AP biology midterm

Which diagram represents the relative sizes of the structures listed below?

(small to large) gene, chromosome, nucleus, cell

Below freezing and above boiling , cells are unable to function as "liquid machinery." However, most organisms cells are still limited from functioning throughout this full range of liquid temperatures. At the molecular level in different organisms, cells ability to vary in their tolerance to temperature, ect., is most clearly related to variation in

Enzyme activity and protein denaturation

Which of the following statements provides evidence that DNA is the material of genes?

Eukaryotic cells double their DNA content and distribute it equally prior to and during mitosis

In a classic Mendelian mono hybrid cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a homozygous recessive parent, which generation is always completely heterozygous!

F1 generations

The above DNA fingerprinting are the results of PCR and what other biotechnology procedure?

Gel electrophoresis

The first phase of aerobic cellular respiration is

Glycolysis

If a certain segment of DNA has 30% adenine in its base composition, what percentage of guanine, adenine and thymine will there be?

Guanine - 20% Adenine - 30% Thymine - 30%

All cells have these two characteristics

Have a plasma membrane and ribosomes in the cytoplasm

All cells have these two characteristics

Have a plasma membrane and ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Without a cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cells would NOT

Have an efficient way to transport materials from one organelle to another

Virtually all specialized cells of multicellular organisms

Have the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes as all other cells of the organism and develop from the same basic stem cells

A living organism represents stored energy in the form of chemical compounds. When an organism dies, what happens to this stored energy?

The chemical compounds in cells lose their organization over time because there is no longer an input of energy to maintain the organized state.

The majority of the carbon dioxide we exhale is produces in

The citric acid cycle

Which process produced both NADPH and FADH2?

The citric acid cycle

Which is NOT correctly associated with cancer

The disorganized mass of cells is encapsulated and does not invade adjacent tissue.

Which process reduces molecular oxygen to water?

The electron transport system

Which of the following situations is most likely to produce a heart attack?

The gap junctions have collapse and they do not allow the correct flow of ions from one cell to the next

Which event must occur before transcription of a eukaryotic gene can begin?

The histone portion of the nucleotide containing the gene is unpacked

In 1995, during an Ebola virus outbreak, approximately 80% of the infected individuals died. Which statement is an inference that could be made based off of this information?

The individuals who survived were able to produce antibodies against the Ebola virus.

The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except

The presence of lead

While eating a container of yogurt, you have to leave, so you store the yogurt in the refrigerator. A day later you return to find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquefied products. What will happen over time?

The reaction will continue, since the enzyme is not denatured by the reaction

DNA was initially disregarded as a possible candidate for the genetic material because

With only four types of nucleotides, it was a simple, repetitive molecule this could not account for 20 different amino acids

A strand of DNA has the following base sequence (genetic code): ATTGCGAATGGCA

DNA - TAACGCTTAGGCT RNA- UAACGCUUACCGU

If a sperm cell contains 8 chromosomes, it comes from an animal that has ____ chromosomes

16

The ETC and chemiosmosis produces ____ ATP from each NADH and/or _____ ATP from each FADH2 entering the system

3;2

Cholesterol

4 ringed structure

During glycolysis _____ carbons will enter the pathway but ____ carbons Weill leave in the form of pyruvate

6;6

Transposons are specific DNA sequences that move within and between chromosomes. Suppose a transposon containing four bases was inserted in the gene for melanin production. The transposon would result in

A frameshift mutation

In some organisms, mitosis occurs within cytokinesis. This results in

A multi-nucleated cell

To produce an individual with Turner syndrome (45, X)

A nondisjunction event could have occurred during spermatogenesis or oogenesis

All life forms currently have a basic cell membrane so we presume that the earliest forms of life had this "fence" isolating the internal organism from the external chaos. It is likely that the primordial environment was acidic. In order for a cell to function in this type of environment, the cell membrane would have to include

A proton (H+) pump

Which of the following is true about prokaryotic gene regulation?

A regulator gene codes for a repressor protein that controls the operon

Which of the following help direct the movement of materials or organelles throughout the cell?

A, B, AND C.

If there are 12 different intermediate products produced in the stages of the metabolic pathway within a cell, we can expect that there

Are about 12 enzymes, at least one responsible for each step in the metabolic pathway.

What is the correct order of events in eukaryotic gene control

Acetylation, transcription activation, alternative splicing, translational control, post-translational control

An amino sugar called N- acetylmuramic acid is an important building block of the cell wall of some bacteria. Penicillin prevents this amino sugar from being incorporated into the bacterial cell wall. Therefore,

All of the above choices are correct

Generally, complex organisms do require more genes to control their synthesis and organisms than do primatial organisms. However, the numbers of chromosomes vary from and ants with 2, molds with 8-14... some births and insects have chromosomes that dwindle in size into obscurity, so it isn't possible to establish a diploid number. How do you explain this situation

All of the choices are correct

Whether a molecule can cross the plasma membrane depends upon

All of the choices are correct.

Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids differ in

All of the choices are differences.

Which of the following is/are true about sexual reproduction

All of the choices are true.

What is the result of a cell not meeting the criteria to pass the G1 checkpoint?

All of these.

Which statement is NOT true about how various conditions will affect the activity of an enzyme?

An enzymes activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration

Which of the following would be a proposed mechanism by which stomach antacids work?

Antacids are bases and by definition can absorb H+ out of a solution

Which of the following elements would be the most reactive with other elements?

Boron, atomic number 5

Which is most closely associated with the Calvin cycle ?

Carbon dioxide fixation

Homologous chromosomes are similar in all of these characteristics except

Carry the same alleles for all traits

Pleiotropy typically

Causes various symptoms to appear even through it only impacts a single gene

Which of the following protein functions is not correctly associated with the correct integral protein?

Channel proteins - block the activity of carrier proteins

Which of the following organelles is found uniquely in autotrophic, eukaryotic cells and not heterotrophic, eukaryotic cells?

Chloroplast

A dehydration reaction can also be called a (an) _______ reaction since it forms water

Condensation

A stable ecosystem would not contain

Consumers without producers

Which phase best describes a true comment about the genetic code in DNA

Contains start and stop codons as instructions

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to prokaryotic gene expression?

Coupled transcription and translation

Which of the following describes a structural gene?

DNA sequences for a particular trait

Some parasites and disease agents regularly change their identity before our immune system can build up substantial antibodies, how could cells change their identity on a regular basis?

Different glycolipids and glycoproteins are produced internally and moved into the plasma membrane

Abiotic factors that could affect the stability of an ecosystem include

Droughts, floods, and heat waves

Which statement is not true about horologes in meiosis 1

Each homologues centromere splits to form two chromosomes

Which of the following does not represent homeostasis?

Energy is captured by plants, then transferred to consumers and decomposers, and eventually lost as heat

In a human pedigree that traces the inheritance of sickle cell disease, a half-filled circle represents a

Heterozygous female

If an animal needed to store energy for long-term use, but not to be encumbered with the weight of extra tissue, which is the best molecule for storage?

High calorie fat molecule

Freshwater protozoan react to a/an ----- environment by removing water through _______

Hypotonic: a contractile vacuole

Human red blood cells can live from 2-4 months without a nucleus, and yet the continue to synthesize hemoglobin, this

Means that both the necessary mRNAs must persist and there must be a low level of RNA - degrading enzymes present

Which phase does NOT describe one of the functions of proteins do the plasma membrane?

Initiating the replication of the genetic material

Some desert beetles can live their life without ever drinking liquid water. They survive on "metabolic water," which

Is formed as a result of the reduction of oxygen as the final electron acceptor from the electron transport chain.

Mustard gas removed guanine (G) form DNA. For developing embryos, exposure to mustard gas can cause serious deformities because guanine

Is part of the genetic code

Some biologists study the complex interactions of animals and plants in forests and prairies. Such ecology field research often produces slightly different results for different researchers. In contrast, ecology experiments are run indoors with one organism in a terrarium usually produce results that are repeatable. What is the most likely explanation?

It is easier to hold all but one variable constant in a laboratory.

One definition of life is "a self replicating molecular assemblage." However, clay particles (in clay soil) contain layered aluminum and iron compounds that determine the pattern of the adjecent layers of sediment. This is technically a self resplicating molecular assesmblage

It is not living because it is a simple repetitive process without the ability to evolve or respond to the environment

Which of the following features is NOT found in a bacterial cell?

Lysosome

A cell is to a tissue as an atom is to a

Molecule

Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which of the following sequences correctly lists that hierarchy from least to most inclusive?

Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

If plants were only able to undergo the Calvin cycle, which of the following would NOT be true ?

More NADPH would be produced during the cyclic electron pathway

Protons (H+) accumulate in the thylakoid space during electron transport between photosystems 1 and 2. The excess of protons in the thylakoid space

Moves from the thylakoid space to the storms through an ATP synthase complex channel that generates ATP

From your knowledge of the size and density of cell components and the process of centrifugation, predict the order (from first to last) that the nucleus and various cell organelles would be extracted

Nucleus-mitochondria and chloroplasts-ribosomes-soluble cytoplasm

A study is conducted to determine the average length and weight of loblolly pine tree needles in the southeast United States. Is this data obtained through observation or experimentation?

Observation

Red blood cells come in many "blood types" including type A, type B, type AB, .....and many others. If blood is transfused, the recipient detects and new or "foreign" proteins. These blood type proteins are

On the outer surface of the red blood cell membrane

Which is not true according to mendels law of segregation?

One factor must be dominant and one factor recessive in each individual

The most important contribution of the citric acid cycle to cellular respiration is

Oxidation of metabolite molecules and the corresponding reduction of coenzymes

Both 16O and 18O are found in nature. However, 16O is the most common. Therefore,

Oxygen atoms can have 8 or 10 neutrons

Which type of mutation is most likely to be the least deleterious ?

Point

Alzheimer's disease is associated with misfolded proteins. At which level of gene control does the misfolding of proteins occur?

Post-translational

Cells in the lining of the stomach produce a protein called Pepsinogen. When this protein is released into the chamber of the stomach, the stomach acid cleaves off a section of the protein , which not becomes an enzyme called pepsin. In this form, pepsin will actively begin the breakdown of proteins in food. This is an example of which type of eukaryotic gene regulation?

Posttranslational control

_____ are to ribosomes as lipids are to ______

Proteins ; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which statement is true about the plasma membrane?

Proteins and phospholipids can move sideways within the plane of the membrane

Most bacteria live in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the bacteria. The cell wall of a bacterium is a peptidoglycan polymer that is tightly cross-linked. This would therefore function to

Provide a rigid wall that prevents the cell from swelling

Eukaryotic protein synthesis differs from that of prokaryotes because

Related prokaryotic genes are organized into groups called operons.

Which of the following statements about protein synthesis is true?

Ribosomes move along an mRNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction

What organelle would be found in increased quantities in the liver cells of a person who abuses alcohol or other drugs on a regular basis?

Smooth ER

Species X reproduced asexually by fission and species Y produces sexually. Consider that all other relevant characteristics are similar between the two species. When the environment changes, then

Species Y should have a better chance of surviving than species X

As a cell increases in size, the

Surface area and volume increases, but the surface area: volume ratio decreases

To be scientifically valid, a hypothesis must be

Testable and falsifiable

What is the ultimate destination for the energized electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis

They are taken up by NADP+ to produce NADPH

Which observation could best be used to indicate an evolutionary relationship between two species?

They have similar base sequences

Why are plants green?

They reflect Greene wavelengths of light and absorb blue and red light

Which of the following statements provides the best evidence that there is a common genetic code that demonstrates the unity of life?

Through genetic engineering, a gene from a firefly can be inserted into a bacterium to make it glow.

Some bacteria are strict aerobes and others are strict anaerobes. Some bacteria, however, are facultative anaerobes and can live with or without oxygen. If given the choice of using oxygen or not, which pathway should a facultative anaerobe perform?

Use oxygen since aerobic metabolism provides more ATP per molecule of carbohydrate broken down than anaerobic metabolism

Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is

Used to drive an endergonic reaction

A human liver cell and a human skin cell in the same person have the same genetic sequences. However, these cells are different because the liver cell

Uses different genes than the skin cell

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which will occur?

Water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution

Mode of inheritance reflects

Whether the gene is on an autosome or sec chromosome and whether the allele is recessive or dominant .