AP Euro Ch 18 Vocab

Salons

elegant private drawing rooms where talented, wealthy women presided over regular social gathers of the great or near-great

Frederick the Great

embraced culture and literature; Prussia, applied Enlightenment principles; enlightened religious freedom, education, against censorship

Experimental Method

A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.

Isaac Newton and his Principia

English scientist who questioned the overlying laws that apply to the entire universe and it's contents.

Rene Descartes

He developed analytical geometry; relied on math and logic; he believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason; believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings

Partitions of Poland

Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; changed the balance of Europe as a whole; Russia, Austria, and Prussia progressed passed France

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish clergyman and astronomer who theorized that the stars and planets, including earth, revolved around a fixed sun.

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

Catherine the Great

- Russian, applied Enlightenment principles; enlightened: Supported education; not enlightened: Put down serf uprisings

Kepler's three laws of planetary motion

1) Planets did not rotate in perfect circles 2) The closer the planet is to the sun the faster it moves 3) The larger the planet the slower it moves

Law of Inertia

A law formulated by Galileo that stated that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.

Aristotelian theory of the universe

Aristotle believed a round earth is at the center, surrounded by spheres of water, air, and fire. Beyond this small nucleus, the moon, the sun, and the five planets were embedded in their own rotating crystal spheres, with the stars sharing the surface of one enormous sphere. Beyond, the heaven were composed of unchanging ether. Essentially the belief in crystal spheres or the idea that circular motion was perfect and divine.

Maria Theresa/Joseph II

Austria, applied Enlightenment principles; enlightened: Free press, free religion, abolish serfdom

Silesia

Austrian province in eastern Germany that is later seized by Frederick II of Prussia in December of 1740, provoking the War of the Austrian Succession.

Pierre Bayle

Critical and Historical Dictionary-advocated complete toleration of ideas-skeptic-major criticism of Christianity and its attempt to impose orthodoxy

Law of Universal Gravitation

Every object in the universe attracts every other object

Seven Year's War

Fought in Europe, India and North America, this was included Russia for the 1st time in a major European power struggle over colonies and political ideology. Austria, France, Russia and others were allied against Britain and Prussia. The war lasted from 1756-1763. The British emerged as a world power as a result of her victories in the war. France lost her colonies in North America and Britain gained control of India.

Cartesian dualism

Separation of mind and matter, allowed something to be investigated independently by reason

Bernard de Fontenelle

Set out to make science witty and entertaining for a broad nonscientific audience; wrote "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds"

Galileo Galilei and his Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Turned the telescope on the heavens, articulated the concept of the universe totally subject to mathematical laws, applied mathematics to to scientific investigation.

Voltaire

a reformer in social and political matters who mixed the glorification of and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions; did not believe in social and economic equality in human affairs and often questioned the Catholic Church and Christian theology

David Hume

argued religious skepticism had a powerful impact at home and abroad; argued that human mind is really nothing but a bundle of impressions

Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract

based on the general will and popular sovereignty; rejection of rationalism and social discourse

Baron de Montesquieu -- The Spirit of Laws and The Persian Letters

believed despotism could be avoided if there was a separation of powers, with political power divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges; social satire supposedly written by two Persian travelers to cleverly criticize existing practices and beliefs

Enlightened absolutism (a. k. a. Enlightened despotism)

examination of the evolution of the monarchial absolutism at a close range before trying to judge the enlightenment's effects.

Deist

followers of Sir Isaac Newton's idea of natural law, reducing God to the position of a remote Creator; one who believes in god, but denies supernatural revelation

War of Austrian Succession

loss of Silesia, Maria Theresa and her closest ministers

General Will

scared and absolute, reflecting the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign poverty

Rococo

soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

Emelian Pugachev

started an uprising of serfs, issued 'decrees' abolishing serfdom, taxes, and army service

Marquise du Chatelet

studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations; translation with accompanying commentary on Newton's Principia, and was able to explain Newton's complex mathematical proofs

Tabula Rasa

the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet

John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding

theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas; dominant intellectual inspiration of Enlightenment

Denis Diderot Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts and the Crafts

wrote the encyclopedia to 'change the general way of thinking'