AP Biology Final

Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature.

Precious experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called p35. Which of the following best predicts how p35 might play a role in regulating neuron function?

Degradation of p35 results in increased synaptic activity.

Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?

Epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor the activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, cAMP.

The average brood size per mated individual upon reintroduction of flood following 30 days of ARD is closest to which of the following?

50

Sickle cell anemia is associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the beta subunit of hemoglobin that results in a change from glutamic acid to valine at position 6. All other amino acids are identical to a normal hemoglobin molecule. Based on the information above, which of he following mutations is the most likely cause of skill-cell anemia?

A single based pair substitution in the gene encoding the bets subunit.

Which of the following best explains why GFP might exhibit a bright green fluorescence in alkaline conditions but not in acidic conditions?

Addition of an H+ to GFP at acidic pH changes shape of the protein, preventing florescence.

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?

An ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells.

The validity of the cladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for which of the following changes in the amino acid composition of the beta hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species?

Arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram

Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the S. Pyogenes acquired the ability to produce the exotoxins

Bacteriophages DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome.

Based on the model, which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which CDK5 regulates neurotransmitter release?

CDK5 alters the activity of other proteins involved in the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane.

Transmission of an action potential across a synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron. The arrival of the action potential triggers a rise in the calcium concentration in the synaptic terminal, and the change in concentration triggers a release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions best shows how an action potential is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?

Ca++ In NA+ In K+ Out

Based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of responses to a stimulus in the nervous system?

Different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter.

The results for treatment groups V and VI could suggest which of the following questions about the design of the experiment?

Does the aquarium water contain living microorganisms?

Based on the model, which of the following best explains why a bright green fluorescence was observed following stimulation of a presynaptic neuron?

GFP contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.

The table show the changes in allele frequencies of a specific gene in two populations of randomly mating small mammals after 30 years. The populations inhabit adjacent equatorial islands that have similar topography and climate. Which of the following is the most reliable conclusion that can be drawn from analysis of the data above?

Genetic drift has occurred in population 1.

The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?

Golgi complex

Which of the following statements accurately uses the information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M function in a single body cell can result in cancer?

Growth-factor signaling can trigger mitosis in cells that are in direct contact with other cells.

Based on the model of speciation presented, which of the following describes the most likely consequence to the populations over time?

Hybrid individuals are less likely to pass their genetic information on to subsequent generations

To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate.

I and II

A man with high cholesterol levels is about to marry a women whose total cholesterol levels are also higher than average. A physician has suggested they get tested for the HC allele. Which of the following is a valid ethical question concerning the test?

If both have the allele for HC, should an insurance company raise their rates because of the results of he test?

Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionary conserved among species?

If the proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?

Which of the following modifications to the experimental design will best help reduce the standard errors of the means?

Increased the sample size of each treatment group

Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?

Inhibition of CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus.

In a separate investigation, individual mice from two populations that in nature are geographically isolated from each other are mated in the laboratory. The hybrid offspring were then mated with individuals from either of the original populations. Only the female hybrid offspring were fertile. The experimental results are most consistent with which of the stages that are depicted in the model?

Intermediate stage (Figure 2)

If the two finch populations are each in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?

Ll Genotype has a frequency of .5 for both isalnds

Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of a C. elegans following the ARD induce in the first experiment?

Mating with a well feed male consistently produced more offspring that did reproduction via self fertilization

Based on the universal genetic code, which of the following represents the correct polypeptide that will result from translation of the mRNA molecule shown, beginning with the first available start codon?

Met-Val-Thr-Lys-Phe-Gly-His

If a dam is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact on nitrogen influx?

Nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction.

In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus species growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores: peccaries and wasp larvae. Which of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph?

Peccaries eat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae eat cacti with greater number of spines.

The p53 protein regulates a cellular response to DNA damage. Based of the diagram above, which of the following best describes the role of p53 in the response to DNA change.

Phosphorylated p53 stimulates transcription of p21, and the resulting p21 protein suppresses cell division until the DNA damage is repaired.

Based on the information presented, which of the following will also occurring response to steroid signaling?

Production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone-receptor complex to the DNA.

Which of the following represents a cross between a white eyed female and a red eyed male?

RrXtXt • RrXtY

Which of the following best describes the reason for excluding hybrid males when calculating the allele frequencies of two interbreeding populations at the intermediate stage of speciation?

Sterile individuals make no genetic contribution to the next generation.

using the model of speciation and applying it to a different population, which of the following outcomes is most consistent for a different species in which the males are homogametic and the females are heterogametic?

Sterility would appear in females before appearing in males.

Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions in a least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?

The Nitrogen gas and ammonia gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids.

Based on the experiment results, which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of ARD in C. elegans?

The ability to enter ARD provides a strong selective advantage because reproduction can occur despite periods of food scarcity.

The data above represents the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?

The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2

A scientist evaluating a proposal for raising large numbers of fish in ocean pens for human consumption. As part of the evaluation, the scientist is designing a plan for investigating how the fish in the ocean pens might affect nearby ecosystems. Which of the following is the most appropriate factor to use as the dependent variable the experimental investigation?

The amount of metabolic wastes in the water where the fish are being raised

Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?

The bar chart

Which of the following addresses the validity of the conclusion made by the students?

The conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment (both biotic and abiotic) affected the results.

Which of the following pieces of additional data would help further investigate the relationship between bears, salmon, and influx of nitrogen into the local environment?

The experimenters should remove the remains of salmon carcasses immediately after the salmon are eaten by the bears and determine the nitrogen content of the carcasses.

As depicted in the diagram, honeybees communicate the location of flower patches to members of their hives with waggle dances that give information about the directions and distance to the flower. Which of the following statements about how honeybees communicate the position of flower patches is most consistent with the model?

The farther the target flowers from the hive, the longer the waggle phase.

In Drosophila melanogaster the allele for wild-type tan body color is dominant to the recessive allele for black body color. Similarly, the allele for wild-type wing shape is dominant to the recessive allele for vestigial wing phenotype. In the cross diagrammed above, the expected and observed results are shown. Which of the following best explains the observed results of the cross.

The genes for body color and wing shape are located close to each other on the same chromosome.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?

The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid.

Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the dat as shown in Figure 2?

The number of days an animal spends in ARD does not significantly affect its time of survival after reintroduction of food.

which of the following statements is best supported by the data?

The presence of black bears and salmon correlates with significant increase in nitrogen influx.

Two populations of a species of squirrel are geographically isolated from each other. Although they have the same population density, one population is significantly larger in number than the other. A new bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time. Which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two populations?

The smaller population will be more affected than will the larger population, because the smaller population has less genetic variation than the larger population has.

The graph above represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40 tear per, from 1955 through 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presented in the graph?

The wolves were predators of he moose, which were otherwise reproductivity successful.

Which of the following most likely scribes how the interaction between bears and salmon influences nitrogen dynamic in the environment?

When bears consume salmon, they leave parts of the carcasses on the ground, which decompose, releasing nitrogen into the environment.

Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?

Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

In the year 2000, specimens of Caulerpa taxifolia, a green alga used in tropical aquariums, were found off the coast of California. Native to the Indian Ocean, C. taxifolia is known for aggressive growth and an ability to compete with sea grasses/ It is currently Onan international list of invasive species. Which of the folding best predicts the consequences of the introduction of C. taxifolia to the California coast?

Without natural herbivores or competitors C. texifolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species of producers.

The pedigree suggests that the gene is on a nuclear chromosome, and not on mitochondrial DNA, because

maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of a mothers offspring

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group I?

the mean pH of the samples increased after one hour