AP Bio Final Exam
Which of the following best describes the function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD in eukaryotic cellular respiration?
E) They accept electrons during oxidation-reduction reactions.
Which of the following scientific questions could be investigated using a similar experimental setup?
B) What wavelength best activates electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts?
What would a daughter cell produced by mitosis look like?
D) Two big chromatids (straight lines), two little chromatids. Big chromatids = one black, one white. Little chromatids = one black, one white.
Which of the following phylogenetic trees can be supported by the data?
D) I and II only
Scientist used the amino acid sequence of cytochrome-C in different species. Interpretation of the data supports which of the following statements?
E) mammals are more closely related to reptiles than fish.
*based on graph* Germination would be expected to occur first in which beaker?
A) 1
*based on graph* Comparing results from which of the following pairs of would help to determine if enzymes are necessary for germination?
A) 1 and 2
*graph*: The figures below illustrate the similarities between ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Question:
A) Do electron transport chains create a gradient so that ATP synthase can generate ATP molecules?
The diagram above shows the progression of ecological events after a fire in a particular ecosystem. Based on the diagram, which of the following best explains why the oak trees are later replaced by other trees?
A) Eventually the other trees grow taller than the oak trees and form a dense canopy that shades the understory.
Two nutrient solutions are maintained at the same PH. Actively respiring mitochondria are isolated and placed into each of the two solutions.
A) The rate of proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane is lower in the sample without oxygen.
Which of the following phylogenetic trees best illustrates (with the X) the point at which the mutation in the GULO gene most likely occurred during the evolutionary history of these organisms?
A) X on lemur
Based on the information presented, which of the following genetic changes in an individual without diabetes is most likely to result in a disrupted cellular response to insulin signaling similar to that of an individual with type 2 diabetes?
A) a deletion in the gene encoding the insulin receptor that removes only the cytoplasmic domain of the protein
*Graph used for 13-15*: An experiment to measure the rate of respiration in crickets and mice at 10 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius Question: During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is released. Experimental setup should include which of the following?
A) a substance that removes carbon dioxide
An individual's humoral response to a particular antigen differs depending on whether or not the individual has been previously exposed to that antigen. Which of the following graphs properly represents the humoral immune response when an individual is exposed to the same antigen more than once?
A) amount of antibody is low after first antigen exposure and is much higher after antigen exposure
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is important in maintaining homeostasis in mammals... Based on the model presented, which of the following statements expresses the proper relationship between osmolarity, ADH release, and urine production?
A) as tissue osmolarity rises, more ADH is released, causing less water to be excreted as urine
Which of the following descriptions of photosynthesis best explains the results of the experiment?
A) availability of electrons for transfer to DCPIP depends on light energy.
DNA replication occurs...?
A) during the S phase of the cell cycle
*based on wolves* Based on the data, which of the following behaviors in elk could account for the differences between the percentages of aspens browsed by herbivores and height of aspen trees in riparian and upland environments?
A) elk tend to avoid riparian areas where the steep, wooded riverbanks made it difficult to escape predators
*based on wolves* Which of the following models best predicts the effect on the ecosystem if a deadly communicable disease is introduced into the wolf population?
A) graph wolf population declines after disease is introduced and elk population rises
If the S phase were eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cells of mitosis would?
A) have half of the genetic material found in the parent cell
*Based on above graph* Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the results of this experiment?
A) metabolic rate per gram of tissue is higher in smaller animals
Which of the following occurs in all species of living organisms and may lead to an increase in genetic variation?
A) mutations in the genome
Comparison of DNA sequences in table II... which of the following pairs of predictions is most helpful in explaining the discrepancy?
A) no change in protein, premature stop codon
Which of the following cladograms provides the simplest and most accurate representation of the data table?
A) order from left to right: y, w, v, z, x
Which of the following diagrams best represents hormone activated gene expression?
A) picture with a steroid hormone, receptor molecule, hormone-receptor complex, translation, and transcription
The area covered by tropical rain forest is reduced by millions of hectares per year due to agriculture and lagging... Which of the following best describes a likely result?
A) populations of plants and animals will decrease as more rain forest disappears, leading to a decrease in biodiversity.
A new mutation that arose in one copy of gene X in a somatic cell resulted in the formation of a tumor. Which describes how the mutation caused the tumor?
A) protein X normally stimulates cell division and the mutation created an overactive version of protein X
The divergence between the two populations of Rhagoletis must have occurred very rapidly because...?
A) the apple tree was imported into North America
Freshwater bony fish secrete large volumes of very dilute urine. Which of the following best explains the differences in nitrogenous waste excretion between freshwater and marine bony fish?
A) the differences arose during divergence, as fish from a common ancestor faced different selective pressures in environments of different osmolarity
*based on graph* The mice at 10 degrees Celsius demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram than did the mice at 25 degrees. This is explained by which of the following statements?
A) the mice at 10 degrees Celsius had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25 degrees Celsius.
Which of the following is a valid interpretation of the experimental results that explains how individuals with type 2 diabetes differ from individuals without diabetes?
A) the relatively low levels of glucose uptake in individuals with type 2 diabetes indicate that mobilization of GLUT4 to the cell surface is reduced in muscle cells of those individuals.
The lion fish is a venomous fish found primarily in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in the lion fish having a major impact on the communities into which they were introduced?
A) with no natural predators, the lion fish population will become very large.
*based on beetles* The data over the duration of the experiment provide the strongest support for which of the following conclusions regarding the effect of the parasite on Tribolium populations?
B) T. castaneum is adversely affected by the parasite, while T. confusum is not.
Within a forest ecosystem there is a large amount of diversity among members of a warbler species... which of the following stages contributes most to diversity?
Answer choice C shows crossing over. four Xs in the middle of a cell.
What would this cell look like at the beginning of mitosis?
B) two big Xs (chromosomes), two little Xs. One big X is black, one is white. One little X is black, one is white.
*based on beetles* If the experiment was continued for an additional 500 days, the population density of T. castaneum w/ the parasite would most likely stabilize at a value closest to which of the following?
B) 10 beetles per culture dish
To test the hypothesis that a particular plant synthesizes storage lipids by using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) from photosynthesis, a researcher plans to use radio labeled precursors...
B) 14C-labeled CO2, because atmospheric carbon is fixed to carbohydrates by photosynthesis
*Graph used for questions 8-9*: A respirometer is a container used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by an organism --> determine how environmental temperature affects the uptake of oxygen in one 300 gram rat and one 50 gram mouse. Question: Which of the following statements best explains why oxygen is taken up more rapidly at 12 degrees C than 20 degrees C?
B) At 12 degrees C, a higher rate of oxygen consumption is required to maintain a high body temperature.
Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all 3 domains: archaea, bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could best be supported by this evidence?
B) Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life.
The diploid chromosome number (2n) for a certain animal species is 8. You prepare a section of tissue... the cell is in?
B) Meiosis I
The endocrine system incorporates feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback by the endocrine system?
B) after a meal, blood glucose levels become elevated, stimulating beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin into the blood. Excess glucose is then converted to glycogen in the liver, reducing blood glucose levels.
The processes illustrated in the models depicted above all result in which of the following?
B) an increase in genetic variation
The vertebrate forelimb initially develops in the embryo as a solid mass of tissue... which of the following best explains the role of apoptosis in the remodeling of the forelimb?
B) apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells
*Graph for 17-21*: Photosynthetic activity can be measured using chloroplasts suspended in a buffered solution containing DCPIP, a dye that can accept electrons from the ETC. Question: Which of the following provides the best indication that light is required for the activation of electron transfer reactions in chloroplasts?
B) comparing the observed results from sample 2 and sample 3
Testosterone oxido-reductase is a liver enzyme that regulates testosterone levels in alligators...the data in the graph best support which of the following claims?
B) environmental contamination reduces total testosterone oxido-reductase activity in females
Ethylene is an organic compound produced by ripening fruits... which of the following describes the most likely connection between natural ethylene production and fruit ripening?
B) ethylene gas is a chemical signal through which ripening fruits trigger the ripening process in other fruits
A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diversity and the ability of a nonnative species to destabilize... which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change?
B) graph with a decreasing line
Chytridiomycosis is a potentially lethal fungal infection that adversely affects some frog populations. Which of the following statements best describes the changes in the frog population depicted in the model above?
B) infected individuals gradually died out, and genetically resistant individuals became more common. The frog population recovered because of the increased frequency of resistant individuals.
The sputum (fluid coughed up from the lungs) of many smokers contains cells with mutations in the genes for p53. What is the likely relationship between early p53 mutations and the development of lung cancer?
B) mutations in p53 would prevent abnormal cells from dying by apoptosis
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids... which of the following best describes what the next process would be in the cell?
B) paired chromatids will separate and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell
The healthy human immune system responds to pathogens with both specific and nonspecific processes. Which of the following models depicts a nonspecific response?
B) picture with macrophage, engulfment of virus, destruction
Questions 7-10: Wolves, a top predator, were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in 1995 after a 50 year absence. Based on the data, which of the following explanation for the changes in the elk population size between 2000 and 2005?
B) predation by wolves was higher than before 1995
Undersea landslides can disrupt manni habitats. Which of the following best predicts how the population will be affected by the landslide?
B) reduced population will likely have allele frequencies that are different from the initial.
What is an evolutionary advantage to sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
B) sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity, which is crucial for the long-term survival of the species
Which of the following isolating mechanisms is likely to have been the most important in preventing gene flow between the two populations of Rhagoletis?
B) temporal isolation
The following is a food web for a meadow habitat that occupies 25.6 km... Which of the following is the most likely result at the completion of the project?
B) the biomass of coyotes will be dramatically reduced.
What is the most likely effect of the mutation at nucleotide position 7 at the GULO gene in humans?
B) the deletion of the single nucleotide causes a frame shift
In most freshwater fish, nitrogenous waste is primarily excreted as ammonia, which is highly soluble in water and is toxic at low concentrations... which of the following best explains why freshwater fish do not convert ammonia to urea for excretion?
B) the dilution of ammonia by direct excretion into freshwater conserves energy
Which of the following would best explain the change in fur color distribution?
B) the field was primarily composed of light colored soil and little vegetation... gray mice protection from predators.
Beaked whales feed at various depths, but they defecate at the ocean's surface... Which of the following best predicts what would happen if the whale population decreased?
B) the surface fish populations would decline due to reduced populations of algae.
Trypsinogen is split by the enzyme enterokinase to form an activated molecule of the protease trypsin. Which of the following would confirm that the activation of trypsin is an example of how a positive feedback mechanism can amplify a biological process?
B) the trypsin produced by the reaction is capable of splitting and activating additional trypsinogen molecules
Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism by which cyclin-CDK complexes regulate the events of the cell cycle?
B) when activated, these complexes phosphorylate and dephosphorylate other proteins
Which of the following best explains the observation concerning DDT resistance in mosquitoes?
C) natural selection favors DDT resistant mosquitoes
Which of the following can be reasonably concluded from the experimental results?
C) DCPIP inhibits biochemical reactions in suspended chloroplasts.
One model of a sustainable fisheries practice is for individual fish to be removed from a natural population at a rate equal... at which labeled point is the population growth the highest?
C) III
Based on the experimental results, which of the following describes the most likely defect in muscle cells of patients with type 2 diabetes?
C) IRS-1 activation is reduced at high insulin concentration
Questions 18-21: The figures below show the changes in populations of 2 species of flower beetles, Tribolium confused and Tribolium castaneum. Under which of the following conditions is the observed number of beetles per culture the greatest?
C) T. castaneum w/ parasite at 100 days
Which of the following describes a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?
C) a build up of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation
Cancer can result from a variety of different mutational events. Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in the initiation of a cancerous tumor?
C) a defect in the cell cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase
The graph above shows changes in glucagon and insulin secretions at different concentrations of blood glucose. Which of the following feedback mechanisms is best supported by the data?
C) a low glucose level causes the release of glucagon, which stimulates the release of more glucose from tissues, which in turn lowers the amount of glucagon being released
If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to M phase, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would result in the?
C) condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells
Thrips are insects that feed on rose pollen... Which of the following types of data would be most useful for the scientists to collect at regular intervals on a designated plot of rose plants?
C) density of rose pollen produced (g/m2)
Lemurs are primates that live on the island of Madagascar. Which of the following best explains the genetic variation among primate species?
C) food sources where non-Madagascar primates lived provided ample ascorbic acid in the diet... removed selective pressure
Five new species of bacteria were discovered in Antarctic ice core samples. Which of the following phylogenetic trees is most consistent with the data?
C) from left to right... 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
According to the data, the crickets at 25 degrees Celsius have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do the crickets at 10 degrees. Different trends among crickets and mice are due to?
C) mode of internal temperature regulation
The graph below shows a model of population changes over time in a predatory and its prey. Which of the following data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship?
C) numbers of additional predator species, because additional predators will increase competition for prey
If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membrane is also inhibited?
C) passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response. Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?
C) picture of a cell with lysosomes and bacterium
The data below demonstrates the frequency of tasters and nontasters... in which population is the frequency of the recessive allele the highest?
C) population/3 tasters/215 nontasters/500 size/715
Rhagoletis produce hybrid flies that appear healthy. What isolating mechanism seems to be important in this hybrid population?
C) reduced hybrid fertility
A group of people whose ancestors immigrated to North America 200 years ago... which is most likely the explanation for the difference in allele frequencies?
C) reproductive isolation
If an additional sample containing DCPIP was placed at a distance of 90 cm from the lamp...?
C) the change in absorbance over time in the solution will be less than that of other samples
To determine the evolutionary history and the relationship among organisms... which of the following statements is most consistent with the phylogenetic tree shown?
C) the common ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals produced amniotic eggs
In the Arctic Ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton... based on the graph above, the difference is most likely because?
C) the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton.
*Graph used for questions 10-12*: In a study on seed germination of radish seeds, five beakers were set up using equal numbers of seeds. The beakers were subjected to conditions indicated by the graph below. Question: The experimental design allows testing of which of the following?
D) The effects of both temperature and oxygen on germination
*based on wolves* Which of the following predictions about the community is most likely true?
D) a decrease in the wolf population will lead to a decrease in the mean aspen height.
The diagram above illustrates feedback control as excreted by the hormone thyroxine... which of the following best explains this increase?
D) a decrease in thyroxine levels means a loss of inhibition to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, leading to increased TSH secretion
The process depicted in the image above is best summarized by which of the following descriptions?
D) during meiosis, crossing over leads to recombination of alleles between homologous chromosomes
A human cell in mitosis can be distinguished from a human cell in meiosis I by the presence of?
D) paired homologous chromosomes in the meiotic cell
*Graph* "Oxygen concentration in the water of a lake" What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above?
D) photosynthesis produces more oxygen than is consumed by cellular respiration during the day.
Precise regulation of specific hormone levels is required for optimal sperm production in mammals, as summarized in the figure above... It is most likely that long-term abuse of AAS would?
D) reduce sperm production
There is strong evidence that 2 species of cliff-dwelling birds have nested in the same environment and fed in the same water for thousands of years. Based on the information, which of the following statements is the best conclusion?
D) the 2 birds have different ecological niches that allow coexistence.
Thyroxin is a hormone that increases metabolic activities within various tissues targets... based on the information provided, which of the following can most likely be concluded about the TSH-thyroxin loop?
D) the feedback mechanism would maintain relatively constant levels of thyroxin throughout tissue targets
Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome is a recessive genetic disorder. Which of the following best describes the difference between the frequency of the allele that causes the syndrome in the general population and the frequency of the allele in the isolated population?
D) the frequency of the Ellis-Van Creveld allele is 0.0447 in the isolated population and 0.026 in the general population, which suggests genetic drift.
*based on beetles* In figure I, the difference between the 2 curves can best be attributed to which of the following?
D) the natural variation among populations
A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day... If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?
D) the person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine
Assume there are 50,000 joules of energy available in trophic level II in the figure. According to the conventional model, which of the following statements correctly describes the flow of energy in the system?
D) trophic level IV has approximately 500 J of available energy
What would this cell look like after completion of Meiosis II?
One big chromatid and dark. One little chromatid, white.
What would this cell look like after meiosis I?
Two chromosomes in the middle of a cell. One large, dark chromosome. One little and white chromosome.