AP Bio FINAL

phloem

A branch of celery is soaked in a glass of water containing food dye. Soon, the tough fibers in celery branch are colored. What tissue do the tough fibers contain?

a dandelion anchored by a long main root that penetrates deep into the soil

A carrot is an example of a taproot. Which of the following can also be classified as a taproot?

The veins form a network pattern

A horticulture student is classifying plants as dicots or monocots according to their leaf structure. How is a dicot leaf recognizable?

a slide of the apical bud of a stem

A lab technician is looking for a slide that shows an example of permanent tissue. Which slide is the best choice?

root cambium showing different types of cells

A plant biologist is examining sections of plant tissue under the microscope. The slides are not labeled and the biologist is interested in simple tissues. Which slide is a sample of a simple tissue?

nodes and internodes

A student examines a plant part and cocludes that it is part of a stem. The presence of blank ________ fuly justifies the student's conclusion.

parenchyma cells at the center of the section

A student reported vascular tissue while inspecting a cross- section of a plant stem under the microscope. Which cells would allow the student to identify vascular tissue?

phosphodiester

ATP is the source of energy for cells. In which bonds does ATP store energy?

Student D observed that parenchyma cells were the most abundant

Analyzing cross-sections of different parts of a plant in a plant anatomy class, students categorizing the most frequently encountered types of cells in plant tissues. Which student gave the most accurate report?

Homeostasis

Animals maintain an overall steady state of internal conditions by ________

to efficiently pass electrical impulses between cardiac muscles

Cardiac muscles contain specialized regions along the plasma membrane called intercalated discs. What is the role of intercalated discs?

vitamins

Certain molecules are required by but not produced by the body. Fat- and water-soluble ________ are organic molecules that cannot be produced by the body but are required for many enzymatic functions.

hypothalamus

Certain organs control the release of hormones that have vital roles in digestion. What controls hunger and satiety signals?

bolus

Chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth, where food is prepared into a _______, which is then swallowed.

mesophyll

Chlorophyll, the primary photosynthetic pigment, emits light in the red region of the visible spectrum. The presence of chlorophyll correlates with photosynthetic capacity. Under a fluorescent microscope, what part of a leaf would fluorescent in the red region of the spectrum?

bicarbonate

Chyme is highly acidic. What is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize chyme?

columnar epithelial cells absorb material from the lumen of the digestive tract to prepare the material for entry into the body

Columnar epithelial cells, which are typically found in a single-layer arrangement, are found along the digestive tract. What is the role of columnar epithelial cells in digestion?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Correctly list the hierarchy of taxonomy?

secondary xylem

Dendrichronolgy is the science of dating the age of a tree by counting the annual rings in a tree trunk. If scientists are determining the age of a tree by dendrochronolgy, what tissue are they looking at?

Birds and butterflies have wings with similar characteristics for flight, even though their wings do not share an evolutionary relationships

Describe an analogous structure?

Analogous: Dolphins are mammals and fish are not

Dolphins and fish have similar body shapes. Is this feature more likely a homologous or analogous trait? Explain.

The model does not consider the possibility that genes could be transferred between unrelated species

Explain why the classic model needs to be revised.

by producing bile

How does the liver assist in fat digestion?

a negative feedback loop cannot proceed in diabetic individuals, as they do not produce enough functional insulin to lower blood sugar

How is a condition such as diabetes a good example of the failure of a set point in humans?

the gallbladder secretes bile to the duodenum, which uses bile to break down fats. The gallbladder is considered an accessory organ because food does not directly pass through it

How is the gallbladder involved in digestion, even though it is considered an accessory organ?

an underground stem with fleshy leaves modified for food storage as in onions

Many forms for modifies organs exist in plants. What is a rhizome?

cactus

Modified organs are part of survival strategies of plants. Which plant has flattened, photosynthetic stem that could be mistaken for a leaf?

whorled

Multiple leaves attached to the same node are fairly unusual. One example is found on the macadamia nut tree. The leaf arrangement in the macadamia tree is best characterized as _______

the individual's neurons would not be able to receive input properly

Neurons have several specialized structures, including dendrites. What might happen if an individual has malformed dendrites?

the venation is parallel

On a field trip, students collect a few samples to analyze back in their classroom. One student picks a blade of grass in the field and identifies it as a dicot leaf, nut his partner thinks it is a monocot. Which explanation supports his partners' opinion?

It provides protection to the root tip

One of the major concepts of biology is that form follows function. If that is so, what can be deducted from the shape and location of the root cap?

intestinal flora have enzymes that break down some of the fiber

Plant materials, such as fruits and vegetables, are difficult to digest because they are difficult to break down. How are humans able to obtain nutrients from fruits and vegetables?

the thin epidermis that covers an onion bulb

Plant scientists are intersted in isolating meristematic tissue for an experiement. They sample several regions of a plant. Which sample is most likely to contain meristematic tissue?

increased temperature

Plants can modify their water potential by opening and closing their stomata to modulate the rate of respiration according to environmental conditions. Which environmental condition would cause the stomata to close?

matrix of blood

Plasma is the _______

camel

Ruminants and pseudo-ruminants are both able to digest plant materials, but they have different mechanisms for doing so. What animal is a pseudo ruminant?

improve signal transfer efficiency

Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes manufactured a lipid called myelin. When statement best describes the function of the lipid?

apical meristem, which contributes to increase in length

Scientists are cataloging slides of plant cross-sections. They are interested in finding examples of secondary growth. Which example contributes to secondary growth?

Epidermis to cover the plant

Scientists label cells in the lateral meristem of sapling with a dye to follow the developmental fate of the cells. After several weeks, sections are prepared from the sapling and observed under the microscope. Which tissues are most likely to be stained by the dye that was injected into the lateral meristem?

homologous traits

Scientists used the cladistics system to organize what?

There are cases where organisms evoleved through convergence and appear closely related but are not

Some organisms that appear very closelu related. Why is this?

complex tissue appears only in lateral roots and branches

Students are asked to sort tissue slides into simple and complex tissues. How should they recognize a complex tissue through a microscope?

the Casparian strip will show the deepest coloring

Sudan Red dye stains primarily waxy, hydrophobic material. A root is soaked in Sudan Red and analyzed for stain retention. What is a scientist observing sections of the root under a microscope likely to see?

support

The dermal tissue of a plant provides __________ for the plant.

thoracic

The pleural cavity is part of which cavity?

colon

Water reabsorbtion is an essential component of processing food. Where is the majority of water reabsorbtion?

positive feeback loop

Wha type of feedback loop pushes an organism's further away from its normal set points?

parallel structures in diverse organisms

What are homologous structures?

Vasodilation allows for radiationand evaporation heat loss, and vasoconstriction brings blood to the core to conserve heat by vital organs

What are the roles of vasodilation and vasoconstriction in maintaining body temperature?

mutations and sexual reproduction

What are the two primary sources of genetic variation?

hind leg bones in whales and leaves on some cacti

What are two examples of vestigial structures?

reproductive barriers

What do scientists focus on to distinguish between species?

pharynx

What does not play a role in masticating food?

the webbed feet of a duck help it swim

What is an example of adaptation?

d 23

What is an example of convergent evolution? How does it support the theory of evolution by natural selection?

lowering of blood glucose after a meal

What is an example of negative feedback?

a heritable trait of behavior that aids an organism's survival and reproduction

What is the best definition of adaptation?

to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among organisms

What is the purpose of the phylogenetic tree?

goiters

What is the result of insufficient amounts of material iodine in the body?

exoskeleton

What is the term for a hard covering or shell that provides protection and muscle attachment?

stratified

What is the term for epithelial cells that are composed of multiple layers?

it leads to multiple species forming from one parent species

What is unique about speciation due to adaptive radiation

The small intestines absorb nutrients

What statement is true?

increase muscle activity to generate heat

When faced with a sudden drop in enviornmental temperature, an endothermic animals will __________

mastication

When you eat an apple, it is first physically broken down into smaller fragments. What is the term for this process?

nutrients diffuse across the intestines

When you eat food, it is vital that the nutrients be absorbed. How does the absorption occur?

spines instead of leaves

Which adaptation is most likely to be found in a desert environment?

Phylum

Which category, below the level of Kingdon, would have the next lragest number og organisms?

pancreatic amylase

Which enzyme is involved in carbohydrate digestion?

source of extra chromosomes

Which is the main difference between an autopolyploid individual individual and allopolyploid individual?

conduction

Which method of heat exchange occurs during direct contact between the source and the animal?

covers a large area and contains an extensive network of roots

Which of the following best describes a fibrous root system?

a group of individual organisms that interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Which of the following is the best definition of species?

dolphin

Which organism has a fusiform shape?

gravity

Which physical component of the total water potential cannot be manipulated by the plant because it represents the distance above the ground that the plant must move water to?

frontal

Which plane divides an animal into dorsal and ventral portions?

groups of organisms evolve in different directions from a common points

Which process is divergent evolution?

tip of the root

Which region of a plant is most likely to contribute to an increase in its length?

natrual selection

Which scientific concept sis Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

Two species of insects mate, but the zygote does not survive

Which situation is an example of zygotic barrier?

worms and snakes both without legs

Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?

A flood causes the formation of a new lake

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

some generations go offspring do not need to compete for resources

Which statement about a natural principle that points to the inevitably of natural selection is false?

in pseudo-ruminants, roughage is digested in the cecum

Which statement about animal digestion is true?

the digestion of starches begins in the mouth

Which statement about digestion is true?

They include reproductive organ incompatibility

Which statement about post zygotic barriers is false?

food is prepared into a bolus before being swallowed

Which statement about the process of digestion is true?

Without genetic variation, specification would not be possible

Which statement best describes the relationship between genetic variation and specification?

the theory does not try to explain the origin of life

Which statement best describes the relationship between the theory of evolution and the origin of life?

A gene for resistance, already present in the population, increases in frequency

Which statement best describes what happens when an antibiotic is applied to a population of bacteria

punctuated equlibrium is lost likely to occur in a large population in a stable enviornment

Which statement is false?

fat has low energy density

Which statement is not an example of how fat is beneficial?

sit on a warm rock

Which strategy may be employed by an ectotherm to immediately increase body temperature?

columnar

Which type of epithelial cell is best adapted for absorption?

negative

Which type of feedback loops primarily control homeostasis?

Carl Linnaeus

Who devised a commonly used classification system?

to provide access to calcium in the tissue

Why do osteoclasts need to break down bone?

b 24

Why do scientists consider vestigial structures evidence for evolution?

b 5

Why is it important for scientists to distinguish between homoloous and anologous characteristics before building phylogenetic trees?

to facilitate movement of bone

Why is it necessary for most muscle cells to be under voluntary control?