornmental temperature, an endothermic animals will __________
mastication
When you eat an apple, it is first physically broken down into smaller fragments. What is the term for this process?
nutrients diffuse across the intestines
When you eat food, it is vital that the nutrients be absorbed. How does the absorption occur?
spines instead of leaves
Which adaptation is most likely to be found in a desert environment?
Phylum
Which category, below the level of Kingdon, would have the next lragest number og organisms?
pancreatic amylase
Which enzyme is involved in carbohydrate digestion?
source of extra chromosomes
Which is the main difference between an autopolyploid individual individual and allopolyploid individual?
conduction
Which method of heat exchange occurs during direct contact between the source and the animal?
covers a large area and contains an extensive network of roots
Which of the following best describes a fibrous root system?
a group of individual organisms that interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring
Which of the following is the best definition of species?
dolphin
Which organism has a fusiform shape?
gravity
Which physical component of the total water potential cannot be manipulated by the plant because it represents the distance above the ground that the plant must move water to?
frontal
Which plane divides an animal into dorsal and ventral portions?
groups of organisms evolve in different directions from a common points
Which process is divergent evolution?
tip of the root
Which region of a plant is most likely to contribute to an increase in its length?
natrual selection
Which scientific concept sis Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?
Two species of insects mate, but the zygote does not survive
Which situation is an example of zygotic barrier?
worms and snakes both without legs
Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?
A flood causes the formation of a new lake
Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?
some generations go offspring do not need to compete for resources
Which statement about a natural principle that points to the inevitably of natural selection is false?
in pseudo-ruminants, roughage is digested in the cecum
Which statement about animal digestion is true?
the digestion of starches begins in the mouth
Which statement about digestion is true?
They include reproductive organ incompatibility
Which statement about post zygotic barriers is false?
food is prepared into a bolus before being swallowed
Which statement about the process of digestion is true?
Without genetic variation, specification would not be possible
Which statement best describes the relationship between genetic variation and specification?
the theory does not try to explain the origin of life
Which statement best describes the relationship between the theory of evolution and the origin of life?
A gene for resistance, already present in the population, increases in frequency
Which statement best describes what happens when an antibiotic is applied to a population of bacteria
punctuated equlibrium is lost likely to occur in a large population in a stable enviornment
Which statement is false?
fat has low energy density
Which statement is not an example of how fat is beneficial?
sit on a warm rock
Which strategy may be employed by an ectotherm to immediately increase body temperature?
columnar
Which type of epithelial cell is best adapted for absorption?
negative
Which type of feedback loops primarily control homeostasis?
Carl Linnaeus
Who devised a commonly used classification system?
to provide access to calcium in the tissue
Why do osteoclasts need to break down bone?
b 24
Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution?
b 5
Why is it important for scientists to distinguish between homoloous and anologous characteristics before building phylogenetic trees?
to facilitate movement of bone
Why is it necessary for most muscle cells to be under voluntary control?