AP Euro: "Cold War & Beyond" Unit Test

Stasi

"Schild und Schwert de Partei" In GDR (the most vital part of the Soviet Party), set up ministry for State Security. From 1950-1990, intense surveillance over own people. 274,000 members, 10,000 minors. 500,000-1 mill. comprised of unofficial informants (some forced). Infiltrated every building, workplace, etc. Spy via mail, garbage, phones, bugging, etc. 1 Stasi per 6.5 Germans, as compared to 1 Gestapo per 20 Germans. Fear/Terror tactics - Zersetzung ("decomposition")...people driven to madness.

Chernenko

(83-84) after breznev, died fast. who cares

glasnost

(opening) it doomed Perestroika. Benefits of socialism disappearing in conjunction with free press (criticizes), un-bands books. Opens borders to welcome back dissidents but they help to corrode rotting system. Gets rid of propaganda history books. Start learning about terror famine, etc. Stats/rates were previously lies. Allows for multi-candidate elections (all within communist party).People realize life in the west is better. Removes troops from Baltics bc too much

Hungarian Uprising (1956)

-Demonstrations of sympathy for the Poles in Budapest led to street fighting. -The Hungarian communists installed a new ministry headed by former premier Imre Magy (1896-1958) who sought greater autonomy from Moscow. • He supported an independent Communist state for Hungary. • He appealed to non-communist groups for support in Hungary. • He called for the removal of Soviet troops and the ultimate neutralization of Hungary. -In 1958, Soviet troops invaded Hungary, deposed Nagy, who was later executed, and imposed Janos Kadar as premier (hardliner puppet).

Welfare State

-During the decades spanning the Cold War, the US involvement in Vietnam, and the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, the nations of Western Europe achieved unprecedented economic prosperity. -The end of World War II saws vast constitutional changes in much of Western Europe, except for Portugal and Spain which remained dictatorships until the mid-1970s. -The construction of stable, liberal, democratic political frameworks became a major goal of their postwar political leaders, as well as the United States. -Many people came to believe that the government ought to ensure economic prosperity and social security and, the success at doing so they hoped would stave off the kind of turmoil that had brought on tyranny and war and could lead to communism. o Causes leading to the creation of vast welfare systems: Economic dislocation and unemployment stemming from World War II, the fact that so many people participated in the war effort, changed the minds of many regarding the creation of welfare states. o History of social legislation in Europe -Bismarck had introduced social insurance in Germany -Many people believed unemployment was a temporary problem and largely the individual's fault. -After World War II, the concept emerged that social insurance against predictable risks was a social right and should be available to all citizens. -In Britain, William B. Beverige (1879-1963)set forth this concept in 1942. • He explained, if medical care, old-age pensions, and other benefits were available to all, they would not become a device to redistribute income from one part of the population to another. • Britain constructed a welfare state from 1945-1951 under the Labour ministry of Clement Attlee (1883-1967). • National Health Service instituted in Britain during this era, but not in France and Germany until the 1970s. -Three periods of Western European attitudes toward the welfare state First period (1945-1950s) • Reconstruction period Second period (mid-1950s -1970) • Generally steady and expanding economic growth Third period (mid-1970s-present) • High inflation, slow economic growth, high unemployment

Janos Kadar

-In early 1989, Hungary opened its borders with Austria, this breach in the Iron Curtain led to thousands of East Germans to move through Hungary and Austria to West Germany. -In May, 1989, *Janos Kadar*, who had been installed as the leader of the Hungarian communist state in 1956, was stripped of his position as president of the Hungarian Communist Party. -The Hungarian Communist Party changed its name to the Socialist Party, permitted other parties to engage openly in politics, and promised free elections by October.

Khrushchev

1956-64 (after Stalin). Retreat from Stalinism. More intellectual freedom, more consumer goods, less centralized economies, derestrict regulations on agriculture. 3 crises of 1956 -suez intervention -polish independence -Hungarian uprising forced to resign in 64

Brezhnev (r. 1964-1982)

1968 invades Czech (because leader, Dubcek, too liberal) Policy that USSR has right to interfere in domestic policy of other communist states and replace with new gov Afganistan more repressive at home began to harass jews

Helsinki Accords

1975 under gerald ford The Helsinki documents involve political and moral commitments aimed at lessening tension and opening further the lines of communication between peoples of East and West a significant step toward reducing Cold War tensions and as a major diplomatic boost for the Soviet Union at the time Accords recognized the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe! They also recognized the human rights of the signers' citizens which every government agreed to protect.

Berlin Wall (1961-1989)

About "keeping the West out"...really about containing East Germans. Purpose was to protect Socialism (utilized propaganda about "horrors" of the West). About 200 East Germans killed while attempting to cross. Demonstrations in East Germany started to mount, demanded Honecker's resignations. Gorbachev pulls Soviet troops out. Honecker arrested, demands mount, new leadership promises reform. The Politburo and Central Committee resigns. After Wall came down, Easterners harbored resentment towards the vibrant West (professionals got higher wages there, more freedom, etc.). Also there was an idealogical vacuum in East that led to an increase in Neo-Nazism.

Willy Brandt

Advocate of detente, germans called ostpolitik. Chancellor from West Germ. worked to improve relations between west germ and east, worked through EEC to try to do this.

Sputnik and Laika

After 1956, the Soviet Union—having displayed technological superiority over the West with the launching of Sputnik—began to discuss peaceful coexistence with the United States. Laika: first animal to orbit Earth (launched in 1957 on Sputnik 2). Soviet icon and hero during the Cold War. Derided in West as "Muttnik."

Afghanistan

Although the Soviet Union already had a presence in Afghanistan, the Brezhnev government, for reasons that remain unclear, determined to send in troops to ensure its influence in central Asia and to install a puppet government in Afghanistan. US response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan: -The US Senate refused to sign a second Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement -US embargoed grain shipments to the Soviet Union -US boycotted 1980 Olympic games in Moscow -US sent aid to Afghan rebels Soviet forces were bogged down in Afghanistan and could not defeat their guerilla enemies. -Afghans killed nearly 2,000 Soviet troops per year -Morale and prestige of Soviet army plummeted

Balfour Declaration

Arthur Balfour and the Balfour Declaration • Arthur Balfour was the British Foreign Secretary who declared that Britain favored establishing a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine, which was under Ottoman rule.

Korean War

At end of WW2, US occupying South (People's Republic of the South) and North (Democratic People's Republic). NK invaded SK in 1950 over border disputes. Idea of Containment in action. China supported NK, but China and USSR didn't get along. Eisenhower ended it in 1953, basically no territory change on either side. Made US feel stronger in containment

Cuban Missile Crisis

Background to the Cuban Missile Crisis -Cuba lies less than 100 miles off the coast of Florida -The United States had dominated the island since the Spanish-American War in 1898. -In 1957, Fidel Castro (b. 1926) launched an insurgency in Cuba which toppled the dictatorship of Flugencio Batista (1901-1973) on New Year's Day 1959. -Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union. In 1962, the Soviet Union secretly began to place nuclear missiles in Cuba and, in response, the American government blockaded Cuba, which halted the shipment of new missiles. After a tense week, when nuclear war seemed a real possibility, the Soviets backed down, and the crisis ended. -Khrushchev's decision to back down to the US made many Soviets question his commitment to their security and survival. -This crisis convinced Soviet military leaders that they needed to strengthen their military so they would be stronger than the United States. In 1963, the United States and Soviet Union concluded a nuclear test ban treaty.

Charles de Gaulle

Became president of France after WW2. Passed laws that gave him more power. Focused on long, strategic retreat from Algeria. De Gaulle issued a referendum on granting Algeria independence and voters agreed to free the former French colony and Algeria became independent on July 3, 1962 In the context of the Cold War, de Gaulle initiated his "Politics of Grandeur", asserting that France as a major power should not rely on other countries, such as the US, for its national security and prosperity. To this end, de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" which led him to withdraw from NATO's military integrated command and to launch an independent nuclear development program that made France the fourth nuclear power. He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a European counterweight between the Anglo-American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring a Europe of sovereign nations. De Gaulle openly criticised the US intervention in Vietnam and the "exorbitant privilege" of the US dollar. In his later years, his support for an independent Quebec and his two vetoes against Britain's entry into the European Community (1967) generated considerable controversy. Although re-elected President in 1965, in May 1968 he appeared likely to lose power amid widespread protests by students and workers but survived the crisis with backing from the Army and won an election with an increased majority in the Assembly. De Gaulle resigned in 1969 after losing a referendum in which he proposed more decentralization

Bloody Sunday

Bloody Sunday - sometimes called the Bogside Massacre - was an incident on 30 January 1972 in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a peaceful protest march against internment.

Boris Yeltsin (first president, 1991-99)

Boris Yeltsin led the group that wanted to move quickly to a market economy and a more democratic government. Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Republic, the largest and most important of the Soviet Union's constituent republics, and was able to challenge Gorbachev from this position. Yeltsin faced extreme economic and political troubles. Political problems: • Resistance from the Russian Parliament Most of the Russian parliament—which consisted of mostly communists, opposed Yeltsin personally. In September 1993, Yeltsin suspended Parliament, who responded by deposing his. Parliament leaders tried to incite popular uprisings against Yeltsin in Moscow. The military backed Yeltsin, however, and he surrounded Parliament with troops and tanks. After Parliament aroused riots in Moscow, Yeltsin ordered the tanks to attack the Parliament building, crushing the opposition. Yeltsin's power was consolidated and the Western powers supported him. • In December 1993, Russians voted for a new Parliament and approved a new constitution. Economic troubles: • Exchange of state-run industry to private business gave way to extreme corruption as opportunists ascertained wealth as they came to possess former state-run businesses. This created a small group of wealthy individuals who the press dubbed "the oligarchs." Political assassinations occurred and extreme political unrest ensued. • In the face of these problems and in declining health, Yeltsin resigned from the presidency near the turn of the millennium.

Socialist Realism

Bread typifies socialist realism Socialist realism sought to create optimistic and easily intelligible scenes of a bold socialist future Manual laborers and prominent historical figures were painted in traditional and often rigid manner.

Corruption in Romania

Ceausescu (r. 1965-1989) = Brutal dictator during Cold War (would play E&W off of each other). Robbed his nation blind. Banned abortion and birth control and promoted nationalistic birthing policy so women were forced to bear children they couldn't afford. Orphanages became zoos...had "tours" and Westerners would adopt and pay lost of $ which went straight to him. 1989, Romania rebels...turns violent. Staged pro-Ceausescu rally in Bucharest...fighting throughout the night. Next day, stormed the palace. Ceausescu fled in helicopter and was later captured. Court-martialed and executed on Xmas in 1989. Next day, death penalty made illegal.

Greens

Concerns about pollution began growing in the 1970s and 1980s. The German Greens formed a political party in 1979 that immediately became an electoral force.

"Prague Spring"

Czechoslovakia 1968: The Prague Spring (period of political liberation) is crushed. Hardliner takeover was ruthless and Dubcek was arrested. Gorbachev's reforms were rejected...however, dissident movements grew (protests, writers, artists, etc.) In 1989, Soviet Union apologized for 1968

Decolonization

Decolonization after 1945 was a direct result of World War II and the rise of indigenous nationalist movements. After the dislocations of the war came the immediate postwar European economic collapse, which left European colonial powers less able to afford to maintain their military and administrative positions abroad. The war aims of the Allies undermined colonialism. Throughout decolonization the British hoped to oversee the creation of institutions in their former colonies that would assure representative self-government once they had departed. Characteristics of former colonies -Political instability and poverty in Africa -Asia, on the other hand, has been an area of overall political stability and remarkable economic growth, challenging both the economies of the United States and Europe.

Tito

During WWII, unified by communism, attack Germans and Italians and drove them out of Yugoslavia. Set him up to lead post war. Tito creates Yugoslavia in 1945, unified under Socialism, supported by Marshall Plan funding from U.S., but also funding from Russians. Multi-ethnic state. Federation of six nominally equal republics (croatia, montenegro, serbia, slovenia, B&H, Macedonia). In Serbia, the two provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina autonomous states. Communist rule restores stability and good relations w/ West, ensure a steady stream of loans (independent of Stalin). Top-down official recognition of all groups, but never any reconciliation!!!!!! Breakup of Yugo: 1980 Tito dies 91 slovenia 91 croatia 91 Bosnia

KGB

EVIL SECRET POLICE IN UR HOUSE WATCHING U KILLING UR FRIENDS SHHHHH "broken up" in 1991

Warsaw Pact

Established by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union in response to NATO in 1955

Christian Democratic Parties

Except for the British Labour Party, the vehicles of the new postwar Europe were not the democratic socialist parties. -Both communist and conservatives opposed democratic socialism. Christian democratic parties, usually leading coalition governments, introduced the new policies. -Largely Roman Catholic leadership and membership -Democracy, social reform, economic growth, and anti-communism were their hallmarks. After 1947, communist parties were systematically excluded from Western European governments.

existentialism

Existentialism has been termed the "philosophy of Europe in the twentieth century. This movement represented, in part, a continuation of the revolt against reason that began in the nineteenth century. **Roots in Nietzsche and Kierkegaard** -Kierkegaard (1813-1855)---received little attention until after WWI • Danish writer who was a rebel against Hegelian philosophy and Danish Lutheranism. • Believed that the truth of Christianity could be grasped only in the lives of those who faced extreme situations, not in creeds, doctrines, and church structures. • Contended that philosophy's failure was the attempt to contain life and human experience within abstract categories. -Many intellectuals turned to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche's critique of reason following WWI • The war led many people to doubt whether human beings are in control of their own destiny. • The war's most terrible weapons—poison gas, machine guns, submarines-high explosives— were the products of rational technology. • Pride in rational human achievement that dominated the nineteenth century lay in ruins in the aftermath of WWI.

Simone de Beauvoir

Feminism in Europe has set forth a new agenda. -Modern feminism has been less a political movement and more a social movement -Focus on women controlling their own lives Simone de Beauvoir...Published The Second Sex in 1949 -Part of the French intellectual establishment and thus wrote from a privileged position and her limitations as a woman in French life. -European feminists called attention to the social problems of spousal abuse.

perestroika

First thing Gorby did: economic restructuring. Reform program, threw economy upside down, de-centralized economy to allow for individual management. Incentivize production Especially in agricult and industry he allowed managers and owners to run things but this failed because still owned by state. Another goal was to end rigid party system (b/c it was preventing people from making wise decisions) made him a lot of enemies

detente

Followed Containment which failed bc of proxy wars like vietnam and korea (very $ and people protesting) and economic stagnation. In 1970S (Nixon and Ford) progressive, incremental relaxation of Cold War tensions, after Cuban missile crisis and U2 crises which were high points of tension, conferences, dialogue, less weapons Spearheaded by West German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Exemplified by Helsinki Accords 1975

European Union/Common Market

Formed at Treaty of Maastricht 1992 made EEC into EU. Launched Euro in 1999 Treaty of Maastricht (1992) -Officially changed the name of the EEC to the European Union Most notable accomplishment was the launching of the Euro, a common currency, in 1999. In May 2004, the European Union added 10 new nations raising the total number to twenty-five.

United Nations

Founded after WW2 primarily by allied big four (soviet, UK, US, China). Main mandate was peacekeeping, generally failed with cold war conflicts in middle east, vietnam, kashmir

Algeria

France's policy toward colonialism led to two disastrous attempts to maintain its colonial empire, in Algeria and Vietnam. In May 1945, during celebrations of the Allied victory in World War II, a violent clash broke out between Muslims and French settlers. In 1947, Algerian nationalists founded the National Liberation Front and utilized guerilla tactics in the civil war that broke out with France. -War between the Algerian nationalists and France waged until 1962. -Both sides carried out atrocities.

General Franco (r. 1939-1975)

He rose to power during the bloody Spanish Civil War when, with the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, his Nationalist forces overthrew the democratically elected Second Republic. Adopting the title of "El Caudillo" (The Leader), Franco persecuted political opponents, repressed the culture and language of Spain's Basque and Catalan regions, censured the media and otherwise exerted absolute control over the country. Some of these restrictions gradually eased as Franco got older, and upon his death the country transitioned to democracy. Clandestine gay community emerges in Barcelona (1960s-70s). When Franco dies in 1975, gay rights movement grows ("La Movida").

Erich Honecker (r. 1971-1989)

Head of GDR Communist Party. Believed wall would last forever.

Vietnam Conflict

History of French occupation of Indochina -In its nineteenth century push for Empire, France occupied Indochina which included Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. -By 1930, Ho Chi Minh (1892-1969) had turned a nationalist movement against French colonial rule into the Indochina Communist Party. In September 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared the independence of Vietnam under the Viet Minh, a coalition of nationalists that the communist dominated and civil war broke out. The creation of the Communist People's Republic of China in 1949 alarmed the United States which led US policy makers to conclude that the French struggle in Vietnam was integral to the policy of containment. ! France lost its last military stronghold in Vietnam, Dien Bien Phu, in 1954. After suffering a crucial loss, France loss the will to fight and decided to negotiate a peace accord with the Viet Minh which divided Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel of latitude. -North of the parallel, centered in Hanoi, the Viet Minh were in charge. -Below it, the French remained in charge. -These borders were intended to be temporary as the elections of 1956 were to be held to reunify the country. • Vietnam Drawn Into the Cold War Unhappy with the arrangements in Vietnam, the United States formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), a collective security agreement that resembled the European NATO alliance. -Members included the United States, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Pakistan, and the Philippines. In 1955, French troops began their withdraw from South Vietnam and a number of political groups wrestled for power; the United States intervened and supported Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), a strong non-communist nationalists. -Diem established a Republic of Vietnam in the territory of South Vietnam formerly controlled by France. In 1960, the National Liberation Front was founded, with the goals of overthrowing Diem, unifying the country, reforming the economy, and ousting the Americans. -The National Liberation Front was anti-colonial, nationalist, and communist. -Its military arm was called the Viet Cong and it was aided by the government of North Vietnam. Diem responded to these threats to his power with repression and tyranny. -As a Roman Catholic, he faced criticisms from Buddhist and the army. • Direct United States Involvement Early US policy regarding Vietnam -Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations continued to support Diem while demanding reforms in the government. -American military presence grew in Vietnam from about 600 advisors in early 1961 to more than 16,000 troops in late 1963. -On November 1, 1963, an army coup, in which the United States was deeply involved, overthrew and murdered Diem and the United States appointed Nguyen Van Thieu as the puppet leader of South Vietnam. • Nguyen Van Thieu ruled from 1966 to 1975. -John F Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 and his successor, Lyndon Johnson, vastly expanded commitment to Vietnam. • In August 1964, after an attack on an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson authorized the first bombing of North Vietnam. • The land war grew until more than 500,000 Americans were stationed in South Vietnam. -In 1969, President Richard Nixon began a policy known as Vietnamization, which involved the gradual withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam while the South Vietnamese army took over the full military effort. • Peace negotiations had begun in Paris in the spring of 1968, but a ceasefire was not arranged until January 1973. • American troops left South Vietnam, and North Vietnam released its American prisoners of war. -On April 30, 1975, Saigon (renamed Ho Chi Minh City) fell to the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army and Vietnam was finally united. -The experience in Vietnam damaged America's reputation. • Many questioned the wisdom of American policy makers. • Many young Europeans and Americans came to regard the United States not as a protector of liberty, but an ambitious, aggressive, and cruel power trying to keep colonialism alive after the end of the colonial era.

proxy wars (Afghanistan, Vietnam, Korea, etc.)

Hot wars...focus on IMPACT

Gdansk

In 1980, the Polish government raised meat prices, leading to the Gdansk strikes. -A series of strikes ensued, led by Lech Walesa, and the strikers refused to negotiate with any of the government controlled unions. -The strike ended when the government agreed to allow the workers the right to organize an independent union called Solidarity.

Suez Crisis

In July 1956, President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal which threatened British and French—who organized the construction and maintenance of the canal— shipping interest in the Persian Gulf. In October 1956, War broke out between Israel and Egypt. • Lacking the support of the United States, the British and the French intervened militarily on the side of Egypt but were forced out of the conflict when the Soviet Union vehemently protested their involvement. The Suez intervention proved that without the United States, the nations of Western Europe could no longer impose their will on the rest of the world.

The Secret Speech

Khruschev made this in 1956 to denounce Stalin and antisocialist purges. Gradually removed pro-Staliners, by 1958 no more in power

M.A.D, ICBMs, Minuteman missile

MAD: mutually assurred destruction, so awful to go to war that you never have first strike. Reagan andUSSR build up shittons of explosives Below are examples of weapons made in MAD ICBMs: intercontinental ballistic missile. formed the basis of many space launch systems. The Western view of the deployment of these systems was governed by the strategic theory of Mutual Assured Destruction Minuteman missile: a U.S. land-based intercontinental ballistic missile designed to ride out any potential Soviet attack and ensure they would be hit in return. But Minuteman had a combination of features that led to its rapid evolution into the US's primary weapon of nuclear war

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher (prime minister from 1979-1990) and the British Conservative Party resistance to the welfare state -Cut taxes and rolled back many socialist programs adopted after WWII -Privatized industry that the Labour Party governments had nationalized -Curbed the power of trade union

2nd Wave Feminism

Mostly within the West...focused on working conditions, birth control, childcare, abortion, etc.

Marshall Plan (1948-1952)

Named after George C Marshall, US sec of state. Provided broad economic support for European countries after WW2, as long as it was working in a "mutually beneficial way". USSR and satellites didn't participate, so was just Western Europe that prospered.

Vaclav Havel

New Czech President and Playwright...prototype for democratic/liberal change.

"Velvet Revolution" (1989) "Velvet Divorce" (1993) - Czechoslovakia

Non-violent...people demonstrated, Soviets left, and hardline communist leaders stepped down. "89 is 68 upside-down" 1993 - "Divorce" to form Czech Republic and Slovakia

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. An intergovernmental military alliance between several North American and European states based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Three NATO members (the United States, France and the United Kingdom) are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states

RIP Yugoslavia (1929-2006)

Nov. 1995 Dayton Accords create two self-governing entities within Bosnia (by Clinton...hero in Balkans now). Warring groups met in Ohio and result was separation. A NATO peacekeeping force put into place in Bosnia (UN failed). Throughout the 90s it was a fractured society in a stalemate, cut off roads, still leftover mines, etc. 1998 - Kosovo demands independence from Serbia (majority Muslim, but still some Serbs there so Serbia wouldn't let it go, uptick in violence! Many countries still don't accept Kosovo as independent country). Albania supported ethnic Muslims in Kosovo and Serbia supplied ethnic Serbs in Kosovo. 2006- Montenegro is the last republic to declare independence from remnants of Yugoslavia.

Churchill

PM of UK served '40-45, 51-55 "Special relationship" US and UK

Chechnya

Putin renewed the war effort against rebels in the Islamic province of Chechnya. After the terrorist attacks on the United States in 2001, Putin supported the American assault on Afghanistan, largely because the Russian government was afraid that Islamic extremism would spread beyond Chechnya to other regions in and around Russia. In September 2003, a group of Chechens captured an elementary school in Beslan, a community in the Russian republic of North Ossetia. The First Chechen War, also known as the War in Chechnya, was a conflict between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, fought from December 1994 to August 1996

student riots

Rapid increase in university students during the mid-twentieth century through the present. Student uprisings began in the United States in the 1960s protesting the war in Vietnam and, then, spread to Europe and other parts of the world. In 1968, students at the Sorbonne in Paris almost brought down the government of Charles de Gaulle...but these protests failed to have an immediate effect on policies of the governments at which they were directed.

Berlin Blockade

Rising tensions over control of Berlin lead to the Soviet blockade of the city • When the Western powers agreed to go forward with a separate constitution for the western sectors of Germany in February 1948, the Soviets walked out of the joint Allied Control Commission. • Western powers issued a new currency in their zone which was circulating Berlin at better rates than their own currency. • All four powers governed Berlin, though it was well within the Soviet zone. • The Soviets chose to seal the city off by closing all railroads and highways that led from Berlin to West Germany in order to drive the Western powers out of Berlin. Western allies responded to the blockade by airlifting supplies into the city for almost a year and in May 1949, the Russians were forced to lift the blockade. The increased tension over the Blockade led to the creation of two independent German states. • West Germany formally became the German Federal Republic in September 1949. • The eastern region became the German Democratic Republic The two Germanys and the divided city of Berlin, isolated within east Germany, would remain central fixtures in the geopolitics of the Cold War until 1989.

Cominform

SPREAD COMMUNISM REVIVAL OF COMITERN Founded on October 5, 1947, "Cominform" (Communist Information Bureau) is the common name for what was officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties. It was the first official forum of the international communist movement since the dissolution of the Comintern, and confirmed the new realities after World War II, including the creation of an Eastern Bloc. Dissolved in 56 The Cominform's activities consisted mainly of publishing propaganda to encourage international communist solidarity.

LEGOs

See McKay?

Protest music

See handout?

Slobodan Milosevic and Radovan Karadzic

Slobodan Milosevic was an ethnic Serb in Serbia. A Yugoslav and Serbian politician who was the President of Serbia (originally the Socialist Republic of Serbia, a constituent republic within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) from 1989 to 1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. Radovan Karadzic ethnic serb living in bosnia

Bosnian War (1992-1995)

Sparked by ethnic conflicts (sudden void of comm. ideology led to rise in Nationalism) Ethnic divide of Yugoslavia (Serb, Slovak, Muslim, Albanian, Croat, etc.)- some areas were so diverse, the no majority existed. Religion, linguistics, political/geographic borders led to further breakdown. Bosnians and Albanians= Muslim Croats and Slovenes= Catholic Mont. & Serbs & Macedonians = Orthodox Overview of Balkan History: -Ottoman Turks conquer the region in 14th c. and rule for 500 yrs...many convert to Islam (Bosniaks) -Conflict in wake of Ottoman rule -The Austro-Hungarian empire loosen grip of Turks by end of 17th c. Lots of diff ethnic groups! As A-H empire rises, Ottoman legacy remains (muslims very assimilated). -1878 Treaty of Berlin: Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, became independent, principality of Bulgaria created. Slovenia, Croatia, and B-H stay under Austrian rule. -Ottoman Empire weakens by beginning of 1900s, replaced by European rivals. Even w/in separate states, still ethnically diverse. -Sensting the opportunity, a wave of Nationalism sweeps through the Balkans, resulting in Serbian independence. Catalyst for starting WWI = Serbian Nationalist Movement (Black Hand assassination of Crown Prince in Sarajevo, remember?) Yugoslavia -Treaty of Versailles creates Yugoslavia (South Slavs)...Serbs dominate and Bosniaks are not recognized as an ethnic identity. WWII -1942 Axis powers occupy Yugoslavia, creating a fascist Croatian puppet state (including Bosnia). Croatians helped w/ widespread atrocities (Jews and Roma targeted in particular). Croatian fascists = Ustasha (ideologically motivated by fascism, brutal and highly organized, created a new enemy...Serbian Nationalists). Serbian nationalists (Chetniks) were guerrilla fighters, ethnic Serbs who fought against Ustasha because they saw them as a threat to Serbian nationalism. Victory for Tito's Partisans...unified by Communism, attack Germans and Italians to drive out of Yugo. Also drive out Chetniks and Ustasha. Sets him up to begin rule in Yugo after war is over. Brotherhood & Unity

Containment

Started after WWII, American policy to try to contain the spread of communism bc USSR would spread into wherever a power vacuum existed. Containment led the United States to form overseas alliances, to make formal and informal commitments to regimes across the world, and to dedicate resources to massive military spending. This marks a departure from relative isolationism for the United States

Truman Doctrine

Started in response to wanting to support non-communist regimes in civil wars in Greece and Turkey. Ultimately advocated a policy of support for "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures" anywhere in the world Was WAY too much global responsibility

U-2

Summit meeting scheduled for May 1960 and President Eisenhower was scheduled to go to Moscow...Just before the Paris Summit Conference, the Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 aircraft that was flying reconnaissance over Soviet territory. -Eisenhower accepted full responsibility for the surveillance policy but refused to apologize publicly to Khrushchev. -Consequently, Khrushchev refused to attend the summit conference and Eisenhower's visit to Moscow was canceled.

August 1991 coup

THE END OF THE SOVIET UNION The conservative forces that Gorbachev brought into the government placed him under house arrest while on vacation in the Crimea and attempted to seize control of the Soviet Union. • The day of the coup, Boris Yeltsin climbed on a tank in front of the Russian Parliament building to denounce the coup and ask the world for help to maintain the Soviet Union's move toward democracy. • The coup collapsed in two days, Gorbachev returned to Moscow, and Yeltsin steadily became the dominant political figure in the nation. • The Communist Party, compromised by its participation in the coup, collapsed as a political force. • In December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist, Gorbachev left office, and the Commonwealth of Independent States came into existence. -The collapse of European communism in the Soviet Union and throughout eastern Europe has closed the era in which Marxism dominated European socialism that began in the 1870s with the German socialists' adoption of Marxist thought.

Iron Curtain

Term coined by Winston Churchill (1946 speech, people credit as beginning of Cold War)...refers to the separation between "west"(capitalism, NATO members) and "east"(communism, Warsaw Pact members)

Treaty of Rome (1957)

The European Economic Community was formed (precurser to EU, referred to as the common market), sought to eliminate tariffs, many nations tried to join but de Gaulle wouldn't let UK in bc they were too close to US

Yalta Conference

The February 1945 Yalta Conference was the second wartime meeting of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the conference, the three leaders agreed to demand Germany's unconditional surrender and began plans for a post-war world. Stalin also agreed to permit free elections in Eastern Europe and to enter the Asian war against Japan, for which he was promised the return of lands lost to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. Although most of these agreements were initially kept secret, the revelations of the conference particulars became controversial after Soviet-American wartime cooperation degenerated into the Cold War.

Israel

The UN Resolution -In 1947, Britain turned to the United Nations to settle disputes between the Arab and Jewish inhabitants in Palestine. -The United Nations passed a resolution that divided Palestine into two states, on Jewish and one Arab. -The Arabs in Palestine resisted the resolution and many were displaced and became refugees. Israel Declares Independence -In May 1948, the British officially withdrew from Palestine and the Yishuv declared the independence of a new Jewish state called Israel on May 14, 1948. -US President Truman officially recognized Israel's statehood -David Ben-Gurion was Israel's first prime minister. -Immediately, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq invaded Israel. • Fighting lasted for about two years and Israel extended its borders much further than that which was defined by the UN resolution. Both the Soviet Union and the US had major economic interest in the Middle East. • United States became a loyal ally to Israel • Soviet Union negotiated relationships with Arabs in the Middle East The existence of the state of Israel would become one of the major points of contention between the United States and the governments of the various Arab states and later one of the chief complaints of radical political Islamists against the United States.

Abstract Art

The abstract One (Number 31, 1950) is the embodiment of American cultural freedom. • Wyoming-born Pollock was a celebrated cultural figure • Pollock was regarded as a kind of artist cowboy. • Although Time magazine dismissed Pollock as "Jack the Dripper" in 1947, many people in the West saw abstract art as the antithesis of social realism.

Soviet satellites

These were nations that were aligned with, but also under the influence and pressure of, the Soviet Union. The satellite nations of the Cold War were Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany.

Sarajevo

Under siege 1992 by ethnic Serbs....surrounded by mountains. Karadzic put together an army (funded by Milosevic the leader of Serbia) and bombed parts of the city where Bosnians/Croats were. The JNA (militia funded by Serbian military) played psychological games, shelled markets, etc. Ethnic Serbs were able to get out, muslims couldn't. Mob ran the city so very pricey to escape. All was broadcasted on news, happening in real-time. Outside Sarajevo, in the rest of B-H was "ethnic cleansing." Bosnian Serbs set up conc. camps and sent all Muslim men/boys to cdeath (w/ support from Serbia). UN sets up "Safe Havens", but get overrun and they can't fight back. 100,000-200,000 murdered. Everyone knew, didn't call it genocide.

Revolution in Poland

Western influence/reform/detent most keenly felt in Poland under reforms of President Gierek (more moderate) and bc of western industry/production there. Gorbachev was TOO distracted by Afghan war and domestic economic economic issues. 1980- economic instability and strikes at Gdansk shipyard (conditions were horrific there, no protections). Although unions were banned, they decided to protest, thus emerged "Solidarity" (illegal labor union) and Polish gov't went after them. 1981 - martial law under Gen. Jaruzelski (Gierek wasn't thought enough). Polish Pope John Paul II (became Pope in 1978...travels world, very anti-socialist, Nobel Prize in '83) and Lech Walesa (won first free election!) led Polish Movement/"Solidarity." Resulting reforms: contested elections, freedom or worship.

computer

World Wars I and II were the catalyst for computer development as new weapons required exact mathematical ballistic calculations. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)—first computer

Nagy

a Hungarian communist politician who was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic on two occasions. Nagy's second term ended when his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down by Soviet invasion in the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1956, resulting in Nagy's execution on charges of treason two years later

Andropov

a Soviet politician who was ambassador to Hungary from 1954 to 1957, during which time he was involved in the suppression of the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. Replaced reform minded Imre with Soviet puppet. BRUTAL repression this guy sucked ballz Eventually served after Breznev (82-83)

Reagan

brinkmanship THE BRINK OF WAR think MAD (alternative policy to detente...new method is deterrence). Under Reagan and heightening of brinkmanship, USSR could not compete economically w/ arms race and had to back off. Reagan's bluff = "Star Wars" (forcefield around U.S), Russia caught wind and it worked!

"Ostpolitik"

led by brandt, name for improving relations between west germ and east

Deterrence

like MAD... it's so bad

Liberal Theology

o Paul Tillich (1886-19650, German-American theologian who regarded religion as a human, rather than divine, phenomenon. Tillich believed that evidence of the divine should be sought in human nature and human culture. o Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976) o C.S. Lewis: English scholar of medieval literature who expressed his thoughts on theology in the form of letters and short stories. The Screwtape Letters (1942) was Lewis' most famous work. Liberal theologians exalted the near-divinity of man, but the horror of World War I destroyed this optimism.

The Troubles

religious violence in ireland everywhere in europe except Ireland has been over this religious violence bullshit for a while. Between IRA aka nationalists (catholic), and pro-british unionists (protestant) 3500 mostly civilian deaths (2% of northern ireland population) North ireland government is repressive (no demonstrating) and kills people when they demonstrate, UK comes in as back up but excessive force jan 30th 72 peaceful protest by catholics in belfast. Young people come and shot is fired and Uk ends up firing on protestors. Terror-based violence ensues. civil liberties taken. 1981nationalists begin hunger strikes 10 deaths (martyrs) including member of parliament April 10 1998 Good Friday Agreement

De-Stalinization

the policy of eradicating the memory or influence of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism, especially after 1956. Launched by Khruschev

Nuremberg Trials

tried nazis