AP Euro Ch 18 Vocab
Salons
elegant private drawing rooms where talented, wealthy women presided over regular social gathers of the great or near-great
Frederick the Great
embraced culture and literature; Prussia, applied Enlightenment principles; enlightened religious freedom, education, against censorship
Experimental Method
A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.
Isaac Newton and his Principia
English scientist who questioned the overlying laws that apply to the entire universe and it's contents.
Rene Descartes
He developed analytical geometry; relied on math and logic; he believed that everything should be doubted until proven by reason; believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and teachings
Partitions of Poland
Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; changed the balance of Europe as a whole; Russia, Austria, and Prussia progressed passed France
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish clergyman and astronomer who theorized that the stars and planets, including earth, revolved around a fixed sun.
Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601) Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.
Francis Bacon
(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.
Catherine the Great
- Russian, applied Enlightenment principles; enlightened: Supported education; not enlightened: Put down serf uprisings
Kepler's three laws of planetary motion
1) Planets did not rotate in perfect circles 2) The closer the planet is to the sun the faster it moves 3) The larger the planet the slower it moves
Law of Inertia
A law formulated by Galileo that stated that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
Aristotelian theory of the universe
Aristotle believed a round earth is at the center, surrounded by spheres of water, air, and fire. Beyond this small nucleus, the moon, the sun, and the five planets were embedded in their own rotating crystal spheres, with the stars sharing the surface of one enormous sphere. Beyond, the heaven were composed of unchanging ether. Essentially the belief in crystal spheres or the idea that circular motion was perfect and divine.
Maria Theresa/Joseph II
Austria, applied Enlightenment principles; enlightened: Free press, free religion, abolish serfdom
Silesia
Austrian province in eastern Germany that is later seized by Frederick II of Prussia in December of 1740, provoking the War of the Austrian Succession.
Pierre Bayle
Critical and Historical Dictionary-advocated complete toleration of ideas-skeptic-major criticism of Christianity and its attempt to impose orthodoxy
Law of Universal Gravitation
Every object in the universe attracts every other object
Seven Year's War
Fought in Europe, India and North America, this was included Russia for the 1st time in a major European power struggle over colonies and political ideology. Austria, France, Russia and others were allied against Britain and Prussia. The war lasted from 1756-1763. The British emerged as a world power as a result of her victories in the war. France lost her colonies in North America and Britain gained control of India.
Cartesian dualism
Separation of mind and matter, allowed something to be investigated independently by reason
Bernard de Fontenelle
Set out to make science witty and entertaining for a broad nonscientific audience; wrote "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds"
Galileo Galilei and his Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
Turned the telescope on the heavens, articulated the concept of the universe totally subject to mathematical laws, applied mathematics to to scientific investigation.
Voltaire
a reformer in social and political matters who mixed the glorification of and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions; did not believe in social and economic equality in human affairs and often questioned the Catholic Church and Christian theology
David Hume
argued religious skepticism had a powerful impact at home and abroad; argued that human mind is really nothing but a bundle of impressions
Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract
based on the general will and popular sovereignty; rejection of rationalism and social discourse
Baron de Montesquieu -- The Spirit of Laws and The Persian Letters
believed despotism could be avoided if there was a separation of powers, with political power divided and shared by a variety of classes and legal estates holding unequal rights and privileges; social satire supposedly written by two Persian travelers to cleverly criticize existing practices and beliefs
Enlightened absolutism (a. k. a. Enlightened despotism)
examination of the evolution of the monarchial absolutism at a close range before trying to judge the enlightenment's effects.
Deist
followers of Sir Isaac Newton's idea of natural law, reducing God to the position of a remote Creator; one who believes in god, but denies supernatural revelation
War of Austrian Succession
loss of Silesia, Maria Theresa and her closest ministers
General Will
scared and absolute, reflecting the common interests of all the people, who have displaced the monarch as the holder of sovereign poverty
Rococo
soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids
Emelian Pugachev
started an uprising of serfs, issued 'decrees' abolishing serfdom, taxes, and army service
Marquise du Chatelet
studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations; translation with accompanying commentary on Newton's Principia, and was able to explain Newton's complex mathematical proofs
Tabula Rasa
the human mind at birth is like a blank tablet
John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding
theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas; dominant intellectual inspiration of Enlightenment
Denis Diderot Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts and the Crafts
wrote the encyclopedia to 'change the general way of thinking'