AP Euro Essential Vocabulary 3.3

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Feminism

A female movement for gender equality.

German Social Democrats

The party in Germany that was Marxist, but not Bolshevik, taking a more revisionist standpoint on many issues. they eventually ended up taking the majority in the government in the Weimar Republic.

Chartists

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

Government Reforms

Reforms on a governmental body in order to better the nation.

Compulsory Education

Requirement that students attend school; supported by educational reformers of the late 1800s but opposed by some families and businesses who depended on child labor.

Individual Rights

Rights guaranteed or belonging to a person.

Rosa Luxemburg

Rosa was a radical communist who wanted more change in Germany. Her group was called "Spartacus group". She tried to seize power in Berlin but was killed.

British Women's Social and Political Union

The leading militant organisation campaigning for Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom, 1903-1917.

Anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments.

Nationalism

A sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed.

Emmeline Pankhurst

(1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union.

Georges Sorel

A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy.

Dreyfus Affair

A Jewish captain was falsely accused and convicted of comitting treason, really done by Catholic. Family and leading intellectual individuals and republicans like Zola wanted to reopen the case. Split in two, first army who are antisemetic and Catholic, and other side the civil libertarians and more radical republicans. Result is government severed all ties with church, no longer priests in state schools, catholicism loses a lot of power of indoctrination.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Christian Socialists

A group who wanted benevolent social reform but did not want to take the Bible literally.

Charles Fourier

A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well. (1772-1837)

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.

Friedrich Engels

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

John Stuart Mill

Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.

Theodor Herzl

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state.

Conservatives

Believed in personal responsibility, limited government. Believed in free markets, individual liberty, traditional values, strong national defense.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Marxism

Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.

David Ricardo

English economist known for his work, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth. (1772-1823)

Joseph de Maistre

French spokesperson who wanted a restoration of a hereditary monarchy, because only it could guarantee order in society and avoid chaos from big revolutions. He was an authoritarian conservatistive.

Socialists

Group that believed nation's resources and industries should be owned and operated by the government on behalf of the people.

Henry de Saint-Simon

He promoted industrialization, aided by science, would bring a wondrous new age in Europe.

Public Housing

Housing provided to low-income households, who pay 30% of their income as rent for the housing.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy. (1805-1872)

Karl Lueger

Mayor of Vienna whom Hitler idolized.

Anti-Corn Law League

Organized by manufacturers, sought to appeal the Corn Laws for six years, wanted to abolish the tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain.

Liberals

People who generally favor government action and view change as progress.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews.

Josephine Butler

Presented women prostitutes as vulnerable women preyed upon by ruthless men. Campaigned for repeal of Contagious Diseases Act 1886.

Mikhail Bakunin

Russian revolutionary. He was part of the Young Hegelians (along with Marx). He worked alongside Marx for some years. However, Marx later had him expelled from a group they were both a part of (First International).

Flora Tristan

Socialist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights. (1803-1844)

British Abolitionist Movement

Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.

Economic Liberalism

The economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal.

Urban Redesign

The process of re-designing and shaping cities, towns and villages.

Female Suffrage

The right for women to vote. Became a popular idea in the 1900s.

Universal Male Suffrage

The right of all males to vote in elections.

Mass Politics

The rise of a popular will in determining the allocation of power in the political system. Political Leaders trying to get the public on their side.

August Bebel

This man opposed the constitution which created the German Reich in 1871, he said it was "a mere figleaf to cover the nakedness of absolutism."

British Labor Party

This political party was formed at the turn of twentieth century by a combination of trade unions and middle class intellectuals. On the continent it was socialist political parties which brought into being and led the trade unions. But in Britain it was the other way around. So, this political party would be less socialistic than its counterpart on the continent. The origin of this party was in large part due to the desire to keep the trade unions respected. The party had 29 Members of Parliament elected by 1906. They pressured the Liberal Party to pass social legislation.

Modern Police Force

Uniformed officers patrolling and attempting to intervene crimes in progress, Plainclothes detectives investigating crimes, Worked closely with district attorneys.