AP Euro Final Exam Review

Which of the following best explains the cycle of reform and repression in the Eastern bloc that persisted throughout the Cold War? A Communist leaders sought to improve economic performance and living standards while also maintaining their political authority. B Communist leaders sought to accommodate nationalist and separatist movements within the Eastern bloc. C Soviet authorities sought to strengthen Stalin's model of economic planning and suppression of dissent. D Soviet authorities sought to prevent mass emigration of minorities out of the Eastern bloc.

A Communist leaders sought to improve economic performance and living standards while also maintaining their political authority.

The prevalence of the philosophy of positivism in much of European society in the latter half of the nineteenth century was most closely connected to which of the following? A The continued influence of organized religion in the area of social reform B The appeal of radical challenges, such as Marxism and anarchism, to Europe's existing social order C Broad technological progress that was improving the lives of many Europeans D Conservative dominance of most European political systems

C Broad technological progress that was improving the lives of many Europeans

"The European reformation was not a simple revolution, a protest movement with a single leader, a defined set of objectives, or a coherent organization. Yet neither was it a floppy or fragmented mess of anarchic or contradictory ambitions. It was a series of parallel movements; within each of which various sorts of people with differing perspectives for a crucial period in history combined forces to pursue objectives which they only partly understood. First of all, the Reformation was a protest by churchmen and scholars, privileged classes in medieval society, against their own superiors. Those superiors, the Roman papacy and its agents, had attacked the teachings of a few sincere, respected academic churchmen which had seemed to threaten the prestige and privilege of clergy and papacy. Martin Luther, the first of these protesting clerics, had attacked 'the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies,' and they fought back, to defend their status. The protesting churchmen—the 'reformers'— responded to the Roman counter-attack not by silence or by furtive [hidden] opposition, but by publicly denouncing their accusers in print. Not only that: they developed their teachings to make their protest more coherent, and to justify their disobedience. Then the most surprising thing of all, in the context of medieval lay people's usual response to religious dissent, took place. Politically active laymen, not (at first) political rulers with axes to grind, but rather ordinary, moderately prosperous householders, took up the reformers' protests, identified them (perhaps mistakenly) as their own, and pressed them upon their governors. This blending and coalition—of reformers' protests and laymen's political ambitions—is the essence of the Reformation." Euan Cameron, historian, The European Reformation, 1991 Which of the following does the author use as evidence for the argument that the Reformation was a series of parallel movements? A The attack on Martin Luther by the pope and other church leaders B Luther's threat to "the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies" C The blending of religious reformers' protests with those of laymen D The high status of the scholars who started the Reformation

C The blending of religious reformers' protests with those of laymen

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stressed the use of vernacular (non-Latin) languages for religious texts and instruction? A Most of the early Protestant reformers had little or no knowledge of Latin. B They were pressured by secular rulers to discontinue the use of Latin in favor of local languages. C They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible. D They wished to covertly spread their teachings in languages less likely to be understood by the Catholic clergy.

C They believed that religious teachings should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible.

Image 1 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Burgher of Delft and his Daughter, 1655 In the Public Domain The portrait most likely depicts the corn merchant Adolf Croeser and his daughter, Catharina. The burgher hears the plea of a begging widow and her son. Image 2 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Dissolute Household, 1663-1664 Apsley House, The Wellington Museum, London,UK/Bridgeman Images The choice of subject matter in the two paintings is best explained by which of the following historical developments during the artist's life? A The Netherlands' achievement of independence from the Habsburg Empire after the Thirty Years' War B The establishment of religious toleration in the Netherlands after the Reformation C The poor harvests and other effects of the Little Ice Age in the seventeenth century D The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

D The growth of a wealthy trading elite in the Netherlands

Napoleon's efforts to limit civil rights and restrict domestic opposition are best explained by which of the following? A The need to maintain a unified France in the face of continued resistance by other European powers to his imperial conquests B The desire to create an absolute monarchy modeled on the Bourbon dynasty C The desire to appear as an upholder of Enlightenment political models D The need to suppress internal opposition to the state-sponsored Cult of the Supreme Being

A The need to maintain a unified France in the face of continued resistance by other European powers to his imperial conquests

Like those of the Italian Renaissance, the ideas of the Northern Renaissance were strongly influenced by humanists' interest in A New World cultures B classical antiquity C medieval theology D democratic reform

B classical antiquity

Mannerist painters differed from earlier Renaissance artists primarily in their A frequent portrayal of religious scenes B reliance on the patronage of wealthy individuals, monarchs, or church leaders C deliberate use of distortion and elongation D use of geometric perspective

C deliberate use of distortion and elongation

POPULATION IN GERMANY, 1871 TO 1910 Total PopulationPercent RuralPercent Urban187141,059,00063.936.1188045,234,00058.641.4189049,428,00057.542.5190056,367,00045.654.4191064,926,00040.060.0 Source: Adapted from Koppel S. Pinson, Modern Germany, Macmillan, New York, 1966, p. 221. The change in total population in Germany is best explained by which of the following? A Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution B Immigration from colonial territories C The economic and social effects of the establishment of public education systems D The growth of socialist political parties demanding economic equality

A Improvements in agricultural productivity and food distribution

In 1815 the immediate political result of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars was A the reestablishment of conservative monarchies across much of Europe B the adoption of republican forms of government by most European states C the recreation of the Holy Roman Empire D the unification of Italy and Germany as nation-states

A the reestablishment of conservative monarchies across much of Europe

Which of the following was a nearly universal motivation for royal patronage of the arts in the early modern period? A The desire to spread Protestant ideas B The desire to enhance prestige and authority C The desire to provide employment for artists and artisans D The desire to promote new artistic styles to replace traditional representational art

B The desire to enhance prestige and authority

The emphasis of Northern Renaissance humanists on religious themes was most closely connected to their A concern over the threat posed by the expansion of the Islamic Ottoman Empire B desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church C attempts to revive belief in the ancient Greek and Roman gods D hope to create a new religion based on reason rather than tradition

B desire to reform what they saw as shortcomings of the Roman Catholic Church

Which of the following best explains the Soviet Union's creation of the Warsaw Pact and COMECON? A The Soviet desire to impose communism in Western Europe by military force B Soviet efforts to force Western European states to abandon their overseas empires C Soviet reaction to the creation of similar organizations in Western Europe D Soviet attempts to gain greater influence in the newly established United Nations

C Soviet reaction to the creation of similar organizations in Western Europe

The model of political sovereignty that inspired the French Revolution posed the most direct challenge to which of the following forms of government? A Absolute monarchy B Constitutional monarchy C Democracy D Meritocracy

A Absolute monarchy

"To my surprise, His Majesty [Kaiser Wilhelm II] received me with great friendliness, listened positively to my explanation, and then indulged himself in a highly detailed lecture on the navy. . . . He enumerated the ships we have and the ones we would need in order to survive a war; . . . emphasized that we had to have an armored fleet to protect our trade and to keep ourselves supplied with provisions; and was of the opinion that our fleet would have to be strong enough to prevent the French fleet from cutting off the food supplies we needed. In addition, he . . . would have to find the means, and if the Reichstag did not approve this, he would nevertheless carry on building and present the Reichstag with the bill later. Public opinion didn't concern him. He knew that the people didn't love him, and cursed him; but that wouldn't deter him. I then reminded the Emperor of the difference between Prussia and the [German] Empire . . . In the Empire the Emperor only had the rights which the Reichstag conceded to him." Account of a conversation between German chancellor Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst and Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1897, published in the chancellor's memoirs, 1931 Which of the following best explains a significant difference between Bismarck's methods of governance and the kaiser's, as described in the passage? A Bismarck, who had engineered the unification of various states into the German Empire, followed a populist approach. B Bismarck, who was a member of the Prussian aristocracy, sought to preserve the privileges of his class by avoiding political controversy. C Bismarck, who was most concerned with avoiding war against a stronger coalition of European powers, sought to isolate France diplomatically. D Bismarck, who had served in the Prussian Army before entering politics, tended to deemphasize the importance of the navy.

A Bismarck, who had engineered the unification of various states into the German Empire, followed a populist approach.

"The philosophy of the eighteenth century takes up . . . the methodological pattern of Newton's physics, though it immediately begins to generalize from it. It is not content to look upon analysis as the great intellectual tool of mathematical and physical knowledge; eighteenth-century thought sees analysis rather as the necessary and indispensable instrument of all thinking in general. This view triumphs in the middle of the [eighteenth] century. However much individual thinkers and schools differed in their results, they agreed in this methodological premise." Ernst Cassirer, German historian, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1932 The worldview described in the passage became dominant most likely as a result of which of the following developments? A The spread of printed materials that popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment B The continued reliance on classical Greek and Roman texts as sources of knowledge C The revival of Protestant and Catholic religious faith during the eighteenth century D The prevalence of absolutism forms of monarchy in much of Europe

A The spread of printed materials that popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment

"Is it not a moving spectacle that barely a few years after the most frightful war that has ever convulsed the world, when the battlefields are still almost damp with blood, the same peoples which clashed so roughly meet in this peaceful assembly and affirm mutually their common desire to collaborate in the work of universal peace? Messieurs, peace for France and Germany means that the series of painful and bloody encounters that has stained every page of history is over; over too, are the long veils of mourning for sufferings that will never ease. No more wars, no more brutal and bloody solutions to our differences! Away with rifles, machine guns, cannon! Make way for conciliation, for arbitration, for peace!" French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand, declaration welcoming Germany's entry into the League of Nations, 1926 The aspirations expressed by Briand in the passage would be most directly undermined by his failure to recognize A the political and economic instability of the German Weimar Republic B the growing influence of communism among the voting populations of France and Germany C the reduced diplomatic role of the United States in Europe as it adopted an isolationist stance D the political and economic crises that turned the newly created democracies in eastern Europe toward authoritarianism

A the political and economic instability of the German Weimar Republic

Image 1 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Burgher of Delft and his Daughter, 1655 In the Public Domain The portrait most likely depicts the corn merchant Adolf Croeser and his daughter, Catharina. The burgher hears the plea of a begging widow and her son. Image 2 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Dissolute Household, 1663-1664 Apsley House, The Wellington Museum, London,UK/Bridgeman Images Concern over which of the following best explains Steen's decision to portray The Dissolute Household as shown in image 2 ? A The effects of conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the Netherlands B The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands C The effects of constitutional rule on traditional hierarchies in the Netherlands D The effects of cultural interactions with trading partners in Asia and Africa

B The effects of Dutch material prosperity on morality in the Netherlands

Napoleon's establishment of what he called republics in various conquered territories is best explained by A his intention to prepare those provinces for eventual self-rule B his nominal adherence to the French Revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty C his desire to win recognition and acceptance from conservative monarchies in Europe D his hope to experiment with various governmental models for possible application in France

B his nominal adherence to the French Revolutionary principle of popular sovereignty

Tsar Peter the Great founding the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703, anonymous engraving, Russia, eighteenth century Sovfoto/UIG/Bridgeman Images The tsar stands at the left center of the image, examining the map of the planned city while his advisers and other members of the nobility look on. Image 2 Louis XIV and his engineers and architects at the construction site of the aqueduct at Maintenon, anonymous engraving, France, 1689 GRANGER Louis XIV is at the center on horseback pointing to the plans for the aqueduct while his advisers and other nobility look on. The presence of the aristocracy in both of the images most directly reflects a continuation of which of the following processes? A The assertion of the traditional rights of the landed nobility against a centralized monarchy B The development of a new commercial aristocracy as a result of growing overseas trade C The modernization of the military through meritocracy and new technologies D The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs

D The preservation of the nobility's social status despite the absolutist authority of monarchs

Napoleon's mobilization of large conscript armies is best understood as a continuation of the military practices of A the French wars of religion B the Thirty Years' War C the Bourbon monarchy's wars of the eighteenth century D the French Revolutionary period

D the French Revolutionary period

Historians have connected the growing lack of confidence in an objective view of nature seen among many late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century intellectuals most directly to which of the following? A Advances in theoretical physics such as relativity theory and quantum physics B The growing popularity of Marxist socialism C Increasing influence of non-European cultures on European art D The expansion of government support for scientific and technical research

A Advances in theoretical physics such as relativity theory and quantum physics

Which of the following best explains a similarity between ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia in the 1990s and previous ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the early twentieth century? A Both conflicts had as a major cause attempts by the Serbian government to expand Serbian influence into neighboring areas with Serbian minorities. B Both conflicts triggered major European wars, as great powers intervened on opposite sides of the conflicts. C Both conflicts were enabled by the weakening of ideologies that had tended to counter feelings of ethnic solidarity. D Both conflicts were in effect proxy wars between rival powers who wished to avoid open confrontation with one another.

A Both conflicts had as a major cause attempts by the Serbian government to expand Serbian influence into neighboring areas with Serbian minorities.

ENGLAND'S COMMODITY IMPORTS FROM ASIA, AFRICA, AND AMERICA, ANNUAL AVERAGES IN THOUSANDS OF POUNDS STERLING, 1699 TO 1773 1699 to 17011722 to 17241752 to 17541772 to 1774ConsumablesSugar6309281,3022,362Tobacco249263560518Pepper103173133Tea8116334848Coffee912353436Spirits (rum, etc.)0670163Raw MaterialsSilk425094156Cotton24455688Dyes9315598170Timber141390114Oil19264393Skins and hides233446111ManufacturesCalico fabrics367437401697Silks and mixed fabrics1071469676 Source: Adapted from Jacob M. Price, "The Imperial Economy," in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century, 1998. Which of the following best describes the overall trend in England's imports from Asia, Africa, and America as shown in the table? A England's volume of imports increased, and consumables contributed the greatest increase per year. B England's volume of imports decreased, and raw materials contributed the greatest decrease per year. C England's volume of imports increased, and manufactures contributed the greatest increase per year. D England's volume of imports decreased, and each category contributed an equal decrease per year.

A England's volume of imports increased, and consumables contributed the greatest increase per year.

"The settlement of the New World had a severe effect upon native peoples, whereas in the East, European influence was very slight until much later times. In the early 1520s, the conquistadors brought with them smallpox and typhoid. Between them these European diseases soon decimated the Indian population, particularly the great epidemics of the 1520s, 1540s, and 1570s. In central Mexico, for example, an Indian population which numbered 11,000,000 in 1519 numbered no more than 2,500,000 by the end of the century. In addition, the Indian was beset by enormous grazing herds of cattle which the White settler introduced. He escaped the herd by working for the White settler, but if this led him to the crowded labor settlements, as it quite often did, he stood less chance of escaping infection. The Indian was exploited. But in the law he remained free. Enslavement was practiced, but it was not officially tolerated. Moreover, the Franciscan order, a powerful missionary force in the New World, did its best to save the Indian from the evil ways of the White man. In Bartolomé de Las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria, the Indian found influential defenders; and through their schemes for separate Indian Christian communities, he found a partial escape from the White man. But the Indian mission towns, which were permitted by [the Spanish king] Charles V, were objected to by his successor, Philip II, and they only survived in remote areas." M. L. Bush, historian, Renaissance, Reformation and the Outer World, 1967 Which of the following does the author use as evidence of the impact of the introduction of European cattle to the New World? A Migration into labor settlements B Exposure to smallpox and typhoid C Philip II's objection to mission towns D Native Americans' legal freedom

A Migration into labor settlements

"The [Le Creusot] ironworks . . . now cover 300 acres; the workshops and forges 50 acres; and the mines yield annually 250,000 tons of coal and 300,000 tons of iron ore; 300,000 tons of coal and about 120,000 tons of iron ore are purchased. The ironworks produce more than 100,000 tons of iron, besides machinery, locomotive and marine, iron bridges and viaducts, and even iron gunboats and river steamers. These marvelous works have been virtually created in 30 years and, in fact, the well-built, well-paved town of Le Creusot, with its churches, its schools, its markets, its gasworks and waterworks, and its handsome public walks, inhabited by nearly 24,000 well-fed and decently clad people, has taken the place of the wretched pit village [site of a small iron mine and ironworks] of 2,700 inhabitants [that existed in] 1836." Bernhard Samuelson, British Member of Parliament, description of the ironworks at the town of Le Creusot in eastern France, 1867 The transformation of Le Creusot described by Samuelson in the second paragraph was most directly facilitated by which of the following? A Support from the French government B French involvement in military conflicts C Lowering of tariffs and trade barriers between European states D Increasing availability of cheap labor supplied by immigrants to France

A Support from the French government

Which of the following best explains why the creation of the European Union had only limited success in reducing nationalist and ethnic tensions in Europe in the postwar period? A The European Union boosted economic growth, but it also allowed for increased migration within Europe, sometimes causing a sense of cultural dislocation. B The European Union was begun as an attempt at greater economic integration, which it was hoped would make future military conflicts among European countries unlikely. C The European Union was created gradually, over the course of several decades, with each major step subject to ratification by member countries. D The European Union resulted in greater diplomatic and military cooperation among member states, but the Union failed to create a unified European army.

A The European Union boosted economic growth, but it also allowed for increased migration within Europe, sometimes causing a sense of cultural dislocation.

"It has been wrongly assumed that [British Prime Minister] Chamberlain believed that [asking the Czech government to make] concessions would inevitably forestall a German military invasion of Czechoslovakia. On the contrary, he was fully aware, as were all the best of our diplomatic advisers, that the Sudeten* problem might not be the real issue and that Hitler might have ambitions far beyond the restoration of Sudeten rights. Chamberlain felt that this was a situation which would have to be faced if it came, but that a world war could not be fought to maintain inviolate the ascendancy of seven million Czechs over an almost equal multitude of discontented minorities. The boundaries of Czechoslovakia had been drawn, as Churchill himself testified, in flagrant defiance of the principle of self-determination. There is no doubt that the government of the new State [of Czechoslovakia] kept the three million Germans in a position of political, educational, and cultural inferiority, and that bitterness was exacerbated by the economic depression of the 'thirties which hit the German industrialized areas (the Sudetenland) more severely than elsewhere [in Czechoslovakia]. These grievances were outrageously exploited by the Nazis and their Sudeten puppet, Henlein; but the grievances were real." *The Sudetenland was a region of western Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans constituted a large portion of the population. Richard Austen Butler, diplomatic officer in the British government during the negotiation of the Munich Agreement of 1938, The Art of the Possible: The Memoirs of Lord Butler, 1971 Butler's view of Sudeten German grievances most directly shows the effects of which of the following? A The failure of the post-First World War peace settlement to meet its goals B The desire of many British politicians to militarily confront Germany C The belief among many Europeans that communism was a greater threat than fascism D The success of the Nazi German government in mitigating the effects of the Great Depression

A The failure of the post-First World War peace settlement to meet its goals

The tendency of Northern Renaissance artists to focus on contemporary individuals as well as themes of everyday life is most closely connected to which of the following developments in northern Europe during the sixteenth century? A The growing prosperity of new commercial groups B The spread of knowledge about European exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas C The attempts by new monarchs to create more centralized states D The increasing production of vernacular texts

A The growing prosperity of new commercial groups

Which of the following best explains how the printing press contributed to the development of national cultures in Europe? A The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature. B The printing press allowed for easier publication of laws and legal findings. C The printing press led to the creation of guilds and craft associations dedicated to the production of books and pamphlets. D The printing press encouraged the spread of humanist ideas from Italy to northern Europe.

A The printing press encouraged the spread of vernacular literature.

"Far, far away, thy children leave the land. Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay: Princes and lords may flourish, or may fade; A breath can make them, as a breath has made; But a bold peasantry, their country's pride, When once destroyed, can never be supplied. The man of wealth and pride Takes up a space that many poor supplied; Space for his lake, his park's extended bounds, Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds: The robe that wraps his limbs in silken sloth, Has robbed the neighbouring fields of half their growth; While, scourged by famine from the smiling land, The mournful peasant leads his humble band; And while he sinks, without one arm to save, The country blooms—a garden, and a grave. Where then, ah where, shall poverty reside, To 'scape the pressure of contiguous pride? Oliver Goldsmith, English poet, "The Deserted Village," 1770 Goldsmith's poem most directly provides evidence for which of the following? A The sense of unease felt by people in the face of rapid social and demographic change B The sense of resignation at the failure of human institutions C The growing appeal of revolutionary ideas for reforming society D The desire to celebrate the benefits of economic and material progress

A The sense of unease felt by people in the face of rapid social and demographic change

In the later twentieth century, the development of birth control and family planning techniques encouraged the growth of the feminist movement primarily by A making the goals of the movement more attainable by giving women greater control over reproductive decisions B encouraging women to reject the introduction of technology into the natural process of childbearing C encouraging women to marry earlier without fear of being obliged to care for children at a young age D shifting more of the responsibility for birth control decisions to husbands and male partners

A making the goals of the movement more attainable by giving women greater control over reproductive decisions

"To my surprise, His Majesty [Kaiser Wilhelm II] received me with great friendliness, listened positively to my explanation, and then indulged himself in a highly detailed lecture on the navy. . . . He enumerated the ships we have and the ones we would need in order to survive a war; . . . emphasized that we had to have an armored fleet to protect our trade and to keep ourselves supplied with provisions; and was of the opinion that our fleet would have to be strong enough to prevent the French fleet from cutting off the food supplies we needed. In addition, he . . . would have to find the means, and if the Reichstag did not approve this, he would nevertheless carry on building and present the Reichstag with the bill later. Public opinion didn't concern him. He knew that the people didn't love him, and cursed him; but that wouldn't deter him. I then reminded the Emperor of the difference between Prussia and the [German] Empire . . . In the Empire the Emperor only had the rights which the Reichstag conceded to him." Account of a conversation between German chancellor Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst and Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1897, published in the chancellor's memoirs, 1931 Which of the following best explains the significance of the kaiser's dispute with the Reichstag as expressed in the passage? A The German states had traditionally been governed as constitutional monarchies and were resistant to the imposition of absolutist rule by the kaiser. B Bismarck had used the rhetoric and forms of democracy to unify Germany despite his own autocratic tendencies, leading to the influence of mass politics on German policies. C Socialist and other radical German parties rejected the influence of nationalism in their politics, breaking with German traditions. D The kaiser wished to emulate the system of government in Great Britain under his grandmother Queen Victoria, where Parliament held most of the political power.

B Bismarck had used the rhetoric and forms of democracy to unify Germany despite his own autocratic tendencies, leading to the influence of mass politics on German policies.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political development of France and the political development of Britain over the course of the 1700s? A Britain experienced several periods of political upheaval, while France remained relatively stable. B France preserved its political system until it was violently overthrown, while Britain remained relatively stable. C Both France and Britain ended the century with radically different political systems than they had at the beginning of the century. D Both France and Britain experienced several periods of political instability over the course of the century.

B France preserved its political system until it was violently overthrown, while Britain remained relatively stable.

"It has been wrongly assumed that [British Prime Minister] Chamberlain believed that [asking the Czech government to make] concessions would inevitably forestall a German military invasion of Czechoslovakia. On the contrary, he was fully aware, as were all the best of our diplomatic advisers, that the Sudeten* problem might not be the real issue and that Hitler might have ambitions far beyond the restoration of Sudeten rights. Chamberlain felt that this was a situation which would have to be faced if it came, but that a world war could not be fought to maintain inviolate the ascendancy of seven million Czechs over an almost equal multitude of discontented minorities. The boundaries of Czechoslovakia had been drawn, as Churchill himself testified, in flagrant defiance of the principle of self-determination. There is no doubt that the government of the new State [of Czechoslovakia] kept the three million Germans in a position of political, educational, and cultural inferiority, and that bitterness was exacerbated by the economic depression of the 'thirties which hit the German industrialized areas (the Sudetenland) more severely than elsewhere [in Czechoslovakia]. These grievances were outrageously exploited by the Nazis and their Sudeten puppet, Henlein; but the grievances were real." *The Sudetenland was a region of western Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans constituted a large portion of the population. Richard Austen Butler, diplomatic officer in the British government during the negotiation of the Munich Agreement of 1938, The Art of the Possible: The Memoirs of Lord Butler, 1971 The agreement described in the passage led most directly to which of the following? A Fascist states such as Italy and Germany embarking on a program of rearmament B Hitler ordering the invasion of Poland in the belief that Britain and France would not intervene C Germany and Italy forming the supposedly anticommunist Axis alliance D The Czech Republic and Slovakia splitting Czechoslovakia into separate states

B Hitler ordering the invasion of Poland in the belief that Britain and France would not intervene

The next questions refer to the passage below. "My earliest memories are the standard postwar memories in London. Landscapes of rubble, half a street's disappeared. Some of it stayed like that for ten years. The main effect of the war on me was just that phrase, 'Before the War.' Because you'd hear grown-ups talking about it. 'Oh, it wasn't like this before the war.' Otherwise I wasn't particularly affected. I suppose no sugar, no sweets and candies, was a good thing, but I wasn't happy about it.... The fact that I couldn't buy a bag of sweets until 1954 says a lot about the upheavals and changes that last for so many years after a war. The war had been over for nine years before I could actually, if I had the money, go and say, 'I'll have a bag of them'—toffees and Aniseed Twists. Otherwise it was 'You got your ration stamp book?' The sound of those stamps stamping. Your ration was your ration. One little brown paper bag—a tiny one—a week." Keith Richards, British rock musician, autobiography, 2010 The economic conditions described in the passage best explain which of the following actions by the British government after the Second World War? A Committing to the defense of Western Europe by joining the NATO alliance B Holding on to resource-rich African colonies after the war C Participating in the United Nations D Opposing the expansion of the European Union into Eastern Europe

B Holding on to resource-rich African colonies after the war

Image 1 Tsar Peter the Great founding the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703, anonymous engraving, Russia, eighteenth century Sovfoto/UIG/Bridgeman Images The tsar stands at the left center of the image, examining the map of the planned city while his advisers and other members of the nobility look on. Image 2 Louis XIV and his engineers and architects at the construction site of the aqueduct at Maintenon, anonymous engraving, France, 1689 GRANGER Louis XIV is at the center on horseback pointing to the plans for the aqueduct while his advisers and other nobility look on. The activities shown in image 2 were most directly a result of which of the following developments in France? A Louis's modernization of the French military through the expansion of the paid standing army B Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France C Louis's suppression of a revolt of the nobility known as the Fronde D Louis's revocation of the Edict of Nantes

B Louis's expansion of monarchical administrative and financial control over France

The decision of many Continental European governments to sponsor and subsidize industrial development in the nineteenth century is best explained by which of the following contexts? A Growing labor demands for improvements in working conditions B Ongoing competition between nation-states for prestige and territory C A widespread belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Europe D Concern over the rising economic and political influence of nations outside Europe

B Ongoing competition between nation-states for prestige and territory

Image 1 Tsar Peter the Great founding the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703, anonymous engraving, Russia, eighteenth century Sovfoto/UIG/Bridgeman Images The tsar stands at the left center of the image, examining the map of the planned city while his advisers and other members of the nobility look on. Image 2 Louis XIV and his engineers and architects at the construction site of the aqueduct at Maintenon, anonymous engraving, France, 1689 GRANGER Louis XIV is at the center on horseback pointing to the plans for the aqueduct while his advisers and other nobility look on. The activities of Peter the Great shown in image 1 were most directly the result of which of the following? A Peter's reforms of the Eastern Orthodox Church B Peter's efforts to westernize Russia C Peter's campaigns against the Ottoman Empire D Peter's suppression of rebellious nobility

B Peter's efforts to westernize Russia

Which of the following best explains why Protestant reformers sometimes came into conflict with Protestant rulers of the states in which they lived? A Some reformers were concerned that secular rulers were overly confrontational when dealing with the papacy. B Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state. C Most reformers wished to create a universal church that would replace secular governments entirely. D Most reformers sought to reduce or eliminate sacraments, rituals, and other religious practices they regarded as superstitious.

B Some reformers believed that the church should not be subject to the secular state.

"I do protest against the language which we have heard from Mr. Layard, the honorable member of Parliament from Aylesbury . . . who says we have disgraced our country, tells us we ought to be the laughingstock of Europe, and has thought proper to mingle his observations and recommendations with what I must call vulgar declamations against the aristocracy of this country. When I look at the matchless bravery of the troops, and when I look to the share which the gentry and aristocracy of the country have taken in those conflicts, I say that I feel proud. Why, look to that glorious charge of the cavalry at Balaklava [a battle in the Crimean War], site of the charge of the Light Brigade, where the noblest and the wealthiest of the land rode foremost, followed by heroic men from the lowest classes of the community, each rivaling the other in bravery, neither the peer who led nor the trooper who followed being distinguished the one from the other. . . . I would appeal to that gallant charge as an immortal proof of the glory of this country." Lord Palmerston, British home secretary, speech in Parliament on the conduct of the Crimean War, 1855 Which of the following historical circumstances best explains why Palmerston chose to describe the charge of the Light Brigade in the way that he did? A Karl Marx had recently begun to publish his theories about the inevitability of class struggle. B The British political system was gradually affording more representation and political power to members of the lower classes. C Improvements in weaponry were making cavalry charges an outmoded tactic by the 1850s. D Industrialization in Britain created a new upper class whose sources of income were different from those of the traditional aristocracy.

B The British political system was gradually affording more representation and political power to members of the lower classes.

"For an important body of historical opinion, the questions asked about the emergence of the Final Solution [the Holocaust] can be answered easily with reference to Hitler's anti-Jewish rhetoric, drawn from various points in his career but seen to reflect a consistent murderous objective. In this view, Hitler is seen as the driving force of Nazi anti-Semitic policy, whose views indicate a coherent line of thought from a very early point. Hitler is also seen as the sole strategist with the authority and the determination to begin the implementation of the Final Solution. . . . This line of thought accents the role of Hitler in initiating the murder of European Jewry, seeing a high degree of persistence, consistency, and orderly sequence in Nazi anti-Jewish policy, directed from a very early point to the goal of mass murder." Michael Marrus, historian, The Holocaust in History, 1989 All the following statements are factually accurate. Which would most directly challenge the argument described by Marrus? A The mass killings of Jews in occupied territories increased as the course of the war turned against Germany. B The Nazi regime considered a plan to deport European Jews to the French colony of Madagascar. C Small groups of police and soldiers known as Einsatzgruppen undertook the killing of many eastern European Jews through mass shootings. D Many high officials in the German government were tried for crimes against the Jews after the war ended.

B The Nazi regime considered a plan to deport European Jews to the French colony of Madagascar.

"The settlement of the New World had a severe effect upon native peoples, whereas in the East, European influence was very slight until much later times. In the early 1520s, the conquistadors brought with them smallpox and typhoid. Between them these European diseases soon decimated the Indian population, particularly the great epidemics of the 1520s, 1540s, and 1570s. In central Mexico, for example, an Indian population which numbered 11,000,000 in 1519 numbered no more than 2,500,000 by the end of the century. In addition, the Indian was beset by enormous grazing herds of cattle which the White settler introduced. He escaped the herd by working for the White settler, but if this led him to the crowded labor settlements, as it quite often did, he stood less chance of escaping infection. The Indian was exploited. But in the law he remained free. Enslavement was practiced, but it was not officially tolerated. Moreover, the Franciscan order, a powerful missionary force in the New World, did its best to save the Indian from the evil ways of the White man. In Bartolomé de Las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria, the Indian found influential defenders; and through their schemes for separate Indian Christian communities, he found a partial escape from the White man. But the Indian mission towns, which were permitted by [the Spanish king] Charles V, were objected to by his successor, Philip II, and they only survived in remote areas." M. L. Bush, historian, Renaissance, Reformation and the Outer World, 1967 Which of the following does the author cite in support of the claim that Native Americans had defenders among the Spanish? A The actions of the conquistadors B The actions of Bartolomé de Las Casas C The actions of Philip II D The actions of cattle ranchers and herders

B The actions of Bartolomé de Las Casas

"The European reformation was not a simple revolution, a protest movement with a single leader, a defined set of objectives, or a coherent organization. Yet neither was it a floppy or fragmented mess of anarchic or contradictory ambitions. It was a series of parallel movements; within each of which various sorts of people with differing perspectives for a crucial period in history combined forces to pursue objectives which they only partly understood. First of all, the Reformation was a protest by churchmen and scholars, privileged classes in medieval society, against their own superiors. Those superiors, the Roman papacy and its agents, had attacked the teachings of a few sincere, respected academic churchmen which had seemed to threaten the prestige and privilege of clergy and papacy. Martin Luther, the first of these protesting clerics, had attacked 'the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies,' and they fought back, to defend their status. The protesting churchmen—the 'reformers'— responded to the Roman counter-attack not by silence or by furtive [hidden] opposition, but by publicly denouncing their accusers in print. Not only that: they developed their teachings to make their protest more coherent, and to justify their disobedience. Then the most surprising thing of all, in the context of medieval lay people's usual response to religious dissent, took place. Politically active laymen, not (at first) political rulers with axes to grind, but rather ordinary, moderately prosperous householders, took up the reformers' protests, identified them (perhaps mistakenly) as their own, and pressed them upon their governors. This blending and coalition—of reformers' protests and laymen's political ambitions—is the essence of the Reformation." Euan Cameron, historian, The European Reformation, 1991 Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of a shift in political attitudes toward authority? A The attack of scholars against their superiors B The demands of lay people for their leaders to adopt Protestant reforms C The Church attack against dissenters D The privileged status of scholars in medieval society

B The demands of lay people for their leaders to adopt Protestant reforms

Which of the following best explains how increases in agricultural productivity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the conditions for industrialization in western Europe? A The increases raised the profitability of agriculture for large landowners. B The increases freed up labor that was no longer needed to produce food. C The increases led to larger sizes of draft and food animals on European farms. D The increases diminished the occurrence of famines in Europe starting in the eighteenth century.

B The increases freed up labor that was no longer needed to produce food.

"The [Le Creusot] ironworks . . . now cover 300 acres; the workshops and forges 50 acres; and the mines yield annually 250,000 tons of coal and 300,000 tons of iron ore; 300,000 tons of coal and about 120,000 tons of iron ore are purchased. The ironworks produce more than 100,000 tons of iron, besides machinery, locomotive and marine, iron bridges and viaducts, and even iron gunboats and river steamers. These marvelous works have been virtually created in 30 years and, in fact, the well-built, well-paved town of Le Creusot, with its churches, its schools, its markets, its gasworks and waterworks, and its handsome public walks, inhabited by nearly 24,000 well-fed and decently clad people, has taken the place of the wretched pit village [site of a small iron mine and ironworks] of 2,700 inhabitants [that existed in] 1836." Bernhard Samuelson, British Member of Parliament, description of the ironworks at the town of Le Creusot in eastern France, 1867 Samuelson's characterization of the town of Le Creusot in 1836 in the second paragraph best illustrates which of the following developments? A The continuation of outdated agricultural practices and food shortages in undeveloped areas of Europe B The lag in industrialization of Continental Europe as compared with Great Britain C The negative effects of rapid urban growth D The creation of new social classes associated with industrialization

B The lag in industrialization of Continental Europe as compared with Great Britain

"I do protest against the language which we have heard from Mr. Layard, the honorable member of Parliament from Aylesbury . . . who says we have disgraced our country, tells us we ought to be the laughingstock of Europe, and has thought proper to mingle his observations and recommendations with what I must call vulgar declamations against the aristocracy of this country. When I look at the matchless bravery of the troops, and when I look to the share which the gentry and aristocracy of the country have taken in those conflicts, I say that I feel proud. Why, look to that glorious charge of the cavalry at Balaklava [a battle in the Crimean War], site of the charge of the Light Brigade, where the noblest and the wealthiest of the land rode foremost, followed by heroic men from the lowest classes of the community, each rivaling the other in bravery, neither the peer who led nor the trooper who followed being distinguished the one from the other. . . . I would appeal to that gallant charge as an immortal proof of the glory of this country." Lord Palmerston, British home secretary, speech in Parliament on the conduct of the Crimean War, 1855 Which of the following best explains why Palmerston was anxious to deny the "vulgar declamations" that he claims were made by Layard? A Britain was allied with Napoleon III, who had recently abolished France's Second Republic and declared himself emperor. B The majority of the military and civilian leaders of the British war effort were members of the aristocracy. C Palmerston had served in various positions in the British government for several years. D The British army was significantly outnumbered by the Russians during the Crimean War.

B The majority of the military and civilian leaders of the British war effort were members of the aristocracy.

Which of the following best explains the political instability that emerged during the 1990s in parts of eastern Europe after the collapse of communism? A The expansion of the European Union disrupted established political boundaries. B The reemergence of nationalism revived older cultural and political tensions. C The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact removed security guarantees for many eastern European countries. D The transition to capitalism in eastern Europe politically empowered a newly emerging middle class.

B The reemergence of nationalism revived older cultural and political tensions.

"The philosophy of the eighteenth century takes up . . . the methodological pattern of Newton's physics, though it immediately begins to generalize from it. It is not content to look upon analysis as the great intellectual tool of mathematical and physical knowledge; eighteenth-century thought sees analysis rather as the necessary and indispensable instrument of all thinking in general. This view triumphs in the middle of the [eighteenth] century. However much individual thinkers and schools differed in their results, they agreed in this methodological premise." Ernst Cassirer, German historian, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1932 The influence of Newton's methodology described in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following? A The continued popularity of spiritual and supernatural explanations for physical phenomena B The spreading influence of thought associated with the Scientific Revolution C The growth of knowledge resulting from the explorations of European overseas traders and missionaries D The rising economic influence of the merchant and professional classes

B The spreading influence of thought associated with the Scientific Revolution

"I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage. Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear. So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion." *Classical writers and philosophers Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543 Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments? A The increase in accusations of witchcraft in the late 1500s B The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works C The establishment of the Inquisition to suppress heresy D The creation of the Index of Prohibited Books

B The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works

Which of the following accurately explains the effect that advancements in medical technology in the late twentieth century had on European state budgets? A By increasing infant survival rates, the advancements necessitated the devotion of more resources to child care and education. B By decreasing death rates from disease, the advancements encouraged population growth that led to unemployment. C By lengthening life spans, the advancements caused the cost of welfare-state protections for the elderly to increase. D By requiring increased specialization within the medical professions, the advancements led to a disproportionate share of the economy being devoted to health care.

C By lengthening life spans, the advancements caused the cost of welfare-state protections for the elderly to increase.

ENGLAND'S COMMODITY IMPORTS FROM ASIA, AFRICA, AND AMERICA, ANNUAL AVERAGES IN THOUSANDS OF POUNDS STERLING, 1699 TO 1773 1699 to 17011722 to 17241752 to 17541772 to 1774ConsumablesSugar6309281,3022,362Tobacco249263560518Pepper103173133Tea8116334848Coffee912353436Spirits (rum, etc.)0670163Raw MaterialsSilk425094156Cotton24455688Dyes9315598170Timber141390114Oil19264393Skins and hides233446111ManufacturesCalico fabrics367437401697Silks and mixed fabrics1071469676 Source: Adapted from Jacob M. Price, "The Imperial Economy," in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century, 1998. Which of the following best describes the trend in the import of raw materials into England from Asia, Africa, and America from 1699 to 1774 as shown in the table? A Timber continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774. B Cotton continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774. C Dyes continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774. D Skins and hides continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774.

C Dyes continually contributed the most imports out of any raw material, while the entire category of raw materials saw an overall increase by 1774.

"For an important body of historical opinion, the questions asked about the emergence of the Final Solution [the Holocaust] can be answered easily with reference to Hitler's anti-Jewish rhetoric, drawn from various points in his career but seen to reflect a consistent murderous objective. In this view, Hitler is seen as the driving force of Nazi anti-Semitic policy, whose views indicate a coherent line of thought from a very early point. Hitler is also seen as the sole strategist with the authority and the determination to begin the implementation of the Final Solution. . . . This line of thought accents the role of Hitler in initiating the murder of European Jewry, seeing a high degree of persistence, consistency, and orderly sequence in Nazi anti-Jewish policy, directed from a very early point to the goal of mass murder." Michael Marrus, historian, The Holocaust in History, 1989 Which of the following pieces of evidence would most directly support the argument about the Holocaust described by Marrus? A Hitler associated Bolshevism and communism with the Jewish people. B Hitler believed that the German people were entitled to "living space" in eastern Europe. C Hitler called for the elimination of the Jewish people from Europe in his early 1920s autobiography Mein Kampf. D Hitler supported the elimination of Gypsies and other non-Jewish minorities he deemed undesirable.

C Hitler called for the elimination of the Jewish people from Europe in his early 1920s autobiography Mein Kampf.

Which of the following most facilitated the rapid adoption of the printing press in Europe in the last half of the 1400s? A Subsidies from new monarchs for the establishment of official government printing presses B Interest in new geographic discoveries being made by European explorers C Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper D Demand for vernacular versions of the Christian Bible

C Increases in literacy and decreases in the cost of paper

"To my surprise, His Majesty [Kaiser Wilhelm II] received me with great friendliness, listened positively to my explanation, and then indulged himself in a highly detailed lecture on the navy. . . . He enumerated the ships we have and the ones we would need in order to survive a war; . . . emphasized that we had to have an armored fleet to protect our trade and to keep ourselves supplied with provisions; and was of the opinion that our fleet would have to be strong enough to prevent the French fleet from cutting off the food supplies we needed. In addition, he . . . would have to find the means, and if the Reichstag did not approve this, he would nevertheless carry on building and present the Reichstag with the bill later. Public opinion didn't concern him. He knew that the people didn't love him, and cursed him; but that wouldn't deter him. I then reminded the Emperor of the difference between Prussia and the [German] Empire . . . In the Empire the Emperor only had the rights which the Reichstag conceded to him." Account of a conversation between German chancellor Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst and Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1897, published in the chancellor's memoirs, 1931 Which of the following best explains the historical significance of the view of the importance of the navy expressed by the kaiser in the passage? A It demonstrates the effects of the breakdown of the diplomatic system established in the Concert of Europe. B It shows the growing antagonisms in Europe created by Bismarck's foreign policy based on the principles of Realpolitik. C It demonstrates the thinking behind the arms race that contributed to diplomatic tensions between Germany and Great Britain. D It shows the growing influence of mass-based political parties on the foreign policies of the major European states.

C It demonstrates the thinking behind the arms race that contributed to diplomatic tensions between Germany and Great Britain.

"It has been wrongly assumed that [British Prime Minister] Chamberlain believed that [asking the Czech government to make] concessions would inevitably forestall a German military invasion of Czechoslovakia. On the contrary, he was fully aware, as were all the best of our diplomatic advisers, that the Sudeten* problem might not be the real issue and that Hitler might have ambitions far beyond the restoration of Sudeten rights. Chamberlain felt that this was a situation which would have to be faced if it came, but that a world war could not be fought to maintain inviolate the ascendancy of seven million Czechs over an almost equal multitude of discontented minorities. The boundaries of Czechoslovakia had been drawn, as Churchill himself testified, in flagrant defiance of the principle of self-determination. There is no doubt that the government of the new State [of Czechoslovakia] kept the three million Germans in a position of political, educational, and cultural inferiority, and that bitterness was exacerbated by the economic depression of the 'thirties which hit the German industrialized areas (the Sudetenland) more severely than elsewhere [in Czechoslovakia]. These grievances were outrageously exploited by the Nazis and their Sudeten puppet, Henlein; but the grievances were real." *The Sudetenland was a region of western Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans constituted a large portion of the population. Richard Austen Butler, diplomatic officer in the British government during the negotiation of the Munich Agreement of 1938, The Art of the Possible: The Memoirs of Lord Butler, 1971 The exploitation of Sudeten grievances described by Butler in the passage are most directly connected to which of the following features of the Nazi regime? A Its creation of a cult of personality around Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader, as a means of creating national cohesion B Its use of antisemitic rhetoric and policies as means to unite Germans against a supposed enemy C Its employment of aggressive nationalism as a means of maintaining support at home and gaining advantages abroad D Its elimination of the distinction between the ruling party and the government as a means of securing power

C Its employment of aggressive nationalism as a means of maintaining support at home and gaining advantages abroad

"I may well presume, most Holy Father, that certain people, as soon as they hear that in this book I assert the Earth moves, will cry out that, holding such views, I should at once be hissed off the stage. Many centuries have consented to the establishment of the contrary judgment, namely that the Earth is placed immovably as the central point in the middle of the universe . . . How I came to dare to conceive such motion of the Earth, contrary to the received opinion of the mathematicians and indeed contrary to the impression of the senses, is what your Holiness will expect to hear. So I should like your Holiness to know that I was led to think of a method of computing the motions of the spheres by nothing else than the knowledge that the mathematicians are inconsistent in these investigations. . . . I therefore took pains to read again the works of all the philosophers whose works I could find to seek out whether any of them had ever supposed that the motions of the spheres were other than those demanded by the mathematical schools. I found first in Cicero* that Hicetas* had realized that the Earth moved. Afterwards I found in Plutarch* that certain others had held the same opinion." *Classical writers and philosophers Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Motions of the Heavenly Orbs, dedication to Pope Paul III, 1543 Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres? A Galileo's observations of sunspots as well as craters on the moon B Newton's research into optical refraction C Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion D Brahe's assertion that novas were not comets, but in fact newly visible stars

C Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion

"The settlement of the New World had a severe effect upon native peoples, whereas in the East, European influence was very slight until much later times. In the early 1520s, the conquistadors brought with them smallpox and typhoid. Between them these European diseases soon decimated the Indian population, particularly the great epidemics of the 1520s, 1540s, and 1570s. In central Mexico, for example, an Indian population which numbered 11,000,000 in 1519 numbered no more than 2,500,000 by the end of the century. In addition, the Indian was beset by enormous grazing herds of cattle which the White settler introduced. He escaped the herd by working for the White settler, but if this led him to the crowded labor settlements, as it quite often did, he stood less chance of escaping infection. The Indian was exploited. But in the law he remained free. Enslavement was practiced, but it was not officially tolerated. Moreover, the Franciscan order, a powerful missionary force in the New World, did its best to save the Indian from the evil ways of the White man. In Bartolomé de Las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria, the Indian found influential defenders; and through their schemes for separate Indian Christian communities, he found a partial escape from the White man. But the Indian mission towns, which were permitted by [the Spanish king] Charles V, were objected to by his successor, Philip II, and they only survived in remote areas." M. L. Bush, historian, Renaissance, Reformation and the Outer World, 1967 Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence of the effects of European diseases on Native Americans? A The enslavement of Native Americans B The introduction of cattle herds C The change in the population of central Mexico D The founding of mission towns by Franciscans

C The change in the population of central Mexico

"Far, far away, thy children leave the land. Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay: Princes and lords may flourish, or may fade; A breath can make them, as a breath has made; But a bold peasantry, their country's pride, When once destroyed, can never be supplied. The man of wealth and pride Takes up a space that many poor supplied; Space for his lake, his park's extended bounds, Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds: The robe that wraps his limbs in silken sloth, Has robbed the neighbouring fields of half their growth; While, scourged by famine from the smiling land, The mournful peasant leads his humble band; And while he sinks, without one arm to save, The country blooms—a garden, and a grave. Where then, ah where, shall poverty reside, To 'scape the pressure of contiguous pride? Oliver Goldsmith, English poet, "The Deserted Village," 1770 Goldsmith's reference to the actions of "the man of wealth and pride" in the second section of the poem most directly provides evidence for which of the following? A The increasing popularity of Enlightenment ideas about the reordering of society B The improved social status of merchant and commercial elites C The consolidation of smaller landholdings and the commercialization of agriculture D The development of a stable form of parliamentary government in Britain

C The consolidation of smaller landholdings and the commercialization of agriculture

"Power [is] one of the most necessary ingredients towards the grandeur of kings, and the prosperity of their governments. . . . As goodness is the object of love, power is the cause of dread, and it is most certain, that among all the principles that are capable of affecting a state, fear grounded upon esteem and reverence has so much force, that it engages everyone to perform his duty. If this principle is of great efficacy in respect to the internal part of states, it is to the full as prevailing abroad: subjects and strangers looking with the same eyes upon a formidable power, both the one and the other abstain from offending a prince, whom they are sensible is in a condition to hurt them, if he were so inclined. I have observed by the by, that the ground of the power I am speaking of must be esteem and respect; . . . that when it is grounded on any other principle, it is very dangerous; in the case instead of creating a reasonable fear, it inclines men to hate princes. . . . The Prince must be powerful by his reputation. By a reasonable army always kept on foot. And by a notable sum of money in his coffers, to supply unexpected demands, which often come to pass when they are least expected. Finally, by the possession of his subjects' hearts." Cardinal Richelieu, advisor to the French king Louis XIII, Political Will and Testament, 1638 Richelieu's ideas best reflect which of the following developments in Europe during the 1600s? A The effects of the Thirty Years' War on religious policies of European governments B The development of constitutionalism as a form of government in Europe C The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power D The attempt to reunify Europe under a Catholic monarchy

C The creation of new systems of government that centralized state power

Image 1 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Burgher of Delft and his Daughter, 1655 In the Public Domain The portrait most likely depicts the corn merchant Adolf Croeser and his daughter, Catharina. The burgher hears the plea of a begging widow and her son. Image 2 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, The Dissolute Household, 1663-1664 Apsley House, The Wellington Museum, London,UK/Bridgeman Images Which of the following best explains why Steen produced paintings like the one in image 1 for wealthy Dutch merchants? A The merchants wished to show their Protestant rejection of Catholic imagery. B The merchants wished to show their support for the imposition of royal absolutism. C The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs. D The merchants wished to show their knowledge of classical artistic styles and influences.

C The merchants wished to show that their prosperity did not compromise their moral beliefs.

Which of the following best explains how the prior development of the putting-out system created the conditions for the early mechanization of the textile industry in Europe? A The putting-out system provided income for people working out of their homes. B The putting-out system did not require workers to be grouped together. C The putting-out system established a large and steady market demand for clothing. D The putting-out system was employed to produce a wide variety of clothing types.

C The putting-out system established a large and steady market demand for clothing.

POPULATION IN GERMANY, 1871 TO 1910 Total PopulationPercent RuralPercent Urban187141,059,00063.936.1188045,234,00058.641.4189049,428,00057.542.5190056,367,00045.654.4191064,926,00040.060.0 Source: Adapted from Koppel S. Pinson, Modern Germany, Macmillan, New York, 1966, p. 221. The changes in the percentage of urban and rural populations shown in the table are best explained by which of the following? A The unification of Germany by Prussia B The abolition of serfdom in Eastern Europe C The spread of industrial production methods to Germany D The destruction caused by the Revolutions of 1848

C The spread of industrial production methods to Germany

"The European reformation was not a simple revolution, a protest movement with a single leader, a defined set of objectives, or a coherent organization. Yet neither was it a floppy or fragmented mess of anarchic or contradictory ambitions. It was a series of parallel movements; within each of which various sorts of people with differing perspectives for a crucial period in history combined forces to pursue objectives which they only partly understood. First of all, the Reformation was a protest by churchmen and scholars, privileged classes in medieval society, against their own superiors. Those superiors, the Roman papacy and its agents, had attacked the teachings of a few sincere, respected academic churchmen which had seemed to threaten the prestige and privilege of clergy and papacy. Martin Luther, the first of these protesting clerics, had attacked 'the Pope's crown and the monks' bellies,' and they fought back, to defend their status. The protesting churchmen—the 'reformers'— responded to the Roman counter-attack not by silence or by furtive [hidden] opposition, but by publicly denouncing their accusers in print. Not only that: they developed their teachings to make their protest more coherent, and to justify their disobedience. Then the most surprising thing of all, in the context of medieval lay people's usual response to religious dissent, took place. Politically active laymen, not (at first) political rulers with axes to grind, but rather ordinary, moderately prosperous householders, took up the reformers' protests, identified them (perhaps mistakenly) as their own, and pressed them upon their governors. This blending and coalition—of reformers' protests and laymen's political ambitions—is the essence of the Reformation." Euan Cameron, historian, The European Reformation, 1991 Which of the following does the author most directly use as evidence for the persistence of the religious reformers? A Their silence in the face of Church counterattacks B The support of political rulers trying to advance their own agendas C Their use of the printing press to denounce their accusers D The dissent of ordinary, moderately prosperous householders

C Their use of the printing press to denounce their accusers

"The philosophy of the eighteenth century takes up . . . the methodological pattern of Newton's physics, though it immediately begins to generalize from it. It is not content to look upon analysis as the great intellectual tool of mathematical and physical knowledge; eighteenth-century thought sees analysis rather as the necessary and indispensable instrument of all thinking in general. This view triumphs in the middle of the [eighteenth] century. However much individual thinkers and schools differed in their results, they agreed in this methodological premise." Ernst Cassirer, German historian, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 1932 The change in eighteenth-century thought described in the passage is best understood in the context of A challenges to the economic principles of mercantilism B the effects of the Commercial Revolution and growth of a money economy C the application of reason and empiricism to human institutions D Romanticism's challenges to the dominant trends in European thought

C the application of reason and empiricism to human institutions

Which of the following best explains why the end of communist repression associated with the fall of the Soviet Union had the effect of encouraging a revival of nationalist tensions in Eastern Europe? A Economic growth and living standards suffered an irreversible collapse in Eastern Europe after the withdrawal of Soviet economic support. B The Soviet conquest of Eastern Europe in the Second World War had resulted in the virtual expulsion of ethnic German populations from many regions they had previously inhabited. C The fall of communist governments in the Soviet satellite countries of Eastern Europe largely occurred without violence. D Soviet ideology had encouraged international cooperation among communist countries and had attempted to suppress ethnic and other cultural differences.

D Soviet ideology had encouraged international cooperation among communist countries and had attempted to suppress ethnic and other cultural differences.

"For an important body of historical opinion, the questions asked about the emergence of the Final Solution [the Holocaust] can be answered easily with reference to Hitler's anti-Jewish rhetoric, drawn from various points in his career but seen to reflect a consistent murderous objective. In this view, Hitler is seen as the driving force of Nazi anti-Semitic policy, whose views indicate a coherent line of thought from a very early point. Hitler is also seen as the sole strategist with the authority and the determination to begin the implementation of the Final Solution. . . . This line of thought accents the role of Hitler in initiating the murder of European Jewry, seeing a high degree of persistence, consistency, and orderly sequence in Nazi anti-Jewish policy, directed from a very early point to the goal of mass murder." Michael Marrus, historian, The Holocaust in History, 1989 All of the following quotes are from historians who studied the Holocaust. Which quote most directly challenges the claim made by the author of the passage? A "War and the annihilation of the Jews were interdependent. The disorder of war would provide Hitler with the cover for the unchecked commission of murder." B "The argument that only circumstances of one sort or another created Hitler's and the Germans' motive to opt for a genocidal 'solution' ignores, for no good reason, Hitler's oft-stated and self-understood intention to kill the Jews." C "These enormous schemes, and particularly their connection with racist ideology, were, to be sure, the program of a single individual." D "The 'Final Solution' was not so much willed and decreed by Hitler as improvised by the bureaucrats, competing for favor in Hitler's eyes."

D "The 'Final Solution' was not so much willed and decreed by Hitler as improvised by the bureaucrats, competing for favor in Hitler's eyes."

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the demographic effect of the medical and health-care advances of the late twentieth century as compared to those of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Advances in the two periods were similar in that both led to improvements in life span without causing large increases in population. B Advances in the two periods were different in that late-twentieth-century advances primarily led to population increases, while advances in the earlier period primarily led to improvements in life span. C Advances in the two periods were similar in that both led to improvements in life span and large increases in population. D Advances in the two periods were different in that late-twentieth-century advances led to improvements in life span without causing large increases in population.

D Advances in the two periods were different in that late-twentieth-century advances led to improvements in life span without causing large increases in population.

The next questions refer to the passage below. "My earliest memories are the standard postwar memories in London. Landscapes of rubble, half a street's disappeared. Some of it stayed like that for ten years. The main effect of the war on me was just that phrase, 'Before the War.' Because you'd hear grown-ups talking about it. 'Oh, it wasn't like this before the war.' Otherwise I wasn't particularly affected. I suppose no sugar, no sweets and candies, was a good thing, but I wasn't happy about it.... The fact that I couldn't buy a bag of sweets until 1954 says a lot about the upheavals and changes that last for so many years after a war. The war had been over for nine years before I could actually, if I had the money, go and say, 'I'll have a bag of them'—toffees and Aniseed Twists. Otherwise it was 'You got your ration stamp book?' The sound of those stamps stamping. Your ration was your ration. One little brown paper bag—a tiny one—a week." Keith Richards, British rock musician, autobiography, 2010 The economic conditions described in the passage were most directly a result of which of the following? A Harsh loan conditions imposed on Great Britain by the United States B The arms race resulting from the beginning of the Cold War C The lingering impact of the Great Depression D Britain's commitment to full mobilization during the Second World War

D Britain's commitment to full mobilization during the Second World War

"I do protest against the language which we have heard from Mr. Layard, the honorable member of Parliament from Aylesbury . . . who says we have disgraced our country, tells us we ought to be the laughingstock of Europe, and has thought proper to mingle his observations and recommendations with what I must call vulgar declamations against the aristocracy of this country. When I look at the matchless bravery of the troops, and when I look to the share which the gentry and aristocracy of the country have taken in those conflicts, I say that I feel proud. Why, look to that glorious charge of the cavalry at Balaklava [a battle in the Crimean War], site of the charge of the Light Brigade, where the noblest and the wealthiest of the land rode foremost, followed by heroic men from the lowest classes of the community, each rivaling the other in bravery, neither the peer who led nor the trooper who followed being distinguished the one from the other. . . . I would appeal to that gallant charge as an immortal proof of the glory of this country." Lord Palmerston, British home secretary, speech in Parliament on the conduct of the Crimean War, 1855 Which of the following accurately explains a similarity between Palmerston's use of nationalism in his portrayal of the charge of the Light Brigade and the use of nationalism by Camillo Cavour and Otto von Bismarck? A Like Bismarck and Cavour, Palmerston was advocating for war as a means of creating a unified nation-state from previously independent political units. B Like Bismarck and Cavour, Palmerston was using nationalism as a justification for introducing liberal democratic reforms. C Like Bismarck and Cavour, Palmerston was using nationalism to rally support for the establishment of an overseas colonial empire. D Like Bismarck and Cavour, Palmerston was a conservative using militaristic nationalism to strengthen the state and his political position.

D Like Bismarck and Cavour, Palmerston was a conservative using militaristic nationalism to strengthen the state and his political position.

"The [Le Creusot] ironworks . . . now cover 300 acres; the workshops and forges 50 acres; and the mines yield annually 250,000 tons of coal and 300,000 tons of iron ore; 300,000 tons of coal and about 120,000 tons of iron ore are purchased. The ironworks produce more than 100,000 tons of iron, besides machinery, locomotive and marine, iron bridges and viaducts, and even iron gunboats and river steamers. These marvelous works have been virtually created in 30 years and, in fact, the well-built, well-paved town of Le Creusot, with its churches, its schools, its markets, its gasworks and waterworks, and its handsome public walks, inhabited by nearly 24,000 well-fed and decently clad people, has taken the place of the wretched pit village [site of a small iron mine and ironworks] of 2,700 inhabitants [that existed in] 1836." Bernhard Samuelson, British Member of Parliament, description of the ironworks at the town of Le Creusot in eastern France, 1867 Samuelson's study of Le Creusot is best explained by which of the following characteristics of the British Parliament at the time? A Parliament offered financial rewards to inventors. B Parliament still contained many representatives of the landed aristocracy. C Parliament passed industrial reform acts to alleviate harsh working conditions. D Parliament represented commercial and industrial interests.

D Parliament represented commercial and industrial interests.

The development of the artistic style known as baroque was most closely associated with which of the following developments? A The exploration of the Americas B The invention of the printing press C The Commercial Revolution D The Catholic Reformation

D The Catholic Reformation

"Power [is] one of the most necessary ingredients towards the grandeur of kings, and the prosperity of their governments. . . . As goodness is the object of love, power is the cause of dread, and it is most certain, that among all the principles that are capable of affecting a state, fear grounded upon esteem and reverence has so much force, that it engages everyone to perform his duty. If this principle is of great efficacy in respect to the internal part of states, it is to the full as prevailing abroad: subjects and strangers looking with the same eyes upon a formidable power, both the one and the other abstain from offending a prince, whom they are sensible is in a condition to hurt them, if he were so inclined. I have observed by the by, that the ground of the power I am speaking of must be esteem and respect; . . . that when it is grounded on any other principle, it is very dangerous; in the case instead of creating a reasonable fear, it inclines men to hate princes. . . . The Prince must be powerful by his reputation. By a reasonable army always kept on foot. And by a notable sum of money in his coffers, to supply unexpected demands, which often come to pass when they are least expected. Finally, by the possession of his subjects' hearts." Cardinal Richelieu, advisor to the French king Louis XIII, Political Will and Testament, 1638 Which of the following most directly influenced Richelieu's views on the power of the king? A The passage of the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing religious tolerance for French Protestants B The growing rivalries with other European powers for overseas colonies C The increasing political status of the new merchant class in France D The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

D The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

"Is it not a moving spectacle that barely a few years after the most frightful war that has ever convulsed the world, when the battlefields are still almost damp with blood, the same peoples which clashed so roughly meet in this peaceful assembly and affirm mutually their common desire to collaborate in the work of universal peace? Messieurs, peace for France and Germany means that the series of painful and bloody encounters that has stained every page of history is over; over too, are the long veils of mourning for sufferings that will never ease. No more wars, no more brutal and bloody solutions to our differences! Away with rifles, machine guns, cannon! Make way for conciliation, for arbitration, for peace!" French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand, declaration welcoming Germany's entry into the League of Nations, 1926 Which of the following best explains Briand's view as expressed in the passage? A The need for European states to cooperate in suppressing anticolonial rebellions B The desire to cooperate with former enemies to halt the spread of Bolshevism after the Russian Revolution C The desire of French political leaders to punish Germany for its actions in the First World War D The fears of French and other countries' political leaders of a repeat of the First World War

D The fears of French and other countries' political leaders of a repeat of the First World War

Which of the following best explains why the spread of the printing press encouraged the spread of new religious ideas? A The printing press required specialized knowledge and training to operate efficiently. B The printing press spread relatively quickly to many areas of Europe beyond the Rhineland region where it was first developed. C The Catholic Church attempted to control the production of religious texts by establishing approval procedures and lists of forbidden books. D The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.

D The printing press allowed people to bypass the Catholic Church's traditional monopoly on the production of religious texts.