AP Euro Chapters 15 and 16

Corvees

A French labor tax requiring peasants to work on roads, bridges, and canals

Vingtieme

A tax on the income in France before the Revolution

How were the urban rich classes visibly segregated from the poor?

Aristocrats and the upper middle class lived in fashionable town houses, while the poor usually congregated along the rivers. Small merchants and artisans lived above their shops. It was not sanitary and pure water was rare. Poverty was usually worse in the country side.

9. Analyze the population explosion of the 18th Century and how did it impact the agricultural revolution and food supply?

At first, periodic crop failures caused widespread famine and epidemic diseases; Frequent wars also destroyed crops and spread contagious diseases; the agricultural revolution produced a more abundant food supply which resulted in population growth; potato also became a key food stable. Advances in transportation reduced the impact of local crop failures and less destructive wars

15. Explain and evaluate the growth patterns of cities, capitals and ports in preindustrial urbanization.

Between 1500 and 1750, major urban expansion happened within already established and large cities. After 1750, the pattern changed with the birth of new cities and the rapid growth of older, smaller ones. Between 1600 and 1750, capital sand ports were the cities that grew the most; growth of capital; the growth of port cities;

4. What were the English Game Laws

Between 1671 and 1831 English landowners had the exclusive legal right to hunt game animals. (hares, partridges, pheasants, moor fowl). But by law, only people owning a particular amount of landed property could hunt these animals.

21. Explain the first stage of European imperial ventures in the America's. Include the short and long term impact of overseas expansion to Europe?

European discovery, exploration, initial conquest, and settlement of the New World; when the penetration of Southeast Asian markets happened due to Portugal and the Netherlands; ended in the 17th century.

Evaluate the Diplomatic Revolution.

Even though the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle had brought peace in Europe, France and Britain continued to struggle over colonial lands; British king, George II, who was also the Elector of Hanover in Germany thought the French might attack Hanover because of the conflict in America. In 1756, Britain and Prussia signed the Convention of Westminster, a defensive alliance to prevent foreign troops into the German states. Prussia joined because Frederick II feared an alliance of Russia and Austria. The convention meant that Great Britain, who was an ally of Austria, had now joined with Prussia, their enemy. This caused France and Austria to form a defensive alliance in 1756 and France was going to fight to restore Austrian supremacy in central Europe.

What was the Impact on Europe/Overseas from the Austrian War of Succession?

France's aid to Prussia consolidated a new powerful state in Germany. It later endangered France. French military and economic resources were badly divided. France lost the struggle for the future against Great Britain because they chose to continue their struggle with Austria.

Evaluate the War of Jenkins and any treaties that were included?

In 1731, the Spaniards who boarded and searched English vessels looking for contraband, cut off the ear of an English captain named Robert Jenkins. In 1738, he went to the British Parliament and showed his ear as an example of Spanish atrocities. The British merchants wanted Parliament to relieve Spanish intervention in their trade, so Sir Robert Walpole did. In 1739, Britain went to war with Spain.

33. Explain and analyze the events in England from 1760 - 1778 that helped fuel England's response to the American Colonists demands for representation and eventual war.

In 1764, Parliament passed the Sugar Act and then in 1765, they passed the Stamp Act, which led the colonists to rebel and say "no taxation without representation." Then in 1767, Charles Townshend, the British finance minister, led Parliament to pass revenue acts relating to colonial imports. The colonists resisted and the ministry sent their own troops to enforce the laws. They sent troops to Boston in 1768 which created tension. In March 1770, the Boston Massacre took place and Parliament repealed all of the Townshend duties except the one on tea. In May 1773, Parliament passed a new law relating to the sale of tea. This allowed the direct importation of tea into the American colonies. This actually lowered the price of tea but retained the tax imposed without the colonists' consent. This led to the Tea party. The British ministry of Lord North was determined to assert the authority of Parliament over the colonies. In 1774, Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts. These closed the port of Boston, reorganized the government of Massachusetts, and removed the trials of royal customs officials of England. The Americans regarded this as an attempt to prevent their mode of self-government. In 1774, the First Continental Congress took place in Philadelphia where they hoped Parliament would restore self-government in the colonies. By April 1775, the Battles of Lexington and concord had been fought and the colonial assemblies began to meet under their own authority rather than the king. The Second Continental Congress gathered in May 1775 where they still sought conciliation with Britain. By August 1775, George III had declared the colonies in rebellion. ON July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was adapted. The War still continued until 1781, when George Washington defeated Lord Cornwallis's troops in York town. But in 1778, the war had widened into a European conflict until the French government supported the colonies along with Spain. The war ended with the treaty of Paris in 1783, which declared the 13 colonies free from Britain.

Evaluate the Seven Years' War.

In August 1756, Frederick II invaded Saxony, which he regarded as a defensive strategy of the Convention of Westminster. This resulted in 1757, the alliance of France and Austria as well as Sweden and Russia to destroy Prussia. But 2 things saved Prussia: Britain gave them money and Empress Elizabeth of Russia died and Tsar Peter III admired Frederick II and made peace with him which held off Austria and France. The Treaty of Hubertusburg occurred in 1763, ending the continental conflict. William Pitt the Elder was secretary of state in charge of war in 1757 for Great Britain. He encouraged the war with Prussia against Austria and France because it diverted French resources and attention from the colonial struggle. He was more concerned about North America and wanted all the land east of the Mississippi. He sent 40,000 soldiers against the French in Canada and won. They also gained French lands in India. Then the Treat of Paris occure din 1763 which returned lands to the French under the earl of Bute.

27. Explain the experience of slaves in the new World

In the Americas, the slave population was divided among new Africans recently arrives, old Africans who had lived there for some years, and creoles who were the descendants of earlier generations of African slaves. The older Africans sold for higher prices. Within the confines of slavery, the recently arrived Africans were able to sustain elements of their own culture and social structures.

how did the slaves influence language

In the West Indies, there were more people whose first language was African rather than European. It would take more than two generations for the colonial language to spread and even then the result was often a dialect combining an African and a European language. Through these languages, Africans on plantations could organize themselves similarly to ethnic ties in West Africa. Many of the African nations on plantations organized lay religious brotherhoods that did charitable work within the slave communities. The shared language led them to communicate with themselves during revolts.

24. How the war of Spanish Succession and Treaty of Utrecht influence the Spanish Colonial system? Who were the important monarch's?

It weakened the power of the Spainsh and Philip the first which led him to improve the domestic economy and revive the Spanish power; charles III was the other monarch

19. Analyze the Jewish population of 18th Century Europe and then explain the purpose of the Age of the Ghetto in European society.

Jews dwelled in most nations without enjoying the right and privileges that other subject had unless monarchs specifically granted them to Jews; regarded as a resident alien; lived apart in separate communities from non-Jewish Europeans; Except in England, Jews could not and did not mix in the mainstream of the societies. Jews who remained loyal to their faith were subject to various religious, civil, and social disabilities. They couldn't pursue the professions freely

11. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin and stay in Great Britain from the 18th Century until the middle of the 19th Century?

London was the largest city in Europe at the time; center of a world of fashion and taste;people learned to want the consumer goods they saw on visits; Newspapers thrived and had advertisements printed in them. Britain- single largest free-trade area in Europe and had good roads and waterways. Its political structure was stable and property was secure.

Evaluate the Austrian War of Succession?

Maria Theresa preserved the Habsburg empire even when in 1740; Frederick II, king of Prussia, tried to conquer it;preserved the Habsburg state by promising Hungary the most important land and promised the Magyar nobility power;war over the Austrian succession and the British-French conflict merged into one. The role of France united them. They were going to go to war with England, but aggressive court aristocrats of the French compelled Cardinal Fleury, the minister of Louis XV, to support the Prussian aggression against Austria and abandon the naval attack on British trade; Great Britain started to support Austria and made sure the Low countries remained in friendly hands of Austria, not France. In 1744, the British- French conflict expanded beyond the Contient when France supported Spain against Britain in the New World.

what did the Spanish Monarch under PHilip V accomplish and the impact of the new system on Europe?

Philip V tried to suppress smuggling in American waters, he created a policy that led to war with England in 1739; established the viceroyalty in New Granada which strengthened the royal government there. As an ally of France, Spain emerged as one of the defeated powers in 1763 and they became convinced that they need to reform the colonial system.

Szlachta:

Polish nobles who were entirely exempt of Polish taxes

23. Explain and evaluate the Spanish colonial system including government

The Castilian monarch (Queen Isabella) assigned the government of America to the Council of Indies which nominated the viceroys of Mexico and Peru; served as the chief executives in the New World and carried out the laws issued by the Council of Indies. Each of the viceroyalties was divided into audincias or judicial councils. There were also local officers, corregidores, who presided over municipal councils.

What were the treaties that happened during the Diplomatic Revolution?

The Convention of Westminster created the alliance between Prussia and Great Britain; caused a defensive alliance with Austria and France.

30. Explain European attitudes towards the slave.

The Europeans carried prejudices against black Africans;considered Africans to be savages or less than civilized;became common racial thinking in the 19th century that slavers were black and masters were white. Also because the plantation system was completely dependent on slave labor and ration differences, it set them apart in culture and society.

What were the treaties that happened during the Seven Years' War?

The Treaty of Hubertusburg in 1763 ended the continental conflict and there were no changes in prewar borders. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 occurred and gave Pondicherry and Chandernagore in India and the West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinque to the French. This Treaty was created by Pitt's replacement, the earl of Bute.

Look at the different regions and how slavery changed the social and economic foundations of area.

The largest number of slaves came to Virginia and Maryland;introduced the slave-based plantation system; Africans had become a major social presence in the West Indies and in the major cities of both Spanish and Portuguese South America. African labor and immigrant slave communities were the prominent social features of the West Indies and Brazil; African slaves equaled or surpassed the number of white European settlers. The conditions for slaves here led to high rates of mortality with new slaves.

12. Evaluate the new methods of Textile production and how did it impact the putting out system?

The spinning jenny and the water frame-sped up textile production;spinning jenny allowed 16 spindles of thread to be spun; water frame took cotton textile manufacture out of the home and put it into the factory, a water-powered device designed to permit the production of a purely cotton fabric, rather than a cotton fabric containing linen fiber for durability. As a result, many factories sprang up in the countryside near streams

16. What were the social divisions of the urban class and how did they begin to influence shifts in society and economy

The urban rich were visibly segregate from the urban poor; The upper classes were usually made up of a small group of nobles, large merchants, bankers, financiers, clergy, and government officials; controlled economic and political affairs by constituting a self-appointed and self-electing oligarchy that governed the city through it corporation;middle class was prosperous, but not immensely wealthy- merchants, trades people, bankers, and professional people, divided because people employed in the professions resented people who drew their incomes from commerce;Artisans were shopkeepers, artisans, and wage earners and they were the single largest group in any city;had their own culture, values, and institutions. Their economic position was vulnerable and the lives of artisans and shopkeepers centered on their work and their neighborhoods.

What was the Impact on Europe/Overseas from the Diplomatic revolution?

This caused the Seven Years' War. This was like the preface to it.

13. Who invented the Steam Engine and how did it revolutionize the textile industry? Include all inventors and their products in this answer.

Thomas Newcomen- invented the first practical engine to use steam power, large and inefficient in its use of energy because both the condenser and the cylinder were heated and was un-transportable, English mine operators used the Newcomen machines to pump water out of coal and tine mines. During the 1760's, James Watt experimented with a model of a Newcomen machine; understood that separating the condenser from the piston and cylinder would achieve much greater efficiency. He found a partner, Matthew Bolton, because he needed a person who was skilled at metal work. They also consulted John Wilkinson, who drilled the precise metal cylinders. In 1776, the Watt steam engine found its first commercial application pumping water from mines. It revolutionized the textile industry because it improved the running of cotton mills.

1. Explain the role of the Aristocracy in the social structure of pre-revolutionary Europe.

To be an aristocrat-matter of birth and legal privilege;In England, the aristocracy dominated the society because their country houses were the center of local society. In France, they were exempt from taxes,collect feudal dues from their tenants, enjoy exclusive hunting and fishing privilege; In Eastern Europe- could possess judicial powers over the peasantry in manorial courts.

What were the treaties that happened during the Austrian War of Succession?

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 ended the war of Austrian Succesion. Prussia retained Silesia, and Spain renewed Britain's privilege from the Treaty of Utrecht(1713) to import slaves into Spanish colonies

The Spinning Jenny

a machine invented in England by James Hargreave around 1765 to mass-produce thread

water frame

a water-powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric; led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories

What was the Impact on Europe/Overseas from the Seven Years' War?

a worldwide conflict. Tens of thousands of soldiers and sailors were killed or wounded. Prussia won Silesia from Austria and the Habsburg power now depended on Hungary. France was not a colonial power anymore. Great britian became a world power.

32. What were the causes of the American Revolution and how did it impact Europe?

accumulated an enormous debt. So in order to pay for the increasing costs of administering a far-flung empire, the British government looked for new sources of revenue. They passed the Sugar Act in 1764 which attempted to gain more money from imports into the colonies by taxes. The next year, Parliament passed the Stamp Act under George Grenville, which put a tax on legal documents and other items. This angered the publishers and lawyers. As a result of the British government continuing to tax the colonists, the colonists responded that without parliamentary representation, no taxes could be acceptable. This set the pattern for the next 10 years where Parliament would approve revenue or administrative legislation and the Americans would resist by reasoned argument, economic pressure, and violence. Then the British would repeal the legislation, and the cycle would start all over.

1. Explain the Life of the Old Regime

aristocratic elites possessed a wide variety of inherited legal privileges, established churches intimately related to the state and the aristocracy, an urban labor force was usually organized into guilds and a rural peasantry was subject to high taxes and feudal dues. The medieval sense of rank and degree became more rigid; state or society was considered a community composed of numerous smaller communities.

18. Explain the urban riots of preindustrial Europe

artisan class usually started the riots because when they felt that something economically "just" had been offended, they rioted; over the price of bread; characterized 18th century society and politics; way where people who were excluded in every other way from political things could make their will known. Violence was normally directed against property rather than people

what did the Spanish Monarch under Charles III accomplish and the impact of the new system on Europe?

attempted to reassert Spain's control of the empire; emphasized royal minsters rather than councils and diminished the role of the Council of the Indies; abolished the monopolies of Seville and cadiz; opened more ports to trade and authorized commerce; increased the efficiency in tax collection and ended bureaucratic corruption by introducing the institution of the intendant; stimulate the Spanish economy. Many people born in Spain entered the New world to fill new posts; brought more merchants to the Americas.

What was the Impact on Europe/Overseas from the War of Jenkins?

became a big event because of developments in continental European politics;became an opening encounter to a series of European wars fought until 1815.

how did the English Game Laws ensure aristocratic control of the land?

city merchants were excluded because the nobility wanted to demonstrate visibly and legally that they were superior;upheld social status;people who benefited from the laws and were in parliament enforced the laws and punished their violation

23. Explain and evaluate the Spanish colonial system including trade

complicated system of trade and bullion fleets administered from Seville maintained Spain's trade monopoly; flota system- a fleet of commercial vessels (the flota), carried merchandise from Spain to a few specified ports in America; After selling their wares, the ships were loaded with silver and gold and sailed back to Spain. It was imperfect, but trade outside this system was illegal.

29. Why did most slaves convert to Christianity once in the new world?

converted because they were forced to by their owners and it was just the thing to do. Christianity preached to slaves to accept their slavery and natural social hierarchy with the masters at the top.

34. What was the long term impact of the American Revolution on America and Europe?

created democracy and this spread to Europe and eventually throughout the world; demonstrated to Europe that it was possible to have a government without kings and hereditary nobility. The Americans colonists produced a society more free than any the world has ever seen; led other people to question the European form of government.

plantation economies

economic system stretching between the Chesapeake Bay and Brazil that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using slave labor on large estates

6. Evaluate the agricultural improvements of the 18th Century. How did these improvements impact society and the economy?

enclosed fields, continuous crop rotation, the use of manure as fertilizer, planting of a variety of crops, and use of drainage to reclaim marshes, sheep and wool; led to expansion of population;smaller supplies and larger demand increased grain prices. Even small increased in the price of food, could put economic pressure on peasant families

the short and long term impact of overseas expansion to Europe?

exerted political, military, and economic dominance over much of the rest of the world, which greatly impacted the world long term;treated other people inferior to them socially, intellectually, and racially.

17. Who were the artisans and how did the guild system work?

guilds are basically the skills of different artisans; played a conservative role and tried to preserve the jobs and skills of their members; provided a framework for social and economic advancement; were grocers, butchers, fishmongers, carpenters, cabinetmakers, smiths, printers

5. What was the role of the household in preindustrial WESTERN Europe? You answer needs to include the household, family economy and women, children and the family by regions.

household- a married couple, their children in their early teenage years and their servants; consisted of not more than 5 or 6 members; High mortality and late marriage prevented more than 3 generations to live together; Children usually left in their young teens to work for another household. Servants were not always socially inferior and usually ate with the family. Pre-marital sex was common and women were usually pregnant before they got married. Few people had enough land to support their household from farming alone, which is why children left at such an early age;high mortality rate meant that households were reconstituted second-family groups that included stepchildren. Woman's life experience was the function of her capacity to establish and maintain a household. For women, marriage was an economic necessity.

How did the slaves influence daily life in the New world?

living conditions of slaves differed from colony to colony; Slaves in Portuguese areas had the fewest legal protections. In Spanish colonies, the church tried to protect the black slaves, but was more devoted to the welfare of Native Americans;Slaves were often forbidden to gather in large groups. The law did not recognize slave marriages;The daily life involved hard labor, poor diet, and inadequate housing. Families were separated and the slaves' welfare and lives were sacrificed to the continuing expansion of the sugar, rice, and tobacco plantations.

28. How did the introduction of sugar change European Society and impact the slave trade?

made plantation owners wealthy and increased slave trade because the more sugar was in demand, the more laborers they needed.

10. What was the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century? What were the short and long term impacts on society and the economy?

mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the 18th century; Socially- people had new kinds of skills, new discipline in work, and a large labor force; Economically, it increased the supply of consumer goods as never before seen in history. People became persuaded that they needed or wanted new consumer goods

5. What was the role of the household in preindustrial EASTERN Europe? You answer needs to include the household, family economy and women, children and the family by regions.

men and women were usually married before the age of twenty; wives were older than their husbands; Household were generally larger than those in the West. A rural household consisted of more than nine and possibly more than twenty members with 3-4 generations living together; lords discouraged single-generation family household because death or serious illness of one person in a one-generation household might mean the land assigned to it would go out of cultivation; family economy functioned with serfdom and landlord domination; fewer arisan and merchant households.

21. Explain the tsecond stage of European imperial ventures in the America's. Include the short and long term impact of overseas expansion to Europe?

mercantile empires;colonial trade rivalry among Spain, France, and Great Britain. By the 18th century, the establishments overseas existed to foster trade and commerce which sparked rivalry and conflicts. As a result, it led to the creation of large navies and major naval wars. A fundamental element was the presence of slavery; led to plantation economies because they were slave based. Also during the second period, both British colonies of the North American seaboard and the Spanish colonies of Mexico, and central and south America freed themselves from European control.

System of Textile production

method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw material to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products

14. What was the impact of these two revolutions (textiles and agricultural) on women and families?

new machinery that were operated by men,displaced the work of women in the field and their skills in dairying and home industry; same thing happened with textile manufacturing and the mechanization of spinning left many women without one of their most traditional means of income. Women work became associated with the home and most women were removed from the new technologies in farming, transportation, and manufacturing

2. Who were Tillers and what was their role in European society?

not in the nobility and wealthier nonaristocratic landowners; poor;economic and social dependency, exploitation, and vulnerability;subject for feudal dues and they had to grind grain in the lord's mill; basically to do all the physical labor and to be abused by the aristocrats.

21. Explain the third stage of European imperial ventures in the America's. Include the short and long term impact of overseas expansion to Europe?

occurred in the 19th century; European governments turned from their involvement in the Americas and carved out new formal empires involving the direct European administration of indigenous peoples of Africa and Asia; Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Algeria; trade, national honor, Christian missionaries, and military strategy.

25. Why were African slaves originally brought into the colonial system?

originally brought into the colonial system because the Spanish and the Portuguese faced a severe shortage of labor; French and English settlers who came later didn't want to undertake the manual labor; used Native Americans, but diseased killed off a lot of them. They turned the labor onto imported African slaves.

26. What was the influence of slavery on the transatlantic economy?

part of trade and economy. European goods were carried to Africa to be exchanged for slaves, who were then taken to the West Indies, where they were traded for sugar and other tropical products, which were then shipped to Europe. All the shippers who handled cotton, tobacco, and sugar depended on slavery. Because of the political turmoil in Africa, it increased the supply of slaves during that period.

peninsulares

people born in spain who settled in the Spanish colonies

creoles

people of Spanish descent born in the Spanish colonies

How do the petitioners attempt to appeal to long-standing custom to defend their interests? How does the petition suggest aht Jewish law and practice, distinct from the rest of society, goverened Jewish social life? In the context of this petition, which non-Jewish authorities might acutally or potentially influence Jewish life?

petitioned the empress to protect certain traditional rights regarding the distillation and sale of spirit; protection in court and for freedom of their religion; long standing custom of when the squires built a new village, they summoned the Jews to reside there and gave them certain privileges for several years and then permanent liberty to distil spirits, brew beer, and mead, and sell these drinks. The Jews built houses and now the governor general of Belorussia has forbidden the squires to farm out distillation in their villages;The Empress Catherine the Great of Russia would have influenced Jewish life.

What does the growth of capitals represent? port cities?

reflects the success of monarchial state building and the consequent burgeoning of bureaucracies, armies, courts, and other groups;reflects the expansion of European overseas trade.

8. Why didn't the agricultural revolution impact Eastern Europe?

relationship of the serfs and their lords didn't encourage innovation; chief method of increasing production was to bring previously untilled lands under the plow; landlords or their agents, not the villages, normally directed farm management; landlords wanted to squeeze more labor out of the serfs, rather than greater productivity from the soil

What were the goals of these mercantile empire?

that the government heavily regulated trade and commerce to increase its national wealth; economic well-being was their primary goal;colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country. In turn, the home country was to protect and administer the colonies. Because the home country and its colonies were to trade exclusively with each other, it led governments to try to forge trade-tight systems of national commerce through navigation laws, tariffs, bounties to encourage production, and prohibitions against trading with the subjects of other monarchs.

enclosures

the consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlord to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits;involved the reclamation of waste land the consolidation of strips into block fields

21. Explain the fourth stage of European imperial ventures in the America's. Include the short and long term impact of overseas expansion to Europe?

the mid and late 20th century, with the decolonization of peoples who had previously lived under European colonial rule.

factories

the original European footholds in India that were trading posts

Atlantic Passage

the passage between the New World and Europe that ferried goods and resources back and forth

name the mercantile Empires that emerge in the 18th Century

the spanish, the French, the Dutch, the British

corregidores

the variety of local officers appointed by the audiencias who represented a vast array of patronage

22. Define mercantilism

used to describe close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious metals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political interests

3. Why did the peasants revolt in Russia?

were seen as economic commodities because Russian landlords measured their wealth by the number of male serfs they had;at first because Catherine the great confirmed the authority of the nobles over their serfs in exchange for the landowners' political cooperation. And they also occurred because Emelyan Pugachev promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords-never happened

7. Explain the Open Field Method. What were the long term and short term results?

when a farmer tilled an assortment of unconnected strips;two or three-field systems of rotation left a large portion of land fallow and unproductive; discouraged improvement and favored the poorer farmers;expanding pastureland to raise more animals; a steady production, but not a growing production, which means they couldn't support a growing population this way.

Cato's Letters

writings written by Thomas Gordon that relentlessly criticized the government patronage and parliamentary management of Sir Robert Walpole and his successors; argued that such a government was corrupt and undermined liberty