AP Biology Unit 1-3 Final
Saturated Fats
-found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products. -fats that are solid at room temperature -straight, not kinky
unsaturated fats
-found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. -liquid at room temperature -Kinky
One gallon of solution of pH 10 has how many more hydroxyl ions than pH 14
10,000 less hydroxyl ions
How many ATP and NADPH molecules are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose in Calvin Cycle?
18ATP & 12 NADPH
21) An atom has 6 electrons in its outer shell. How many unpaired electrons does it have?
2
A particular oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 17. How many electrons are needed to complete the valence shell of this oxygen atom?
2
In figure below, the white dots are hydrogens while the black dots are carbons. Which is the correct nomenclature? (18 on test)
3-Penten-1-yne
If 30% of the nucleotides in a double stranded DNA molecule are adenine, then what percent are expected to be thymine?
30%
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 8 monomers long?
7
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence?
A change in the shape of the nucleus
What must you have in order to form an enantiomer?
A symmetrical carbon (4 different elements attached)
25) Which of the following is the correct equation for photosynthesis.
A) 6CO2+6H20 → (light) 6O2+Sugar
20) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. Respiring cells release CO2 into the bloodstream. What will be the effect on the pH of blood as that blood first comes in contact with respiring cells?
A) Blood pH will decrease slightly.
3) Which of the following is (are) not considered to be a weak molecular interaction?
A) a covalent bond
18) A covalent bond is likely to be polar when
A) one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative than the other atom.
24) If the cytoplasm of a cell is at pH 7, and the mitochondrial matrix is at pH 8, this means that
A) the concentration of H+ ions is tenfold higher in the cytoplasm than in the mitochondrial matrix.
What is the site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP? (Refer to the diagram)
A--> The Mitochondria
Monomers that make up a proteins
Amino group Carboxyl group (CO2H) R group
Amylase is an enzyme that converts carbohydrate polymers into monomers. Glycogen synthase is one of the enzymes involved in converting carbohydrate monomers into polymers. Which of the following best explains the reactions of these enzymes?
Amylase aids in the addition of a water molecule to break covalent bonds whereas glycogen synthase aids in the removal of a water molecule to form covalent bonds.
5) Which statement describes a solution of salt water?
B) Salt is the solute, water is the solvent
23) The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen?
B) The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 14 and an atomic number of 7.
17) Water and ammonia interact to form hydrogen bonds, as represented in the figure. Which statement best helps explain the formation of the hydrogen bond represented in the figure?
B) The nitrogen has a partial negative change, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive change.
12) The slight negative charge at one end of one water molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?
B) a hydrogen bond
16) The ground state electron configuration of Fe (iron) is______.
B)1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
Based on the image above, which is the site of glucose synthesis?
B--> Chloroplast
2) Which of the following statements best describes how organisms such as rabbits obtain the carbon necessary for building biological molecules?
B. Rabbits eat plants and break down plant molecules to obtain carbon and other atoms that they rearrange into new carbon-containing molecules.
11) Liquid water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the
C) absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.
8) If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the
C) concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5.
14) In a single molecule of water, two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
C) polar covalent bonds.
Based on the nomenclature of the hydrocarbon below, draw the correct structure. In addition, box any and all functional groups that are present in the drawing. 1, 4 dichlorobut-2-ene
CH3 CH3-C- C= C- C
6) The element present in all organic molecules is
Carbon
What is an isomer?
Carbon molecule with the same number of atoms, but different arrangements.
Which two cellular organelles in eukaryotes have both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms?
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
13) One liter of a solution of pH 2 has how many more hydrogen ions (H+) than 1 L of a solution of pH 6?
D) 10,000 times more
1) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?
D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
9) Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?
D) hydrogen bonds
19) Phosphorus-32, a radioactive isotope of phosphorus-31 (atomic number 15), undergoes a form of radioactive decay whereby a neutron turns into a proton, which is retained in the nucleus, and emits radiation in the form of an electron. What is the product of such radioactive decay of phosphorus-32?
D) sulfur-32 (atomic number 16)
22) What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above?
D. Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than it consumes by respiration during the day.
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The labeled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria for a brief amount of time and then removed. The infected bacteria cells were found to contain significant amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioactive sulfur. Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?
DNA
Which of the molecules is formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction?
Disaccharides
A student analyzed a viral genome and found that the genome had the following nucleotide composition; 20% adenine, 20% thymine, 30% cytosine, and 30% guanine. Which of the following best describes the structure of the viral genome?
Double-stranded DNA
All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?
Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins.
Which of the following claims is scientifically accurate and consistent with an observation that a decrease in lysosome production within a cell leads to a decline in mitochondrial activity.
Fewer lysosomes will be available to break down macromolecules to provide the necessary nutrients for cellular respiration.
Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?
Golgi Apparatus
Which of the following statements about mitochondrial chemiosmosis is NOT true?
Heat energy is required to establish the electron transport chain.
4) Water molecules take a large amount of energy to separate one from the other, meaning they can hold large amounts of energy before changing phase, this is
High specific heat
Which of the following is considered to be the weakest molecular interaction?
Hydrogen Bonds
The figure below is a diagram of water molecules at the air-water interface at the surface of a pond. Which of the following best describes how the properties of water at an air-water interface enable an insect to walk on the water's surface?(16 on test)
Hydrogen bonds between molecules at the surface of the water provide surface tension, which allows the water surface to deform but not break under the insect.
Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?
Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule.
Which organelles contain DNA? I. Nucleus II. Mitochondrion III. Chloroplast IV. Plasma Membrane V. Cell Wall
I, II, and III
7) Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrates?
Iodine
Which of the following best explains how the extensive folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane benefits a Eukaryotic cell?
It increases the area available for proteins involved in energy transfer.
Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?
Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.
1M NaCl was diluted to a final volume of 250ml. If the new contentraction is .5M, what was the original volume of the solution? M1=1 M2= 0.5 V1=? V2=250ml -->0.25 l
M1V1=M2V2 V1=M2V2 -------- M2 =0.5(0.25) ---------- 1 V1= 0.125l
Which of the following conclusions is most clearly supported by the representation of the nucleic acid #1 and nucleic acid #2?
Nucleic acid #1 contains adenine/ thymine base pairs, whereas nucleic acid #2 does not.
The most important function of the nuclear envelope is to
Protect genetic material
Ribosomes are made up of
RNA and proteins
Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functionally differences between the Rough and Smooth ER is explained by the structural differences between them?
Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.
The figure below represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structured label Y? (Ribosomes attached to Rough ER)
Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized
The carbohydrates glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas, as represented by the figure.
The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein?
The interaction of the different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of the protein.
What makes hydrocarbons insoluble in water?
The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
Organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?
They have highly folded membranes.
The figure below illustrates a eukaryotic cell. Which of the following best describes how the three structures indicated by the arrows work together?
To synthesize and isolate proteins for secretion or for use in the cell.
Vacuole is mostly composed of_____.
Water
A mutation in the gene coding for a single-polypeptide enzyme results in the substitution of the amino acid serine, which has a polar R group, by the amino acid phenylalanine which has a nonpolar R group. When researchers test the catalysis of the normal enzyme and the mutated enzyme, they find that the mutated enzyme has much lower activity than the normal enzyme does. Which of the following most likely explains how the amino acid substitution has resulted in decreased catalytic activity by the mutated enzyme?
b. The substitution altered the second and tertiary structure of the enzyme so that the mutated enzyme folds into a different shape than the normal enzyme does.
The ground state electron configuration for K (Potassium) is? a.1s2 2s2 3s2 3p6 4d6 b.1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 c.1s2 2s2 3s2 3p6 4s1 d.1s2 2s2 2s2 3d6 3p64s1
b.1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Based on the picture where is the site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids priors to export of the cell
c --> Golgi Apparatus
Which statement describes a solution of lemonade? a.Lemon is the solvent and water is the solute b.Lemon is the solution and water is the solvent c.Lemon is the solute and water is the solution d.Lemon is the solute and water is the solvent
d.Lemon is the solute and water is the solvent
10) The main source of energy for plants in an ecosystem is
light energy
15) Air is a solution of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases. Which part of this solution is the solvent?
nitrogen
What is Synthesized at the ribosome?
proteins
How to distinguish different proteins
their R group