AP Biology Chapter 45

Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because___ A. A target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways B. Different target cells have different sets of genes C. The circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets D. The hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system

A

Nitric oxide and epinephrine A) both function as neurotransmitters. B) both function as steroid hormones. C) are both involved in the "fight-or-flight" response. D) bind the same receptors. E) both cause a reduction in the blood levels of glucose.

A

Which hormone is a tropic hormone?

ACTH

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce and secrete steroid hormones

ACTH

stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize corticosteroids

ACTH

increases reabsorption of water by kidney

ADH

increases water reabsorption in kidney; plays role in social behavior

ADH

During short-term starvation, most available fuel molecules are catabolized to provide energy for metabolism rather than being used as building blocks for growth and repair, a trade-off that is hormonally regulated by A) acetylcholine. B) glucagon. C) oxytocin. D) antidiuretic hormone. E) insulin.

B

A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's A) secretory cell. B) plasma cell. C) endocrine cell. D) target cell. E) regulatory cell.

D

stimulates activity of gonads

FSH and LH

promotes growth (especially bones) by stimulating release of insulin-like growth factors and affects metabolic functions

GH

regulates skin pigment cells in many vertebrates; affects hunger and metabolism in mammals

MSH

raises blood calcium levels

PTH

stimulates thyroid gland

TSH

During a stressful interval, a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex, and neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla b. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and medulla to secrete acetylcholine c. The calcium levels in the blood are increased due to actions of two antagonistic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine d. The alpha cells of islets secrete insulin and simultaneously the beta cells of the islets secrete glucagon

a

During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of____ a. A hormone that is involved in positive feedback loops b. A negative feedback system c. A hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone d. Signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells

a

If a biochemist discovers a new molecule, which of the following pieces of data would allow her to draw the conclusion that the molecule is a steroid hormone? I the molecule is lipid soluble II the molecule is derived from a series of steps beginning with cholesterol III the molecule acts at a target tissue some distance from where it is produced IV the molecule uses a carrier protein when in an aqueous solution such as blood a. I, II, III, and IV b. only II and IV c. only I and III d. only I, III, and IV

a

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X A) an increase in A always produces an increase in X. B) an increase in X always produces a decrease in A. C) a decrease in A always produces an increase in X. D) a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A. E) it is impossible to predict how A and X affect each other.

a

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common___ a. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream b. their solubility in cell membranes c. their reliance on signal transduction in the cell d. the building blocks from which they are synthesized

a

The anterior pituitary a. receives releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus through portal vessels connecting capillary beds b. stores oxytocin and ADH produced by the hypothalamus c. produces only tropic hormones d. is responsible for nervous and hormonal stimulation of the adrenal glands e. produces releasing and inhibiting hormones

a

The finding that MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) causes frog skin cells to darken when added to the interstitial fluid but has no effect on color when injected into the cells supports which of the following ideas? a. MSH binds to cell surface receptors. b. MSH is a nuerohormone. c. MSH is a steroid hormone. d. MSH is a tropic hormone. e. Both c and d are reasonable conclusions

a

Which of the following statements concerning melanocyte-stimulating hormone is not accurate? a. all of these are accurate statements about MSH b. Drugs that block the brain MSH receptor may help in the treatment of the wasting condition called cachexia c. MSH controls pigment distribution in skin cells in amphibians, fish, and reptiles d. In mammals, MSH functions in suppression of hunger and an increase in fat metabolism e. MSH is a non-tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland

a

f a person loses a large amount of water in a short Period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the ___ a. Kidney b. Bladder c. Posterior pituitary d. Anterior pituitary

a

gland or organ: breaks down muscle protein for conversion to glucose

adrenal cortex

gland or organ: increases available energy, heart rate, metabolism

adrenal medulla

stimulates development of male reproductive system

androgen

gland or organ: stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize corticosteroids

anterior pituitary

A tropic hormone is a hormone a. that acts by negative feedback to regulate its own levels in the body b. whose target tissue is another endocrine gland c. from the hypothalamus that regulates hormone secretion of the posterior pituitary d. that is released in response to nervous stimulation e. that is produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released from the anterior pituitary

b

Ecdysteroid is a. a steroid hormone produced in insects that promotes retention of larval characteristics. b. secreted by prothoracic glands in insects and triggers molting and the development of adult form c. responsible for color changes in amphibians d. involved in metamorphosis in amphibians

b

Fight or flight reactions include activation of the ___ a. Parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate b. Adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine c. Anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function d. Pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration

b

Growth factors are local regulators that ____ a. convey messages between nerve cells b. bind to cell-surface receptors and stimulate growth and development of target cells c. are modified fatty acids that stimulate bone and cartilage growth d. are found on the surface of cancer cells and stimulate abnormal cell division

b

Insect hormones and their responses a. utilize cell-surface receptors only b. are a focus in pest-control research c. are not relevant to the study of steroid hormones d. are active independently of environmental cues e. act independently of each other

b

Melatonin is secreted by the _____ a. hypothalamus during the day b. pineal gland during the night c. posterior pituitary gland during the day d. autonomic nervous system during the day

b

The best description of the difference between pheromones and hormones is that a. pheromones are a form of neural communication; hormones are a form of chemical communication b. pheromones are signaling molecules that function between organisms; hormones communicate among parts within an organism c. pheromones are small, volatile molecules; hormones are large, hydrophilic molecules d. pheromones are involved in reproduction; hormones are not e. pheromones are local regulators; hormones circulate in blood or hemolymph

b

The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in a _____ a. steroid producing cell in the adrenal cortex b. neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus c. cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes d. brain cell in the cerebral cortex

b

When the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood_____ a. the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucose into the blood b. the skeletal muscles and the adipose cells take up glucose at a faster rate c. the kidneys begin gluconeogenesis d. the liver catabolizes glycogen

b

Aspirin and ibuprofen both _ A. inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator B. stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys C. Inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins D. activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots

c

Hormones that promote homeostasis a. utilize receptors that bind any hormone b. travel to taget cells without passage in the plasma c. usually operate as part of a negative feedback system

c

Insect hormones and their responses a. Utilize cell-surface receptors only b. Act independently of each other c. Are a focus in pest-control research d. Are active independently of environmental cues e. Are not relevant to the study of steroid hormones

c

When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then A) the steroid and peptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms. B) the steroid and peptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein. C) the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell. D) the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA. E) the steroid hormones affect only the release of proteins from the target cell, whereas peptide hormones affect only the synthesis of proteins that remain in the target cell.

c

Which of the following situations is an example of positive feedback? a. In response to growth hormone, the liver produces insulin-like growth factors, which promote skeletal growth. b. Secretin acts on the pancreas, stimulating the release of bicarbonate. c. Prostaglandins released from placental cells promote muscle contraction during childbirth, and those muscle contractions stimulate further prostaglandin release. d. The neurotransmitter acetylocholine causes skeletal muscle to contract, heart muscle to relax, and cells of the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine. e. Elevated levels of stress result in neural stimulation of the adrenal medulla and hormonal stimulation of the adrenal cortex.

c

In experiments where researchers suspect that a hormone may be responsible for a certain physiological effect, they may cut the neurons leading to the organ where the effect being studied occurs. What is the purpose of cutting these neurons? a. to numb the organ so that is can be probed without inducing pain in the lab animal b. to impair the normal functions of the organ so that the hormonal effect can be more easily studied c. to make sure that the organ being affected cannot function unless the researchers stimulate it with an external electrical probe d. to make sure that the effect is not occurring through actions in the nervous system

d

Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from a. nitric oxide b. steroids c. oligosaccharides d. fatty acids e. amino acids

d

The activation of helper T cells during an immune response by cytokines released by antigen-presenting cells and helper T cells themselves is an example of a. autocrine signaling b. endocrine signaling c. synaptic signaling d. both autocrine and paracrine signaling e. paracrine signaling

d

The anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects of ibuprofen are due to a. stimulation of the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex b. inhibition of the release of NO by pain-sensing neurons and blood vessels c. inhibition of MSH receptors in the brain d. inhibition of the synthesis of local regulator prostaglandin e. activation of pain-reducing centers of the hypothalamus

d

When a person drinks alcohol, the rate of urination increases. This suggest that antidiuretic hormone (ADH) may be affected by alcohol consumption in some way> Which of the following best accounts for the increase in urination? a. alcohol stimulates the release of ADH b. alcohol inhibits the binding of ADH to receptors in the nephron c. alcohol could inhibit ADH release or binding of ADH to receptors in the nephron d. alcohol inhibits the release of ADH

d

Which of the following hormones is not involved in increasing the blood glucose concentration? a. glucocorticoids b. glucagon c. epinephrine d. insulin e. ACTH

d

Which one of the following hormones is incorrectly paired with its site of production? a. progestins-ovary b. releasing hormones- hypothalamus c. mineralocorticoids-adrenal cortex d. TSH-thyroid e. growth hormone-anterior pituitary

d

A lack of iodine in the diet can lead to formation of a goiter because a. excess throxine production causes the thyroid gland to enlarge b. the hypothalamus is stimulated to increase its production of TRH c. iodine is a key ingredient of the growth hormones that control growth of the thyroid d. with limited iodine available, tri-iodothyronine (T3) rather than thyroxine (T4) is produced e. little thyroxine is produced, TRH and TSH production is not inhibited, and thyroid stimulation continues

e

Ecdysone is a(n) a. iodinated protein hormone made by the thyroid gland b. peptide hormone c. gaseous neurotransmitter d. amine derivative e. steroid hormone

e

Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of A) an autocrine signal. B) a paracrine signal. C) an endocrine signal. D) both an autocrine signal and a paracrine signal. E) an autocrine signal, a paracrine signal, and an endocrine signal.

e

Which of the following statements is not accurate? a. Not all hormones are secreted by endocrine glands. b. Hormones are essential to homeostasis. c. Hormones are transported through the circulatory system to their destinations. d. Target cells have specific hormone receptors. e. Steroid hormones often function as neurotransmitters.

e

increases available energy, heart rate, metabolism

epinephrine

Which hormone is produced as the result of a hormone cascade pathway?

estrogen

increases blood sugar, glycogen breakdown in liver

glucagon

breaks down muscle protein for conversion to glucose

glucocorticoid

gland or organ: increases reabsorption of water by kidney

hypothalamus

gland or organ: stimulates contraction of uterus, milk secretion

hypothalamus

Which hormone is part of an antagonistic pair of hormones?

insulin

functions in biological clock and seasonal activities

melatonin

Which hormone is part of a simple neurohormone pathway?

norepinephrine

stimulates contraction of uterus and milk release; influences reproductive and parenting behaviors

oxytocin

stimulates contraction of uterus, milk secretion

oxytocin

gland or organ: increases blood sugar, glycogen breakdown in liver

pancreas

gland or organ: raises blood calcium levels

parathyroid gland

gland or organ: functions in biological clock and seasonal activities

pineal

Which hormone has diverse effects in different vertebrate species?

prolactin

various effects, depending on species, including stimulation of milk production and secretion

prolactin

gland or organ: stimulates development of male reproductive system

testis

gland or organ: regulates metabolism, growth, and development

thyroid

regulates metabolism, growth, and development

thyroxine