Ch 7 Settings for Development: Home, School, and Community
dyslexia
A learning disorder characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin.
acculturation
Among immigrants, the tendency to become similar to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.
child maltreatment
Any act the seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being.
g
Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence factor that he believed underlies all cognitive activities.
resilient children
Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives.
collective efficacy
Communities defined by strong cohesion, a commitment to neighbor-to-neighbor helping, and shared prosocial values among residents.
parenting style
In Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on love and discipline.
multiple intelligences theory
In Howard Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, and naturalist—plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence.
analytic intelligence
In Robert Stenberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in performing well on academic problems.
creative intelligence
In Robert Stenberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.
practical intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations.
successful intelligence
In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, which involves striking the right balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.
reliability
In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy, meaning scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the same test more than once.
validity
In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy, meaning the the measure reflects that real-world quality it is supposed to measure.
authoritative parents
In the parenting-styles framework, the best child-rearing style, when parents provide ample love and family rules.
rejecting-neglecting parents
In the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, when parents provide little discipline or love.
permissive parents
In the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide few rules but lots of love.
authoritarian parents
In the parenting-styles framework, when parents provide many rules but rank low on love.
achievement test
Measures evaluating a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Measures evaluating a child's overall cognitive ability, or general aptitude for mastering academic work.
joint custody
The currently preferred legal arrangement of having divorced spouses share child-rearing fifty-fifty, or each part having full access to seeing their children after a divorce.
extrinsic motivation
The drive to act based on getting external reinforcers such as praise, money or a good grade.
intrinsic motivation
The drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.
specific learning disorder
The label for difficulties related to language, listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics.
intellectual disability
The label for significantly impaired cognitive functioning, measured by deficits in behavior accompanied by an IQ of 70 or below.
gifted
The label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of different subtests.
corporal punishment
The use of physical force to discipline a child.
parental alienation
When divorced parents bad-mouth a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person.
Flynn effect
Remarkable rise in IQ test scores around the world that occurred over the twentieth century.