AP euro chapter 25
Battle of Verdun
(1916) the longest battle of World War I; it ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties
Battle of the Somme
A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.
Total War
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
What did the Germany's auxiliary service law require?
All men between 17-60 work at jobs critical to war
V. I. Lenin
Bolshevik leader who orchestrated the soviet takeover of the provisional govnerment
Who were the members of the Triple Entente?
Britain, France, Russia
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Czarina Alexandra
Czar Nicholas wife, took over Russia whilehe was gone. Let Rasputin run how she does things
Alfred von Schlieffen
German general who drew up the Schlieffen plan in 1905, thought the Germans could defeat the French in 6 weeks and then move on to fight the Russian foces on the Eastern Front
Weimar Republic
German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy.
Otto von Bismarck
German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898)
The allies declared who was entirely responsible for the war?
Germany
Which country offered Austria-Hungary a blank check of support in summer 1914?
Germany
What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?
Germany's non-aggression pact with Russia.
Which term means extreme patriotism esp in the form of an aggressive foreign policy?
Jingoism
War Raw Materials Board
Masterminded by Walter Rathenau, this was set up by the German government to ration and distribute raw materials.
Who won the Russian Civil War?
Reds
The Sykes picot agreement- France and Britain agreed to split what country's lands?
The ottoman empire
Cheka
The secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party
Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?
They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.
General Erich Ludendorff
Worked with Gen. Paul von Hidenburg to crush Russia with the outbreak of the war.
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Black Hand
the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand
What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
(The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease)
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Auxiliary Service Law
A German law requiring all males between the ages of seventeen and sixty to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort.
Trench Warfare
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
Bolsheviks
A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917
Petrograd Soviet
A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905.
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for?
A lightening attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
Battle of the Marne
A major French victory against the invading German army at the start of WWI. In reality lost Germany the war.
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.
Battle of Gallipoli
Also known as the Gallipoli campaign, it took place at the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey from April-January 1915-1916. It was a joint British and French operation meant to capture the capital city Constantinople and to secure a sea route to Russia. This failed, with nearly half a million casualties.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His murder was one of the causes of WW I.
Battle of Tannenberg
Battle between Russia and Germany, one of the first battles of WWI, August 23 - September 2, 1914; Russia badly defeated
What was a battle that was not fought on the western front?
Battle of Gallipoli
David Lloyd George
Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses
What was the primary consequence of the first Moroccan crisis in 1905?
Britain, France, and Russia began to see German as a threat to all of Europe
T.E. Lawrence
British colonel sent to support the Arab revolt
Balfour Declaration
British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI
Vera Brittain
British volunteer nurse who wrote the famous anti-war autobiography "Testament of Youth"
Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
On what holiday did the Irish nationalists rise up in 1916 to end British rule?
Easter
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Emperor of Germany during World War I
In what country was the battle of Marne fought?
France
Alsace and Lorraine were desired by the French. They had been lost after what war?
Franco-Prussian war
Henri-Philippe Petain
French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.
Georges Clemenceau
French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles (1841-1929)
During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France
Generally supported their foreign masters.
Which big four leader wanted to punish Germany the most?
Georges clemenceau
What was the immediate cause of Britain's entry into the war?
German invasion of neutral Belgium
What issue most contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900's?
Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships
Schlieffen Plan
Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
What countries made up the Triple Entente?
Great Britain, France, Russia
How did Grigori Rasputin endear himself to the Russian royal family?
He claimed to be able to heal their hemophiliac son
Vittorio Orlando
He was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering the 14 points.
Alexander Kerensky
Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.
Who served as the majority leader and convinced the senate to reject the treaty of Versailles?
Henry Cabot lodge
Walter Rathenau
Jewish industrialist that sets up Germany's War Raw Materials Board, rations and distributes raw materials, produced substitutes essential to blockaded German war machine
Emperor Franz Joseph
Last emperor in Austria-Hungary and he ruled from 1848-1916. He adopted liberal policies in Hungary and became king in 1867
Which Russian general led the failed coup de tat that resulted in bolsheviks being rearmed?
Lavr kornilov
Mustafa Kemal
Leader of Turkish nationalists who overthrew the last Ottoman sultan
"Peace, Land, and Bread"
Lenin's slogan
Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the battle of...
Marne
Who assassinated grigori rasputin in 1916?
Nationalist aristocrats
Who was the Russian leader at the beginning of ww1?
Nicolas II
On what date was the armistice to end fighting agreed to?
November 11, 1918
In which city were talks held to formulate a peace settlement?
Paris
Woodrow Wilson
President during WWI
Czar Nicholas II
Russian Czar during WWI; unpopular with Russian people; overthrown in March 1917; executed by Bolsheviks after November Revolution (1917)
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)
Leon Trotsky
Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army
In which city was archduke Franz Ferdinand shot in June 1914?
Sarajevo
Hussein ibn-Ali
Sherif of Mecca (protector of the Holy Places of Islam) who, in 1916, placed himself at the head of an Arab revolt that threatened Ottoman control of Palestine and Arabia.
Big Three
Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt
Alsace-Lorraine
Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI
Treaty of Lusanne
The 1923 treaty that ended the Turkish war and recognized the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey.
Why were the Balkans called the "powder keg" of Europe?
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up some of its territory in the region leading to growing ethnic nationalism
War Communism
The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.
What's hat event in June 1914 served as the spark that ignited First World War?
The assasination of Franz ferdinand
What was Wilson's plan for a peaceful postwar Europe called?
The fourteen points
How did the war on the Eastern front differ from the war on the Western front?
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).
What was the February Revolution?
Unplanned uprising of Hungary and angry people in the capital
Who was President during World War I?
Woodrow Wilson
War Guilt Clause
in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers
General Paul von Hindenburg
lead Germans to defeat Russians in battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes
Gavrilo Princip
member of the black hand; shot Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife June 28, 1914- set off WWI
Reds vs. Whites
the Red Army founded by Trotsky fought against the counterrevolutionaries (landowners and middle-class) which were referred to as the "Whites"- the whites had the support of the Allied forces
Gregori Rasputin
the mystic healer that Nicholas II depended upon. He was killed by two relatives of the czar in 1916. They killed him to save the monarchy
February Revolution
the revolution against the Czarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917
Treaty of Versailles
the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans
Brinkmanship
the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down
Balkan Wars
two wars (1912-1913) that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe