AP English Study guide

independent clause

A clause that can stand alone as a sentence

Appeal to logic (Logos)

A strategy in which a writer uses facts, evidence, and reason to convince audience members to accept them

pedantic and disinterested

Being showy of one's knowledge, often in a boring manner and not caring

Drab (ness)

Drab (ness): not bright, dull

Contextualizing Information

Information that gives context, the entire situation in which a piece of writing takes place, including that writer's purpose(s) for writing; the intended audience; the time and place of writing; the istitutional; social, personal, and other influences on the peice of writing; the material conditions of writing (whether it's, for instance, online or on paper, in handwriting or in print); and the writer's attitude toward the subject and the audience

Analysis

a careful examination and evaluation of details of something.

Conviction

a firmly held belief or opinion.

Lament

a passionate expression of grief or sorrow

Valetudinarians

a person who is unduly anxious about their health.

Credentials

a qualification, achievement, personal quality, or aspect of a person's background, typically when used to indicate that they are suitable for something

potent allusion

a reference to something else (especially famous things) that is especially powerful

relfective aside

a remark or passage in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play, said in a way that is contemplating something

defiant rejoinder

a reply, especially a sharp or witty one, but in this case showing a resistant mood

claim

a statement that asserts a belief or thruth. in arguments, most claims require supporting evidence

appeal to te audience's emotions and expression (pathos)

a strategy in which a writer tries to generate specific emotions (such as fear, envy, anger or pity) in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim

Line of reasoning

a strategy or an approach used in an argument. Argumentative strategies include appelas to the heart (emotional appeals), to charachter (ethical appeals), and to facts and reason (logical appeals)

Innuendo

a subtle, insulting comment or gesture, hinting something negative.

anecdote

a very short story that is significant to the topic at hand; usually adding personal knowledge or experience to the topic.

aggravated and brash

annoyed and self-assertive in a rude, noisy, or overbearing way.

wryly mocking

being clever or witty yet making fun of something.

Vibrancy

being full of energy or being very striking in appearance

scrupulously objective

being very careful not to be influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts.

precise (diction)

being very particular and exactly or sharply defined in what you are saying

Common boast

bragging in ordinary, everyday language

"fallible" (line 80) and "fragmentary

capable of making mistakes or being erroneous and consisting of small parts that are disconnected or incomplete.

Bantering

characterized by good-humored teasing.

Disavow

deny any responsibility or support for.

Underscore

emphasize.

sternly reproachful

expressing disapproval or disappointment in a stern way

reconciliation of opposing positions

finding common areas of agreement between two opposite opinions.

commentary

giving your opinion, interpretation, insight, analysis, explication, personal reaction, evaluation or reflection about a concrete detail in an essay

quietly confessional

in which a person subtly reveals or admits to private thoughts or past incidents, especially ones that cause shame or embarrassment.

Contrary

inclined to disagree or to do the opposite of what is expected or desired

self- depricating irony

irony is using words in such a way that their intended meaning is differnt from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that ends up in a quite different way that what is generally anticipatied. In simple words, it is a defference between appearance and reality. In this case, it is used to put yourself down (like saying "im so smart" when you fail a test)

Monotony

lack of variety and interest; tedious repetition and routine.

Indifferent

not caring

impulsive and eager

not thinking before doing and wanting to do something very much

fanciful and melodramatic

over-imaginative and unrealistic

Refuted

prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove OR prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove.

Audience

the person or persons to whom an argument is directed

parallel sentence structure

the repetiton of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence . by making each compared item or idea in your sentence follow the same grammatical pattern

introspective and confessional

thoughtful and subtly revealing of private things

orient the audience

to explain at the outset of a writing where the writing is going

Bolster

to provide support

Reminiscence

to remember the past

deeply philosophical

very devoted to being thoughtful

concrete imagery

vivid despricptions to communicate concepts and scenes with sensory language (words that represent colors, objects, texture, and sounds, etc)

Discourse

written or spoken communication or debate.