AP Euro Ch. 12-17 Test Review
18. How did Frederick William of Prussia, the Great Elector, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army? A. He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs B. He permitted the Junkers to seize church lands as compensation C. He threatened the Junkers with military attack D. He offered the Junkers the exclusive right to sit in the royal councils
A
18. In early Renaissance Italy, art: A. manifested corporate power B. was commissioned by nobles only C. was seen as subversive by the church D. did not depict living people
A
18. Portugal's participation in European expansion was given crucial support by: A. Prince Henry B. Prince Mark C. Prince Juan D. Prince Phillip
A
19. At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in "The Wealth of Nations" was the belief that: A. the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens B. capitalism could only flourish if workers' wages were kept low C. guilds provided a structural stability to the economy that permitted the free market to function effectively D. the government had a responsibility to protect consumers and the general public from price gouging and fraud
A
19. How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa? A. The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him B. The Spanish withdrew from the region and cut off its supplies, starving the Inca army into submission C. The Spanish entered the trap but then surprised the Inca with the use of cannons and defeated the Inca army D. The Spanish allowed themselves to be tapped but intentionally infected their captors with smallpox, which ultimately destroyed the Inca army
A
2. In the early sixteenth century, anti clericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues? A. The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy B. Priests who were literate C. Clerics who dispersed any collected revenues to their parishioners D. The heresy of priests who preached messages contrary to church doctrine
A
2. When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to: A. a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit B. the right of the church to regulate economic activity in order to promote virtue and righteousness C. the goal of the state to compel all able-bodied men and women into productive activity that will bring wealth to the community D. a set of laws that forbid "sinful" activity such as prostitution and drinking alcoholic beverages
A
2. Who was Prester John? A. A mythical Christian king in Africa believed to be a descendant of one of the three kinds who visited Jesus after his birth B. A member of the Portuguese ruling family who helped to organize voyages of exploration and trade down the African coast C. An English sea captain who discovered a series of islands off the coast of African where slave trading and sugar cultivation were developed D. A Dutch missionary who traveled throughout Africa and developed extensive contacts with African rulers
A
20. Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century? A. Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state B. The papacy prevented any movement toward unification, fearing a threat to its political authority C. France and the Holy Roman Empire had too many land claims in the region to permit any unification D. Italians were too culturally and linguistically diverse to realistically contemplate unification
A
21. From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France? A. The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion B. The ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries C. The preeminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations D. The control over slave trade routes to support colonial development in the Caribbean
A
22. The dissolution of the English monasteries: A. resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth B. resulted in a more equitable distribution of land C. deeply disturbed the English upper class D. was the result of rebellious activities by the monks
A
23. How did the encomienda system function? A. The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter B. The Spanish crown gave the colonists groups of Native Americans as legal slaves in return for tax revenues and promises of obedience C. The Spanish crown adopted the Native Americans as "protected children" in return for promises of labor and tribute D. The Spanish crown placed the Native Americans under the protection of the Catholic missionaries as long as they learned and embraced the Catholic faith
A
23. On the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves? A. They intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them B. They were socially segregated as a lesser class lacking any rights C. They isolated themselves into tight-knit communities that sought to achieve independence from their masters D. They were kept in guarded, military style barracks that limited their ability to move within the society
A
24. Bartolome de Las Casas asserted that the Indians: A. had human rights B. had a unique culture that should be respected C. should be denied protection unless they embraced Christianity D. were creatures of Satan who could not be converted or trusted
A
24. The Reformation in England was primarily the result of: A. the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII B. the missionary activity of the Lollard's C. the terrible conditions ten existing in the English churches D. efforts by Luther and his followers
A
5. Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration? A. Desire for material profit B. Fear of invasion from the Americas C. Fear of invasion from China D. Desire to escape form the Black Death
A
6. The Colloquy of Marburg: A. failed to resolve the differences among protestants on the issue of the Eucharist B. established the basic tenants of Catholic reform in opposition to the Protestant reform movement C. created the basic tenants of Calvinism that could then be adapted to specific national context D. required all Protestants to adopt a common reformed liturgy and standards for clerical behavior
A
7. After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves? A. Black Africans B. French refugees C. English prisoners D. Portuguese peasants
A
7. In the eighteenth century, European public health measures: A. improved water supply and sewage system B. completely eradicated famine owing to increased supply lines C. banned foreign soldiers from entering towns D. blocked off roads and canals to prevent the spread of disease
A
8. How did the introduction of Ptolemy's "Geography" mislead European cartographers? A. Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west B. Ptolemy indicated that Africa had no southern end and could not offer a route to Asia, leading Europeans to explore westward C. Ptolemy argued that a northern roue through Russia offered ab easier path to Asia, leading England to begin a process of exploration D. Ptolemy claimed that the world was much larger than it actually is, leading the German and Italian lands to abandon colonizing efforts
A
8. Louis XIV selected councilors from: A. the newly ennobled or upper middle class B. military commanders C. university professors D. senior clergy
A
9. How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century? A. Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine B. Advances in agricultural methods produced abundant food supplies and eradicated famine C. A return to the open-field system evened out food distribution and helped to prevent food shortages D. The European colonies became an alternate source for food that could be used to overcome poor harvests
A
9. Luther's claim that the papacy was exploiting Germany: A. appealed to the national sentiment of German princes B. was met with dismay by the ruling elite C. led to administrative reform in the empire D. found an audience only among the peasantry
A
1. According to the text, Thomas More's "Utopia" was remarkable for its time because it asserted that: A. the problems plaguing society could be solved by a beneficent government B. North America would one day be the site of the greatest power in world history C. Native Americans could be saved through conversion to Christianity D. flaws in the divine nature were responsible for human corruption
A
1. The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the: A. Indian Ocean trade B. Mediterranean Sea trade C. Baltic Sea trade D. Caribbean Sea trade
A
10. Which of the following best characterized the Renaissance idea of virtu? A. The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will B. The expression of perfection the life lived in balance and simplicity C. Moral goodness as set out in the Christian Scriptures D. The serenity achieved through contemplation and acceptance of life's hardships
A
11. What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system? A. The rural poor worked for low wages B. Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists C. Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts D. The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money
A
12. Italian humanists stressed the: A. study of the classics from what they could reveal about human nature B. study of the classics in order to understand the divine nature of God C. absolute authority of classical texts D. role of the church in the reform of society
A
13. Luther views celibacy as: A. opposed to human nature and God's commandments B. the ideal act of spiritual devotion C. required for all Lutheran pastors D. a gift only the spiritually mature could enjoy
A
13. The spinning of thread for the loom: A. required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages B. was established as a unique craft in which communities and even regions specialized, especially sheepherding regions C. was quickly turned into a mechanized process, which freed more women to take up operation of the loom D. marked a new type of industry in which the merchants created unambiguous standards for spun thread that reduced conflicts between merchants and spinners
A
15. How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia? A. They sought a northwest passage across North America B. They sought to develop a new land route through Russia and Siberia C. They sought to travel through the Arctic Ocean D. They sought to follow the Portuguese around Africa but then establish trading posts in India
A
15. What was the Star Chamber? A. A court that dealt the bole threats to royal power in England B. A court dominated by the great nobles of England C. A court that was the English equivalent of the Spanish Inquisition D. A court that dealt with the finances of the English government
A
15. What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rakoczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule? A. Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state B. The German nobility established itself as dominant within the Habsburg lands C. The Bohemian nobility was crushed and replaced with new nobles loyal to the Habsburg D. The Habsburgs lost control over most of their lands in northern Italy
A
15. Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed? A. Mary was implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth B. Elizabeth wanted to demonstrate the consequences of supporting Catholicism C. Mary had married Phillip II of Spain against Elizabeth's wishes D. Elizabeth resented Mary's beauty and ability to dominate men
A
12. According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia? A. He would be given a noble title and one-half of the revenues of his journey B. He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey C. He would be given the right to claim one-tenth of all lands he discovered as his personal property and be free from all taxation D. He would be named governor of all lands he discovered and receive the right to claim one-tenth of these lands as his personal property
B
14. How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization? A. The possibility of Asian trade led the Spanish to focus on developing its western colonies in the Americas so that it would be easy to travel on to Asia B. The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead C. The difficult waters of the Straights of Magellan led Spain to focus on developing its colonies in the eastern parts of the Americas D. The greater wealth in Asian trade led the Spanish to give little attention to the Americas until after Asian trade collapsed in the 1580s
B
14. How did Pico della Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind? A. As creatures in the image of God, humans were superior to the rest of creations including the angels and other heavenly beings B. Humans, lacking a diced pace, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals C. Lacking a specific role in God's creation, humans were actually below animals but had the potential for greatness denied to animals D. Humans were established by God as just below the angels and given to rule over everything on earth
B
14. How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women? A. Upper-class women were freed from the numerous restraints of convent life B. Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women C. Upper-class women were able to participate in art and literate, which were denied to them in the convent D. Families were forced to take over the care and support of women who had no productive role
B
14. Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about: A. the high cost of production in the rural countryside B. their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers C. the constant claims by guilds to authority over rural production D. government efforts to protect spinners and weavers from labor abuses
B
14. What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain? A. Spain must ally with England in order to establish naval domination of the Atlantic and secure access to trade routes B. Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties C. Spain must secure peace with all of its neighbors in order to reduce the expenses borne by royal treasury D. Spain must require all Jews and Muslims to leave Spain in order to purify the kingdom and earn God's favor
B
16. Which of the following characterized Girolamo Savonarola? A. He came to power in Florence as a general suppressing a popular revolt but lost authority when the merchants rejected his efforts to restrict their wealth B. He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority C. He was appointed ruler in Florence by the pope but lost authority when he challenged papal interference in Florence's banking industry D. He was appointed chief administrator in Florence by the ruling oligarchs but lost power when he failed to deat the French invasion
B
17. According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century, the guild system: A. was in the process of collapse as new technologies made guild regulations obsolete B. inhibited the development of the economy through its rigid rules and their strict application C. provided the foundation of Great Britain's economic growth since the guilds were strongly supported under british law D. remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules
B
17. The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was: A. conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation B. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II C. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession D. the 1640 uprising in Ireland
B
18. How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor? A. Work was the consequence of sin entering the world; it marked the shame of humankind B. Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified C. Work marked the duty to which God called the unlearned, freeing the superior minds to contemplation D. Hard work was the duty of criminals and non-Christians so that Christians could pursue holiness
B
18. Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century? A. Guilds dropped all restrictions that forbade women from serving as masters or laborers B. Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules C. Guilds permitted women to serve as workers byt forbade any women from becoming masters D. Guild reinforced the regulations forbidding all work by and mastership for women
B
19. Who was the most prominent metal-smith who helped develop metal movable print> A. Leonardo da Vinci B. Johann Gutenberg C. Johann Fust D. Desiderius Erasmus
B
20. Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed: A. the African trade B. the Atlantic economy C. the colonial economy D. the East Indian trade
B
20. How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rules of an independent state? A. They adopted French coronation rituals B. They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans C. They eliminated all taxes D. They claimed to be both political and religious leaders
B
21. The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by: A. reforming the Church B. promoting peace and social order at the local level C. restricting the wages of the working classes D. lowering taxes and subsidizing the wool industry
B
22. Typically, French classicism: A. challenged existing concepts concerning art B. presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity C. had little support from the royal government D. emphasized individualistic renderings of society
B
23. How effective was the Universal Inquisition established by the papacy in 1542? A. The inquisition was filled with internal rivalries and conflicts that prevented it from effectively working outside of a few famous cases B. The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere C. The Inquisition had considerable success in all Catholic lands where political leaders supported it D. The Inquisition's success at rooting out heresy was so effective that many Protestant leaders invited it to work in Protestants lands
B
24. In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with: A. France B. Britain's own colonies C. the European continent D. Asia
B
25. How did the French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration levels from France? A. Convicted criminals in France were sentenced to relocate to the colonies B. Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women C. Officials permitted religious freedom in the colonies so that French Protestants would move there D. The French crown paid prostitutes to relocate to the colonies in order to attract male settlers
B
25. Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top levels of the bureaucracy? A. The royal family B. The sultan's slave corps C. Islamic Religious officials D. Military commanders
B
3. In eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the: A. growth of a class of small landowners B. consolidation of serfdom C. establishment of an independent peasantry D. establishment of many privileged towns as market centers
B
3. In the eighteenth century, advocated for agricultural innovation argued that: A. the rights of the nobility over land needed to be reinforced, since until that time only nobles could force through innovations B. landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently C. the key to agricultural innovation was to provide support for the peasants against the lords, as the lords resisted innovation that they feared would diminish their authority D. farming should be strictly separated from herding for sheep and cattle, as herds diminished the lands' productivity by trampling and flattening loose soil
B
4. Political power in the Dutch Republic was: A. held by the central government B. controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen C. held by the stadholder and his royal courtiers D. exercised by a democratically elected States-General
B
4. Which of the following contributed to the success of Martin Luther's reform efforts? A. Luther did not need political support and, therefore, was able to develop his ideas without political interference B. Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works C. Luther led a unified reform movement that was able to coordinate its actions in several different territories and kingdoms D. Luther's status as a nobleman brought him respect and legitimacy that he could use to defend his ideas
B
5. How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms? A. Luther obtained permission to continue to call for reform as long as he remained loyal to papal authority B. Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices C. Luther guaranteed the personal protection of the emperor for the rest of his life as long as he remained within imperial lands D. Luther was granted permission to call for church reform of institutional corruption as long as he accepted official papal doctrine
B
5. The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also: A. restricted English banks from making foreign lands B. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies C. created an alliance with the Dutch against the French D. prevented the American colonists from building ships
B
5. Which of the following inhibited women's success as painters in the Renaissance? A. They were allowed to study the male nude B. They could not work in public, a requirement of the fresco technique C. They were permitted to join groups of male artists for informal practice D. They were permitted to attend artistic academics
B
6. What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. He demonstrated that slow oxen that produced more mature were preferred for plowing than swifter-moving horses B. He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research C. He caused a rural rebellion and ultimately the demise of the enclosure movement after burning his fields rather than enclosing them D. He paved the way for peasants to own land - after he became the first non-noblemen to be England's largest landowner
B
8. Which of the following was a wealthy Florentine, the political leader of his city, and a patron of Renaissance artists? A. Cesare Borgia B. Cosimo de Medici C. Giovanni Sforza D. Gerolama Orsini
B
9. Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade? A. Princely kingdoms in India B. Muslim-controlled port cities C. Chinese merchants D. The Hindu priestly class
B
19. How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of the army? A. He required women to work in the fields when their husbands served in the military B. He purchased African slaved to sustain agricultural production while Prussian men trained for the military C. He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists D. He required monks, priests, and other clerics to perform agricultural work when needed by local nobles
C
2. Most male Renaissance humanists argued that: A. men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits B. the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages C. women's sphere of activity was private and domestic D. women were asexual beings
C
21. One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by: A. Michael Romanov B. Ivan the Terrible C. Stenka Razin D. Peter the Great
C
23. The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to: A. ineffective French military leadership B. France's lack of allies C. the size and strength of British naval power D. the support of all Native American tribes to the British cause
C
4. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile: A. permitted the monarchs to undermine the provincial elite by unifying the two states into a single, unified kingdom B. unified all of the Iberian Peninsula C. created a dynastic union but did not unify the separate kingdoms into a single state D. undermined the claims of the holy Roman emperor to be the defender of the church
C
4. Which of the following correctly characterized the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure area? A. Forced to sell their land following enclosures, most of the nobility left the countryside and moved to the cities B. The large pools of urban laborers were forced to work in the countryside, because the growing agricultural innovations required more workers for the land C. The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners D. While enclosure affected some land usage, most land remained deeply tied to traditional feudal structures
C
6. How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century? A. Gunpowder technologies were used for the first time in field operations B. Improvements in artillery made the use of cavalry obsolete C. Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests D. The size of armies decreased as they professionalized and became more efficient
C
6. What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century? A. The nobility B. The urban working class C. The middle class D. The upper-level clergy
C
7. Which of the following was a consequence of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre? A. The end of Protestant power in France B. New efforts to bring civil order to France C. A lengthy civil war D. An international peace conferenec
C
19. Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement? A. They were exempt from most church taxes B. They saw the Catholic Church as a counterweight to the power of the Polish monarchy C. They believed themselves specially selected by God to preserve the Catholic faith D. They held strong anti-German feelings
D
2. Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century? A. They were bound to a lord's feudal manor and worked the lord's land as part of a long series of feudal obligations B. They were technically free but suffered under a system of debt obligation to feudal lords who prevented them from owning their own land C. They were free to own small plots of land but never enough to fully support themselves, requiring them to continue to work the land of the local lord, who owned a vast majority of it D. They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
D
20. Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because: A. the English government tried to keep colonies small so that colonists would be dependent on the crown B. they were searching for good agricultural land C. there was a planned development to drive the Indians out of the region D. there were religious disputes among the colonists
D
20. The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a: A. mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers B. withdrawal of Calvinists from the world of business and politics C. mass exodus from the city of Geneva D. confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation
D
21. How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies? A. the monarchy offered rewards and tax exemptions to settlers who informed on corrupt officials B. the monarchy established a type of military rule in which colonists were subject to searches and seizures by the military on accusations of corruption C. The monarchy used the Catholic missionaries to provide information to the crown outside of the official administration D. The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy
D
21. In Hungary, Lutheranism was: A. embraced by the high nobility as attacking their clerical rivals B. destroyed by Turks when they seized control of the realm C. rejected bu nearly all people as a heresy of the hated Germans D. spread by Hungarians students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg
D
22. At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were: A. settled bu a civilization of vast wealth and sophistication B. part of a new continent C. isolated from any other land mass D. off the coast of Asia
D
22. What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel? A. Botticelli B. Da Vinci C. Raphael D. Michaelangelo
D
22. What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession? A. A French victory that forced Britain to abandon its last remaining land claims on the North American continent B. A British victory that forced the French to retreat from North America C. An Austrian victory that forced Prussia to abandon much of its territory D. An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further welfare
D
23. What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system? A. Clergy were allowed to hold bureaucratic offices B. Only ethnic Russians were permitted to serve in the bureaucracy C. Women were allowed to serve in a few judicial positions D. People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions
D
24. After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called: A. Narva B. Moscow C. Leningrad D. St. Petersburg
D
24. Which of the following was the most important source of patronage for Renaissance artists? A. Monasteries B. Art guilds C. Universities and academic institutions D. Wealthy individuals and rulers
D
25. In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent? A. Eliminating the Bohemian church B. Reinforcing the power of monarchs C. Recognizing bishops as completely independent of secular rulers D. Securing reconciliation with the Protestants
D
25. Which of the following characterized eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe? A. It became insignificant to the French after the loss of their colonies in New France (Canada) B. The Spanish empire collapsed, for Spain lacked the resources to sustain its military presence in the colonies C. Spanish landowners in the colonies instituted slavery among all the Indian populations in order to force them to work on their estates D. Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially
D
25. Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work during the Renaissance? A. The traditional work associated with women was unskilled and, therefore, more widely performed B. Women were largely secluded in their homes; therefore, their work was seen as strictly domestic and not worthy of compensation C. Women did not seek to organize in guilds so that they could better influence wages and prices for their work D. It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a familty
D
3. Which of the following best defines the term race as it was used in the Renaissance? A. Groupings of people based on skin color B. Groupings of people based on noble lineage C. Groupings of people based on geographic origins D. Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors
D
3. Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation? A. Salvation came through faith in God and works that demonstrated that faith B. Salvation came through the performance of the Holy Sacraments C. Salvation came through God's predestined selection of those he chose to save D. Salvation came through faith along as a free gift of God's grace
D
3. Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus? A. Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high-quality textiles and metalwork desired by others B. Europe provided the banking and financial services that sustained the world trading system C. Europe served as the most important market for products because it produced few goods D. Europe was a minor trading power that produced few products desired by other civilizations
D
4. In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company: A. established outposts in New York (New Amsterdam) and elsewhere in the Americas B. handles in the shipment of gold and silver bullion from Spanish America to Spain C. established bases in the Caribbean D. took over much of the East Indies from Portugal
D
5. How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? A. German lands were finally unified under the German emperor B. Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire C. Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse D. Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end
D
6. What purposed were served by sumptuary laws? A. Sumptuary laws sought to prevent all forms of luxury, reinforce ascetic piety, and undermine the growing wealth of merchants B. Sumptuary laws attacked social inequalities by rejecting luxury products and sought to protect local industries by requiring the use of certain materials C. Sumptuary laws attempted to impose moral standards and challenged the efforts of the clergy to express their status through clothing styles D. Sumptuary laws reinforced social hierarchies, attempted to impose moral standards, and sought to protect local industries
D
7. According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it: A. provided necessary public services B. was based on Christian morality C. protected the liberty of its citizens D. protected order, security, and safety for the populace
D
7. In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions? A. Local rebels rarely caused much damage B. City and regional officials might side with rebels C. Local rebels easily hid when troops arrived D. Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs
D
8. Luther believed that the church consisted of: A. the entire body of clergy B. the elect C. all those who supported his views D. a spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers
D
8. Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred: A. only in a few regions that were able to avoid warfare B. primarily in regions that saw substantial agricultural innovations C. primarily in prosperous regions that were establishing colonial lands in Asia and the Americas D. in all regions
D
9. The Baroque style flourished in the context of the: A. Commercial Revolution B. Scientific Revolution C. Protestant Reformation D. Catholic Reformation
D
9. Which of the following characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and orders in the Renaissance? A. The nobility retained its status by blocking the newly wealthy from political positions and from marriage into the nobility B. The newly wealthy used their resources to establish new forms of social prestige that the nobility could not copy and which discredited the nobility as social leaders C. The newly wealthy rejected the claims of the nobility to moral superiority of landed wealth D. The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth
D
10. Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to: A. the absence of marshes and swamps in the Netherlands B. the necessity to provide for a densely populated country C. the increased migration of peasants from cities to the country D. the strong nobility of the Dutch
B
11. What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean? A. Islands off the coast of India B. Islands off the coast of Japan C. New, unexpected lands D. Islands in the middle of the Atlantic
B
11. What role did the idea of "fate" play in Machiavelli's analysis in "The Prince?" A. Fate marked the sheer random movement of nature and people that was beyond the ability of any ruler to control B. The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm. C. The idea of fate was but a metaphor for the factor that God randomly bestows on some rulers and denies to others D. The skilled ruler can overcome the operations of fate if he is willing to abandon all moral limitations and scruples.
B
11. Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce? A. They believed that individuals were responsible for their own salvation and therefore should be allowed the choice to stay in a marriage or not B. They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community C. They believed that the "priesthood of all believers" required that all be treated equally before the law to make decisions about their marriages D. They viewed marriage as a temporary arrangement in this world that had no significance for the afterlife
B
16. In seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, guild masters: A. permitted easy access to guilds in order to maintain a strong labor force B. allowed both men and women entry into all guilds C. guarded their guild privileges jealousy D. denied themselves the right to train their sons or wives in their crafts
C
16. John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would: A. undermine the idea of human sinfulness B. eliminate the idea of the diving right of kings C. detract from the sovereignty of God D. undermine the need for the crucifixion of Christ
C
16. Mercantilist theory postulated that: A. government should not interfere in the economy B. imports and exports should be equally balanced C. economic activity should be regulated by and for the state D. free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations
C
17. Which of the following did the Francesco Petrarch believe? A. A new era would dawn as writers stripped Christianity of the classical Roman influences that had polluted the church's teachings B. The writers of ancient Greece had reached a perfection in literature and philosophy that the writers of ancient Rome had corrupted C. The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievements D. The barbarian invaders had brought a new, vigorous energy to Western culture that needed to be integrated into the classical tradition
C
1. The Treaty of Cataeu-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the: A. Wars of the Roses B. Hundred Years' War C. Habsburg-Valois wars D. Thirty Years' War
C
1. Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century? A. The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges B. The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side C. The land was not divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently D. The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations
C
10. The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was: A. reform of the church B. a belief in decentralization C. the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy D. the sovereignty of the people
C
10. When Vasco de Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters? A. He consulted with Muslim cartographers B. He kidnapped an African sea captain C. He hired an Indian pilot as his guide D. He took on an African crew for his ships
C
12. How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French State? A. He reorganized the French economy according to mercantilist power B. He encouraged Louis XIII to establish an elaborate palace and ground at Versailles C. He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts D. He concentrated on repairing and expanding the country's infrastructure, building new roads and canals
C
12. Within the family, the operation of the loom: A. was somewhat dangerous, and children were forbidden from helping with it B. generally only occupied one person, leaving other family members to farm or seke outside employment C. was reserved for the male head of household D. was considered a woman's job, as were most of the sewing crafts
C
13. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish? A. It divided the Americas, giving Spain everything south of the Caribbean and England everything north of the Caribbean B. It divided the Pacific Ocean, giving Spain everything east of India and Portugal everything west of India C. It divided the Atlantic Ocean, giving Spain control of everything west of an imaginary line and Portugal everything east of the line D. It divided the Americas, giving Portugal all of the sugar-producing regions and Spain all of the silver-producing regions
C
13. Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance? A. Christian humility B. A concern for the improvement of society in general C. A glorification of individual genius D. The attempt to use art to educate the urban masses
C
1. How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century? A. The population continued to grow despite widespread malnutrition B. Large segments of the population immigrated to the American colonies C. The population remained relatively stable as the little food available was distributed evenly to all social classes at a "just price" D. Malnutrition made poor susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly
D
10. How was the choice to embrace or reject the Protestant reform movement made in each territory or region of the Holy Roman Empire? A. Individual parishes selected their leaders, who would decide whether to reform the parish B. Local religious councils determined whether or not to embrace reform C. Individual priests decided whether or not to embrace the reform movement and introduce new doctrines and practices D. The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms
D
11. How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne? A. The leader of the Spanish House of Alva was placed on the throne by the nobility on offering guarantees that he would protect noble rights C. The German Habsburg of Duke of Austria was placed on the throne after the death of his cousin, the Spanish Habsburg Charles II D. Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united
D
12. As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany: A. remained Catholics B. were able to practice the religion of their choices C. converted to Lutheranism D. became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince
D
13. The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that: A. kings ruled by divine right B. a constitutional monarchy was possible only in England C. mankind in inherently good and requires no formal government D. the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war
D
15. The industrious revolution was a result of: A. the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year, combines with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset B. efforts of Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors C. merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories, where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled D. poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
D
16. In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East: the Turkish Ottomans and the: A. Egyptian Ptolomies B. Mongol Khans C. Egyptian Mameluks D. Persian Safavids
D
17. Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was: A. a call to the nobles to crush the peasants B. to undertake penance for the peasants' sins C. a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a crusade against the Turks D. to side with the peasants
D
17. What did Hernan Cortes's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire? A. The Mexica were awed by the Spanish technology and submitted to Cortes's will B. The Mexica mistakenly believed that Cortes was a god C. Cortes had a large, well-trained Spanish army against the untrained and poorly organized Mexica forces D. Cortes was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire
D
