Ch 7 Settings for Development: Home, School, and Community

dyslexia

A learning disorder characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin.

acculturation

Among immigrants, the tendency to become similar to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.

child maltreatment

Any act the seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being.

g

Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence factor that he believed underlies all cognitive activities.

resilient children

Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives.

collective efficacy

Communities defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents.

parenting style

In Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on love and discipline.

multiple intelligences theory

In Howard Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, and naturalist—plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence.

analytic intelligence

In Robert Stenberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in performing well on academic problems.

creative intelligence

In Robert Stenberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.

practical intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations.

successful intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, which involves striking the right balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

reliability

In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy, meaning scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the same test more than once.

validity

In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy, meaning the the measure reflects that real-world quality it is supposed to measure.

authoritative parents

In the parenting-styles framework, the best child-rearing style, when parents provide ample love and family rules.

rejecting-neglecting parents

In the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, when parents provide little discipline or love.

permissive parents

In the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide few rules but lots of love.

authoritarian parents

In the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide many rules but rank low on love.

achievement test

Measures evaluating a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Measures evaluating a child's overall cognitive ability, or general aptitude for mastering academic work.

joint custody

The currently preferred legal arrangement of having divorced spouses share child-rearing fifty-fifty, or each part having full access to seeing their children after a divorce.

extrinsic motivation

The drive to act based on getting external reinforcers such as praise, money or a good grade.

intrinsic motivation

The drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.

specific learning disorder

The label for difficulties related to language, listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics.

intellectual disability

The label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by an IQ of 70 or below.

gifted

The label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different subtests.

corporal punishment

The use of physical force to discipline a child.

parental alienation

When divorced parents bad-mouth a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person.

Flynn effect

Remarkable rise in IQ test scores around the world that occurred over the twentieth century.