AP Euro Chapter 15-16 Study Guide

In the 15th century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East

1. The Turkish Ottomans 2. Persian Safevids

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was?

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

What is mercantilist theory?

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state based on the belief that a nations international power was based on its wealth, specifically it's supply of gold and silver.

Characterize immigrations patterns (both forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500-1800

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

How did Frederick William I, King of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

All Prussian men would undergo military training and serve as reservists in the army.

How did the treaty of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Allowed Loui's grandson Philip to remain king of Spain on the understanding that the French and Spanish crowns would never be united.

The Edict of Nantes purpose was?

Allowing protestants the right to worship in 150 traditionally protestant towns throughout France

Describe the political structure of the Dutch Republic.

An oligarchy of wealthy businessmen called "regents" handled domestic affairs in each Provinces Estates. The provincial estates held all the power. A federal assembly, or States General, handled foreign affairs and war, but did not possess sovereign authority. All issues had to be referred back to the local estates for approval, and each of the seven provinces could veto any proposed legislation.

How did justifications for slavery change from the 15th century to the 18th century?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus on science and nature and less on religion

In the 17th century why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?

Armies were expensive to deploy and rules feared creating martyrs

What were the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?

Consisted of fourteen ranks and everyone had to start from the bottom and work their way to the top. Increased service requirements of commoners, peasant taxes raised, nobles had to build costly homes. A lot of work and little to no payment. Peasant deaths and starvation occurred frequently.

French foreign power under Richelieu primarily focused on?

Destroy the Catholic Habsburg's grip on territories that surrounded France

Describe the growth of commercial agriculture in Eastern Europe.

Eastern lords increased the production of their estates by squeezing sizeable surpluses out of the impoverished peasants. They then sold these surpluses to foreign merchants who exported them to wealthier western Europe. This promoted supremacy of noble landlords in most of Eastern Europe.

Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?

Emergency taxes

What did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV in return for financial support?

English laws against catholics would be eased and England gradually Catholicized.

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them

How did Frederick Williamson the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

Exchange for reconfirmation of their own privileges, including authority over the serfs.

When did Vasco da Garma arrive in the Indian Ocean and how did he navigate largely unknown waters?

He arrived on May 20, 1498 and he hired an Indian pilot as his guide

What became a crucial advantage in the Cortes's conquest of the Mexica Empire?

He was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire

According to his agreement with the Spanish, what rewards would Columbus recieve if he found a water route to Asia?

He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and recieve 1/10 of the material rewards of the journey

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

Islands off the coast of Japan

How did Mangellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

It convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead

How did the peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

It ended the 30 Years War and marked the end of large-scale religious violence in Europe.

Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas

It was an agreement giving Spain everything to the West of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the East

Know Shakespeare and the purpose of his plays , such as Richard II

Many of his history plays expressed English national consciousness. Also his works reveal the impact of the new discoveries and contacts of his day.

Common motivations for European explorers included?

Money, land, and religion

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were?

Off the coast of Asia

Place the three commercial empires of Europe during the 15th-17th century in chronological order.

Porteguese, Spanish and Dutch

Who gave critical support to Portugese expansion?

Prince Henry

Characterize the English Revolution of 1688

Replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange

Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top level of bureaucracy?

Sultan's slave corps

Describe Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate

The English military dictatorship established after the execution of Charles I. The army prepared a constitution, the Instrument of Government (1653), that invested executive power in a lord protector (Cromwell) and a council of state.

The European voyages of the 15th century derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the?

The Indian Ocean Trade

How did the Spanish Monarchy seek to maintain its control over its colonies?

The Spanish Monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by Atahualpa, king of the Incas?

The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, and held him for ransom. Eventually they executed him.

How did the Encomienda system function?

The Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians (disguised form of slavery)

The driving force behind Richelieu's domestic policies was?

The idea of repressing Protestantism

How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?

Their claim to the political and religious inheritance of the Byzantine Empire.

Who did the Genoese obtain as slaves?

They traded for slaves with local leaders

Know Thomas Hobbes and his political beliefs.

Thomas Hobbes was a philosopher who held a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that humans would complete violently for power and wealth. The only solution was to be put under an absolutist monarch to maintain peace and order.