AP English Study guide
independent clause
A clause that can stand alone as a sentence
Appeal to logic (Logos)
A strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience members to accept them
pedantic and disinterested
Being showy of one's knowledge, often in a boring manner and not caring
Drab (ness)
Drab (ness): not bright, dull
Contextualizing Information
Information that gives context, the entire situation in which a piece of writing takes place, including that writer's purpose(s) for writing; the intended audience; the time and place of writing; the istitutional; social, personal, and other influences on the peice of writing; the material conditions of writing (whether it's, for instance, online or on paper, in handwriting or in print); and the writer's attitude toward the subject and the audience
Analysis
a careful examination and evaluation of details of something.
Conviction
a firmly held belief or opinion.
Lament
a passionate expression of grief or sorrow
Valetudinarians
a person who is unduly anxious about their health.
Credentials
a qualification, achievement, personal quality, or aspect of a person's background, typically when used to indicate that they are suitable for something
potent allusion
a reference to something else (especially famous things) that is especially powerful
relfective aside
a remark or passage in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play, said in a way that is contemplating something
defiant rejoinder
a reply, especially a sharp or witty one, but in this case showing a resistant mood
claim
a statement that asserts a belief or thruth. in arguments, most claims require supporting evidence
appeal to te audience's emotions and expression (pathos)
a strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim
Line of reasoning
a strategy or an approach used in an argument. Argumentative strategies include appelas to the heart (emotional appeals), to charachter (ethical appeals), and to facts and reason (logical appeals)
Innuendo
a subtle, insulting comment or gesture, hinting something negative.
anecdote
a very short story that is significant to the topic at hand; usually adding personal knowledge or experience to the topic.
aggravated and brash
annoyed and self-assertive in a rude, noisy, or overbearing way.
wryly mocking
being clever or witty yet making fun of something.
Vibrancy
being full of energy or being very striking in appearance
scrupulously objective
being very careful not to be influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.
precise (diction)
being very particular and exactly or sharply defined in what you are saying
Common boast
bragging in ordinary, everyday language
"fallible" (line 80) and "fragmentary
capable of making mistakes or being erroneous and consisting of small parts that are disconnected or incomplete.
Bantering
characterized by good-humored teasing.
Disavow
deny any responsibility or support for.
Underscore
emphasize.
sternly reproachful
expressing disapproval or disappointment in a stern way
reconciliation of opposing positions
finding common areas of agreement between two opposite opinions.
commentary
giving your opinion, interpretation, insight, analysis, explication, personal reaction, evaluation or reflection about a concrete detail in an essay
quietly confessional
in which a person subtly reveals or admits to private thoughts or past incidents, especially ones that cause shame or embarrassment.
Contrary
inclined to disagree or to do the opposite of what is expected or desired
self- depricating irony
irony is using words in such a way that their intended meaning is differnt from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that ends up in a quite different way that what is generally anticipatied. In simple words, it is a defference between appearance and reality. In this case, it is used to put yourself down (like saying "im so smart" when you fail a test)
Monotony
lack of variety and interest; tedious repetition and routine.
Indifferent
not caring
impulsive and eager
not thinking before doing and wanting to do something very much
fanciful and melodramatic
over-imaginative and unrealistic
Refuted
prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove OR prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove.
Audience
the person or persons to whom an argument is directed
parallel sentence structure
the repetiton of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence . by making each compared item or idea in your sentence follow the same grammatical pattern
introspective and confessional
thoughtful and subtly revealing of private things
orient the audience
to explain at the outset of a writing where the writing is going
Bolster
to provide support
Reminiscence
to remember the past
deeply philosophical
very devoted to being thoughtful
concrete imagery
vivid despricptions to communicate concepts and scenes with sensory language (words that represent colors, objects, texture, and sounds, etc)
Discourse
written or spoken communication or debate.