AP Biology Chapter 8 Sec 1 and 2

At the same time during the breakdown of the 3-carbon molecule, molecules of __________ are synthesized.

ATP

The glucose breakdown results in production of the high energy molecule:

ATP

____________________Produces alcohol or lactate.

Fermentation

The Kreb's cycle occurs in the

Mitochondrial matrix

The preparatory (prep) reaction occurs in the

Mitochondrial matrix

_______________ produces both NADH and FADH.

The citric acid cycle

Why would an organism utilize alcohol fermentation if it is wasteful of the energy in food molecules and poses a threat of death due to high levels of toxic alcohol?

The organism can survive short spells of anaerobic conditions and maintain growth and reproduction, If glucose levels are not high, there may be time to disperse the alcohol "waste," Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP since it does not have to go through the full breakdown cycle

__________________ converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA

The preparatory reaction

T/F During glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate molecule is split into two 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules.

True

T/F NADH serves as an electron carrier that can donate its hydrogen to other molecules.

True

T/F The NADH and FADH2 molecules that are used during the reactions of the electron transport chain are derived from glycolysis, the preparatory reactions, and the citric acid cycle.

True

T/F Whenever a molecule is oxidized, another molecule must be reduced.

True

A hydrogen atom consists of

a proton and an electron

For fatty acids to be able to enter the pathways of cellular respiration, they must be

broken into acetyl groups.

The first process in breaking down glucose is

glycolysis

Which process must occur before fermentation?

glycolysis

At the energy-harvesting step, a substrate level _____________ occurs.

oxidation

This glucose breakdown is done through a series of ________________ reactions.

oxidation-reduction

ATP is broken down in the energy-investment step of gylcolysis, resulting in __________.

2 ADP + P

At the completion of glycolysis, a net gain of _________ is produced.

2 ATP

In the end, glycolysis invests 2 ATP and harvests 4 ATP, resulting in a net gain of ____________.

2 ATP

The NET result of a single glycolysis run is the formation of

2 NADH and 2 ATP

The overall process of glycolysis is responsible for breaking down one glucose molecule into

2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP.

Glycolysis outputs

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Complete oxidative breakdown of glucose results in ______ ATP molecules.

36

Via substrate-level ATP synthesis, ________________ are produced.

4 ATP

Finally, substrate level _______________occurs and 2 three carbon pyruvate molecules are released.

ATP synthesis

These G3P molecules are phosphorylated into 2 three carbon _______ molecules, which are then dephosphorylated into 2 three carbon 3PG molecules.

BPG

__________________ is the process by which cells obtain energy by breaking down nutrients.

Cellular respiration

The electron transport chain (ETC) occurs in the...

Cristae of mitochondria

T/F The citric acid cycle is responsible for producing the bulk of the ATP generated during cellular respiration.

False

T/F The reactions that make up cellular respiration occur entirely within the mitochondria of cells.

False

T/F Under aerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is further reduced to yield more ATP.

False

A six carbon glucose molecule is split into 2 three carbon _________ molecules.

G3P

_______________includes two stages: the energy-investment and the energy-harvesting steps.

Glycolysis

Which of the following best describes the reduction of the coenzyme NAD?

NAD+ + H -> NADH

This nutrients breakdown is accomplished by intake of _________ and release of carbon dioxide.

Oxygen

Which is NOT an end product of eukaryotic cellular aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

These 3PG molecules are oxidized into 2 three carbon _______ molecules.

PEP

Carbon dioxide we exhale is produced in

citric acid cycle

FAD + 2e- + 2H+ -> FADH2 NAD+ + 2e- +H+ -> NADH In this case, both FAD and NAD⁺ are ______________.

coenzymes

Glycolysis occurs in the

cytoplasm

The process of glycolysis takes place outside the mitochondria in the _______________.

cytoplasm

The high energy electrons added to the coenzymes are supplied to the ___________________.

electron transport chain

Which of these pairs of processes are anaerobic?

fermentation and glycolysis

This is in keeping with the _____________________ that matter is not created or destroyed.

first law of thermodynamics

Cellular respiration involves the complete breakdown of ___________ to carbon dioxide and water.

glucose

During the energy-investment step, a molecule of ____________ is split into two 3-carbon molecules using 2 ATP for energy.

glucose

Glycolysis inputs...

glucose, 2 NAD+, and 2 ADP + P

The correct sequence for aerobic metabolic breakdown of glucose is

glycolysis, preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport system

FAD + 2e- + 2H+ -> FADH2 NAD+ + 2e- +H+ -> NADH Both of these reactions are part of a larger set of __________________that make up the process of cellular respiration.

individual metabolic reactions

Some desert beetles can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. They survive on "metabolic water," which

is a breakdown product of pyruvate, along with carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria.

The critical factor driving yeasts to use fermentation to metabolize sugar is

lack of oxygen

Under anaerobic conditions, the end-product of glycolysis is converted to

lactic acid

Glucose breakdown is completed in the ________________ of the cell.

mitochondria

In the energy-harvesting steps, substrates are __________, or electrons are lost in the form of hydrogen atoms.

oxidized

Cells obtain energy by ________ food molecules such as glucose

oxidizing

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to

pyruvate

These reactions, coupled with other oxidation reactions, will result in the breakdown of the 3-carbon molecule into ______________.

pyruvate

The purpose of the preparatory reaction is to break down ________ into ________ so it can enter the citric acid cycle.

pyruvate into acetyl CoA

The equations FAD + 2e- + 2H+ -> FADH2 and NAD+ + 2e- +H+ -> NADH both represent ___________ reactions because electrons are accepted.

reduction

Breaking ATP down ___________ energy that is utilized to activate the substrates so that they may undergo reactions.

releases

six carbons enter glycolysis and _____ carbons leave glycolysis

six