AP BIO Module 2
Which of the following types of cell contains chloroplasts?
(The square like cell)
Which set of data in the table below best represents molecules an animal will use as building blocks to grow and reproduce?
***
The membrane that surrounds a Golgi apparatus is very similar in structure to other membranes in the cell. How does this help the Golgi apparatus do its job?
****
A cell has a selectively permeable membrane and an internal sugar concentration of 0.02M for both sucrose and glucose. The cell is placed in an aqueous solution that has a 0.015 M concentration for sucrose and a 0.025 M glucose concentration. Which statement is true about the cell?
******Glucose will diffuse out of the cell.
Which of the following statements best describes why carbon can form a variety of organic compounds?
**Carbon readily forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the nucleolus and ribosomes within a cell?
**Nucleoli house ribosomes until they are needed by the cell, after which they exit the nucleus and enter the Golgi apparatus to form proteins.
In which of the following examples is homeostasis being maintained through passive transport?
**Oxygen dissolves in the lipid bilayer and enters the cell.
The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is a phospholipid bilayer with channels called porins, through which passive transport occurs. The diagram below represents porins in the phospholipid bilayer. Which of the following best describes what would happen if fewer porins were present in the bilayer?
**The cell would be unable to acquire molecules needed for growth and reproduction.
Damage to the Golgi complex would disrupt which of the following processes?
**The modification and sorting of proteins destined for secretion
(2.01 MC ) What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that a carbon atom can form?
4
When two amino acids combine and the carboxyl group of the first amino acid reacts with the amino group of the second amino acid, what is the most accurate description of the end product?
A dipeptide and water
Which of the following best describes how the size and shape of a cell affect its ability to obtain nutrients from its surroundings through diffusion?
A smaller cell has more surface area relative to its volume and will absorb nutrients more quickly.
Which of the following statements correctly compares the structures of plant and animal cells?
Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria where cellular respiration produces ATP molecules.
ompare and contrast the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and explain why only the rough ER needs bound ribosomes.
Both the Smooth ER & the Rough ER make membrane phospholipids which are enzymes built into the ER membrane that assemble phospholipids in the cytosol. The Endoplasmic Reticulum has two parts: the rough and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and they serve different purposes, thus they have different structures. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is smooth because it lacks a membrane studded with ribosomes. The smooth ER can carry out several functions of metabolic processes such as the synthesis of lipids, the metabolism of carbohydrates, the detoxification of drugs and poisons and lastly, the storage of calcium ions. On the other hand, the Rough ER is a membrane studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane. It can carry out functions such as, secreting proteins that are produced by the ribosomes. The Rough ER is also known as a "membrane factory" for the cell because it grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane.
The following chart shows the surface area-to-volume ratio for three cells. (6:1, 3:1, 1.5:1) Which cell is expected to have the fastest average rate of waste removal from the cell?
Cell 1 since it has the largest surface area to volume ratio
The dimensions of two different cells are measured under a microscope. Their surface areas and volumes are shown in the table below. Over time, Cell B increases in size, while Cell A stays the same. Which of the following correctly explains which cell will be able to obtain nutrients faster by diffusion?
Cell A, since it now has a greater surface area-to-volume ratio than Cell B (Cell A is 6:1 and Cell B is 24:8 = 3:1)
Which of the following best describes a long-term consequence of damaged ribosomes?
Cells would be unable to synthesize proteins needed for essential life processes.
(2.01 LC) What polysaccharide provides rigidity and strength in plants?
Cellulose
What polysaccharide provides rigidity and strength in plants?
Cellulose
In the fluid mosaic model, where would you most likely find the transport proteins?
Embedded within the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the bilayer
The diagram below depicts a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell during cellular division. In which of the following ways does this differ in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells can undergo meiosis, and prokaryotic cells cannot.
Through which of the following processes do eukaryotic cells intake glucose for cellular metabolism?
Facilitated Diffusion
Which row in the data table below best represents types of molecules a heterotrophic bacterium must take in to survive and grow?
Glucose, Oxygen, Nitrogen: Heterotrophic organisms (like us) need to take in oxygen, as well as glucose and nitrogen (we need the nitrogen as it is needed for various biological molecules) in our nutrition. We do not need to take in carbon dioxide. So, it's D.
A plant cell is placed in a salt solution and the following observation is recorded. (the cell shrinks)
Hypertonic
If you construct a model that places a cell with an internal salt concentration of 0.02 M in an aqueous solution that has a salt concentration of 0.015 M, what would cause the cell to lose internal pressure?
In this situation, the cell is in a solution that is less concentrated than the cell. Therefore, normally osmosis would cause water to flow into the cell. So, in order to make water flow out of the cell, this would require active transport.
Which of the following best describes what happens after a lysosome is made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of a plant cell?
It is sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing.
People with Tay-Sachs disease lack a specific enzyme necessary for the degradation of one type of glycolipid. Which organelle is most affected by this disease?
Lysosome
Which of the following best describes how vacuoles and lysosomes interact in a plant cell?
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down materials stored in vacuoles.
Plant cells are often able to grow larger than the average animal cell. Explain this in terms of the surface-area-to-volume ratio.
Most apparently, plant cells are generally larger than animal cells because most plant cells contain a large central vacuole which occupies a majority of cell volume and makes the cell larger but the central vacuole is usually absent in animal cells because they just contain several smaller vacuoles. Surface area to volume rations limits cell sizes. This is very important because, for each square micrometer of the membrane, only a limited amount of a particular substance can cross per section. Thus, when any cell increases in size, the volume increases at a greater rate than the surface area.
Which of the following organelles contributes to cellular processes by storing the cell's genetic information?
Nucleus
Which of the following lists correctly summarizes the main functions of proteins in the human body?
Powering movement, structural support, hormone production, and antibody and enzyme production
The Golgi apparatus is necessary to carry out which of the following functions in a cell?
Processing Proteins
Which of the following types of cell does NOT contain membrane-bound organelles?
Prokaryotic Cells (tail one)
Which of the following describes an example of molecular movement across a membrane through active transport?
Proton pumps move hydrogen ions out of the cell against a concentration gradient.
Anterior pituitary cells function heavily in the secretion of peptide hormones. What organelle is most likely to be overrepresented in these cells?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
According to the fluid mosaic model, the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter the cell more easily than others. Based on the molecular structure of the membrane, which of the following substances would you expect to dissolve in the lipid bilayer and quickly enter the cell?
Since lipids are non-polar, only non-polar molecules may dissolve in them. This would be the hydrocarbons.
The cell would not be able to create the proteins needed for important functions and growth
Some antibiotics can harm a cell's ribosomes. Which of the following would you predict to be the most likely long-term effect of damage to ribosomes?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus within a cell?
Some lysosomes are formed by budding from one face of the Golgi apparatus.
Explain the chemical properties that cause water to have a relatively high specific heat and how that, in turn, affects water's boiling point compared to other molecules of similar shape and size (like H2S).
Specific heat is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius for that specific substance. In other words, it is measured by how well a substance resists changing its temperature when is absorbs or releases heat. Water has a relatively high specific heart being 1 calorie per gram and per degree Celcius, meaning it is very good as resisting changing its temperature when it absorbs or release heat. So water will change its temperature less than other liquids when it absorbs or loses a given amount of heat. So when you are boiling water, the pot itself will be very hot before the water even begins to boil, you could stick your hand in the lukewarm water but the pot could give a serious burn.
A Paramecium has an internal sucrose concentration of 0.040M, a glucose concentration of 0.035M, and a fructose concentration of 0.0050M. The Paramecium is placed in an aqueous solution that has solute concentrations of 0.025M for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Which solutes will diffuse out of the Paramecium?
Sucrose and glucose
Describe the function of ONE of the following and discuss how it differs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: DNA, cell wall, ribosomes
The DNA in the in the eukaryotic cells are enclosed in the prokaryotic cells while in the eukaryotic cells the DNA is not enclosed, and thus, not separated from the other organelles in the cell. In the eukaryotic cell, DNA is enclosed in a nucleus which has a nuclear membrane separating it from the rest of the cell. While on the other hand, the DNA in prokaryotic cells is just a singular long chromosome which is a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA, and it is located in a non-enclosed region of the cell called the nucleoid. The function of DNA in both cells is to hold the genetic information of the cell and thus the functions it will perform.
Which of the following would be expected if the rough endoplasmic reticulum failed to function?
The activity of the Golgi complex would decrease
A spherical bacterial cell measures 1 micrometer in diameter. A spherical human epithelial cell measures 15 micrometers in diameter. Which of the following statements is true?
The bacterial cell is more efficient at waste elimination because it has a larger surface area-to-volume ratio.
In the unicellular organism Euglena, the greatest concentration of mitochondria is found surrounding basal bodies. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
The basal body is part of the organism's flagella, which use large amounts of ATP.
It can be said that some of the carbon atoms in our amino acids and proteins may have been released into the atmosphere by animals across the globe. Summarize the process by which carbon can be cycled through the ecosystem from exhale to ingestion.
The carbon cycle has many different parts to it because carbon is found in organic molecules of all living organisms in addition to inorganic substances. The cycle starts by organisms taking in carbon from the environment, usually in the form of carbon dioxide through breathing, and it is used to build organic molecules within the organism such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The carbon cycle then moves carbon into the atmosphere like in oceans, living, system, and bodies of living things. There are various systems within this step like photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, decomposition, etc so there are many paths it can take. In photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide to create energy/food for themselves. Decomposition, the process of breaking down plants recycles inorganic and organic material in the soil and then, it goes back again through the same process again. Repsiration is the process lviing organisms experience for breathing, once breathed in, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere because of cell respiration. In turn, this CO2 produced from respiring cells can be used in photosynthesis again. Combustion is another way for the carbon cycle to occur and can be quite dangerous for our climate because our cars use carbon in the form of fossil fuels and carbon is a pollutant as carbon dioxide. Combustion involves burning them to produce energy. But a by-product of combustion is that it releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. And too much CO2 increases the greenhouse effect.
Which of the following best describes how the cytoskeleton and subcellular organelles interact in a cell?
The cytoskeleton provides structural support that helps hold the organelles in place.
Which of the following best describes how the density of water differs from that of other substances?
The density of water depends on its temperature unlike other substances.
Through electron microscopy, scientists have observed the fusion of lysosomes with vacuoles. Which of the following statements best explains this observation?
The fusion allows enzymes contained in the lysosomes to digest the contents of the vacuoles.
Describe the structure of the nuclear envelope and explain how it supports the roles of the nucleus, nucleoli, and DNA.
The nuclear envelope is structured into several parts in order to support the roles of the nucleus, nucleoli, and DNA. The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane (each a lipid bilayer with proteins) enclosing the nucleus. Perforated by pores, membranes of each pore are continuous with the Endoplasmic Reticulum. The nuclear envelope includes a pore complex, a nuclear matrix, and a nuclear limina. First, the pore complex is a protein structure that lines each pore and regulates the entry and exit of proteins and RNAs as well as macromolecules. Second, the nuclear side of the envelope is lined by the nuclear lamina (except at the pores). The nuclear lamina is a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope. Third, nuclear matrix is a framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior. In addition, both the Nuclear Lamina and Nuclear Matrix can help organize the genetic material (DNA) so it functions efficiently.
What is the best explanation of how the fluid mosaic model helps explain the selective permeability of cell membranes?
The phospholipid bilayer provides the cell's protection, while embedded proteins allow passage of some molecules.
If you construct a model that places a cell in an aqueous solution, which of the following would result in the cell gaining pressure?
There is a greater salt concentration inside, compared to outside, of the cell.
(2.01 MC) Sucrose and lactose are two carbohydrates that have the same molecular formula (C12H22O11). Which of the following describes why sucrose and lactose have different properties?
They are made of different combinations of monosaccharides.
The plasma membrane of a cell consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The membrane of a mitochondrion also contains embedded proteins; however, the proteins found in these types of membranes differ. Which of the following can you infer about the proteins found in the mitochondrial membrane?
They are specific to mitochondrial function and they transport materials necessary for cellular respiration.
What is true of carbon atoms?
They can form up to four covalent bonds.
Which of the following explains how carrier proteins function in transporting molecules across the membrane of the cell during facilitated diffusion?
They change shape to move molecules in or out of the cell.
What is true of unsaturated fatty acid chains?
They contain at least one double or triple bond.
(2.01 MC) What is true of saturated fatty acid chains?
They contain only single covalent bonds.
Which of the following best describes how a channel protein moves materials across the membrane?
They provide a passage for specific molecules to cross the membrane via passive transport.
Amino acids are imported from the lumen of the small intestine to intestinal epithelial cells through which process?
This is an example of "cotransport". The amino acids are brought through the membranes by this process.
Which of the following is a reason for eukaryotic cells to remain small?
To enable rapid diffusion of nutrients to the interior of the cell
Vacuoles are important to cells because they provide which of the following functions?
Waste Storage
Which of the following effects is produced by the cohesive properties of water molecules?
Water flows upward from a plant's roots to the leaves in narrow tubes.
If a plant cell is placed in a salt solution and the following observation is observed, what is the probable explanation of the net movement of molecules?
Water is moving at equal rates both in and out of the cell.
Which of the following best describes what causes water molecules to exhibit properties such as cohesive and adhesive behavior?
Water molecules are polar, having partially positive and partially negative ends.
Two cells have the same volume and similar shape, but one has microvilli extending from its cell membrane while the other does not. The cell without the microvilli would be expected to
be slower at removing waste products than the other cell
A biologist studying plant cells is comparing organelles that can only produce ATP in the presence of light to organelles that can produce ATP in the dark. These organelles, respectively, are
chloroplasts and mitochondria
You slightly overfill your water glass and notice that the liquid forms a dome shape just above the glass's surface without spilling over. What property of water best explains this observation?
cohesion of molecules
When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the cell may shrink. If the cell decreases in size, its ability to eliminate wastes by diffusion would
decrease, because the surface area-to-volume ratio of the cell would increase
All of the following are key components of the process in the Nitrogen Cycle EXCEPT:
factories
(2.01 LC) Carbon atoms can form
four single covalent bonds
Coastal climates are usually more moderate than inland climates. This is primarily due to which of water's characteristics?
high specific heat
. The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. This attraction is called a(n)
hydrogen bond
Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?
hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy
A cell's cilia and flagella are composed of
microtubules
The heart muscle uses a lot of energy as it pumps blood through the body. A cell from the heart could be expected to have an unusually high proportion of
mitochondria
What group of organic molecules does this polymer represent?
proteins
Cell features found in both these cells include.. (Animal eukaryotes & prokaryotes)
ribosomes and cytosol
The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding causes all of the following EXCEPT
the inability of ionic compounds to dissolve in water
Some substances, such as oil and gasoline, will not dissolve in water because
they do not have any charges to which the water can adhere
