AP Euro History Unit 1 Progress Check: MCQ
"Thus, the spice trade came to link Lisbon with Asia; sugar connected the Portuguese capital [Lisbon] with America; and the slave trade forged a chain across the southern Atlantic. From this time on, all struggles for dominance within Europe would take on a global character, as the European states sought to control the oceans and to oust their competitors from points of vantage gained in Asia, America, or Africa. From then on, too, events in one part of the globe would have repercussions in other parts. The several continents would be drawn into one worldwide system of connections. . . . The Dutch, then fighting their prolonged war against Spain, thus found an excuse and an opportunity to oust the Portuguese from their holdings in Asia and America. The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602 in order to break the Portuguese monopoly over the spice trade. In 1621, a Dutch West India company was created as well." Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History, 1982 Which of the following best describes the author's main argument in the passage?
A. In the seventeenth century, rivalries among European states began to be played out in many areas of the world. Feedback: Answer A Correct. Wolf's statement at the beginning of the second paragraph that "all struggles for dominance within Europe would take on a global character" is the main argument of the passage, which he supports with specific references to the creation of the Dutch national trading companies
The development of the printing press had which of the following effects on the Renaissance?
A. It aided the spread of Renaissance ideas beyond Italy. Feedback: Correct. Printed materials were a significant factor in spreading humanist ideas from Italy to the rest of Europe in the late 1400s and 1500s.
"On another occasion I spoke with you about a shorter sea route to the land of spices than that which you take for Guinea [West Africa]. Now your Most Serene King requests of me some statement or sketch that would make the route understandable and comprehensible, even to men of slight education. . . . Accordingly, I am sending His Majesty a chart done with my own hands. In this chart are illustrated your shores and islands from which you should sail ever westward, and after how many miles you should reach the most fertile lands of all spices and gems, and you must not be surprised that I call the regions in which spices are found 'western,' although they are usually called 'eastern.' From the city of Lisbon westward in a straight line to the very noble and splendid city of Quinsay [China], 26 spaces are indicated on the chart, each of which covers 250 miles. . . . So there is not a great space to be traversed over unknown waters. More details should, perhaps, be set forth with greater clarity, but the diligent reader will be able to infer the rest for himself." Paolo Toscanelli, Florentine astronomer, letter to a Portuguese official, 1474 Which of the following claims does Toscanelli make about China in the passage?
A. It was a source of valuable trading commodities. Feedback: Answer A Correct. Toscanelli's statements about the fertility of China and its abundant gems and spices suggest that he sees China as a source of valuable trade items.
"Ludovico: If it is in any way possible to measure the gravity of human sinfulness, then we should see Eve's sin as worse than Adam's. . . . she suggested and was the cause of Adam's sin—not he of hers. Isotta: But I see things from quite the opposite view. For where there is less intellect and less dedication, there is less sin; and Eve lacked these qualities and therefore sinned less. Adam must also be judged more guilty then Eve because of his greater contempt for God's command. For in Genesis 2 it appears that the Lord commanded Adam, not Eve. When God created man, from the beginning he created him perfect, and the powers of his soul perfect, and gave him a greater understanding and knowledge of truth as well as a greater depth of wisdom. . . . Therefore, it appears that Adam's sin was greater than Eve's. . . . Adam either had free will or he did not. If he did not have free will, he did not sin; if he had free will, then you claim Eve forced the sin upon him, which is impossible. . . . Thus, Adam appeared to accuse God rather than excuse himself when he said: 'The woman you placed at my side gave me fruit from the tree and I ate it.' Let these words be enough from me, an unarmed and poor little woman." Isotta Nogarola, Italian scholar, On the Equal or Unequal Sin of Eve and Adam, text written in the form of a debate between the author and Ludovico Foscarini, a Venetian statesman, Italy, 1451 The discussion of Adam and Eve's actions is best understood in the context of which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?
A. The growth of new humanist approaches that emphasized individuality Feedback: Answer A Correct. Isotta Nogarola's approach to the story of Adam and Eve emphasizes their humanity and individual choices, a key feature of Renaissance humanism.
In which of the following ways did new monarchs such as Queen Elizabeth of England move to centralize government authority in the 1500s and 1600s?
B. By monopolizing taxation and the use of military force Feedback: Answer B Correct. By creating standing armies with regular pay, financed by improved taxation which allowed for greater state expenditure, monarchs were able to reduce their dependence on the aristocracy for military service and financial backing during this period.
"If the French get the Spanish Crown*, we are beaten out of the Field as to Trade, and are besieged in our own Island, and [we cannot rely for safety on] our Fleet. I presume to lay this down as a fundamental principle, at least as the Wars go of late, that 'tis not the longest Sword, but the longest Purse that conquers. If the French get Spain they get the greatest Trade in the World in their Hands; they that have the most Trade, will have the most Money, and they that have the most Money, will have the most Ships, the best Fleet, and the best Armies; and if once the French master us at Sea, where are we then?" *A reference to the coronation of the grandson of Louis XIV of France as king of Spain, which many British people feared would lead to the unification of France and Spain Daniel Defoe, A True Collection of the Writings of the Author of the True Born English-man, London 1703 Which of the following best describes a major argument in the passage?
B. Economic power determined military capability. Feedback: Answer B Correct. Defoe's warning about the danger of the unification of France and Spain is based on his argument that greater national wealth leads to military superiority, as shown by his statement that it is the "longest Purse that conquers."
The printing press encouraged the growth of vernacular (non-Latin) literature. Which of the following best explains the long-term effect this development had on Europe?
B. It encouraged the development of distinct national cultures in Europe based on shared languages. Feedback: Answer B Correct. The development of distinct national cultures, such as those of the German, French, and English, was significantly aided by the printing and distribution of vernacular literature, such as Shakespeare's plays, which in turn shaped cultural ideas of nationality.
"The whole tribe [of clergy] is so universally loathed that even a chance meeting is thought to be ill-omened—and yet they are gloriously self-satisfied. In the first place, they believe it is the highest form of piety to be so uneducated that they can't even read. Then when they bray like donkeys in church, repeating by rote the psalms they haven't understood, they imagine they are charming the ears of their heavenly audience with infinite delight. Many of them too make a good living out of their squalor and beggary, bellowing for bread from door to door, and indeed making a nuisance of themselves in every inn, carriage, or boat, to the great loss of all other beggars. This is the way in which these smooth individuals, in all their filth and ignorance, their boorish and shameless behavior, claim to bring back the apostles into our midst! . . . As if indeed the deadliest enemies of the Church were not these impious pontiffs [popes] who allow Christ to be forgotten through their silence, fetter him with their mercenary laws, misrepresent him with their forced interpretations of his teaching, and slay him with their noxious way of life!" Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, In Praise of Folly, 1509 The Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance shared an emphasis on which of the following artistic styles and themes?
B. Naturalistic representations of human-centered subjects using geometric perspective Feedback: Answer B Correct. A major development in art during this period was an emphasis on human-centered subjects and naturalistic depictions using geometric perspective. Both the Northern Renaissance and the Italian Renaissance produced art with these characteristics.
"The records show that there was competition [in Europe during the 1600s] . . . between alternate products such as east Indian and European textiles; between identical products from different regions enjoying similar climates, e.g., sugar from Java and Bengal, sugar from Madeira and Sao Tome, and Brazilian and West Indian sugar; or between products grown in different climatic regions [such as] Chinese, Persian and Italian silk; Japanese, Hungarian, Swedish and West Indian copper; the spices of Asia, Africa and America; coffee from Mocha [in Arabia], Java and the West Indies: all of these competed. Study of the volume of trade and the movement of prices at selected locations reveals numerous instances of uniform trends. . . . The best barometer, however, is represented by the prices on the commodity exchange of Amsterdam. The yearly prices of colonial goods in this, the most important market place of northern Europe, mirror global market conditions . . . we see a regular flow of traffic through an immense network of trade routes that were linked together to form a European system of redistribution with Antwerp, Amsterdam, London and Hamburg constituting some of its most important centers." Kristoff Glamann, historian, "European Trade 1500-1750," in Carlo Cipolla, ed., The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 1974 Which of the following best describes the author's main argument in the passage?
B. The global market increasingly featured market competition among various luxury and bulk goods. Feedback: Answer B Correct. Throughout the passage, Glamann stresses price competition among an assortment of products from various regions traded in the global market.
"Ludovico: If it is in any way possible to measure the gravity of human sinfulness, then we should see Eve's sin as worse than Adam's. . . . she suggested and was the cause of Adam's sin—not he of hers. Isotta: But I see things from quite the opposite view. For where there is less intellect and less dedication, there is less sin; and Eve lacked these qualities and therefore sinned less. Adam must also be judged more guilty then Eve because of his greater contempt for God's command. For in Genesis 2 it appears that the Lord commanded Adam, not Eve. When God created man, from the beginning he created him perfect, and the powers of his soul perfect, and gave him a greater understanding and knowledge of truth as well as a greater depth of wisdom. . . . Therefore, it appears that Adam's sin was greater than Eve's. . . . Adam either had free will or he did not. If he did not have free will, he did not sin; if he had free will, then you claim Eve forced the sin upon him, which is impossible. . . . Thus, Adam appeared to accuse God rather than excuse himself when he said: 'The woman you placed at my side gave me fruit from the tree and I ate it.' Let these words be enough from me, an unarmed and poor little woman." Isotta Nogarola, Italian scholar, On the Equal or Unequal Sin of Eve and Adam, text written in the form of a debate between the author and Ludovico Foscarini, a Venetian statesman, Italy, 1451 Isotta Nogarola's publication of her challenge to Ludovico Foscarini best illustrates which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?
B. Women adapting humanist approaches to advocate for better treatment in society Feedback: Answer B Correct. Isotta Nogarola clearly intended her argument over Eve's relative sin to be a defense of women on humanist grounds, and publishing it took her ideas public.
"On another occasion I spoke with you about a shorter sea route to the land of spices than that which you take for Guinea [West Africa]. Now your Most Serene King requests of me some statement or sketch that would make the route understandable and comprehensible, even to men of slight education. . . . Accordingly, I am sending His Majesty a chart done with my own hands. In this chart are illustrated your shores and islands from which you should sail ever westward, and after how many miles you should reach the most fertile lands of all spices and gems, and you must not be surprised that I call the regions in which spices are found 'western,' although they are usually called 'eastern.' From the city of Lisbon westward in a straight line to the very noble and splendid city of Quinsay [China], 26 spaces are indicated on the chart, each of which covers 250 miles. . . . So there is not a great space to be traversed over unknown waters. More details should, perhaps, be set forth with greater clarity, but the diligent reader will be able to infer the rest for himself." Paolo Toscanelli, Florentine astronomer, letter to a Portuguese official, 1474 Which of the following best describes Toscanelli's argument in his letter?
C. A direct westward route to China would be shorter than the route the Portuguese were exploring. Feedback: Answer C Correct. Toscanelli asserts that his proposed sea route westward from Portugal over the Atlantic would be shorter than traveling south and east around Africa, which was the route being explored by the Portuguese at the time.
"The records show that there was competition [in Europe during the 1600s] . . . between alternate products such as east Indian and European textiles; between identical products from different regions enjoying similar climates, e.g., sugar from Java and Bengal, sugar from Madeira and Sao Tome, and Brazilian and West Indian sugar; or between products grown in different climatic regions [such as] Chinese, Persian and Italian silk; Japanese, Hungarian, Swedish and West Indian copper; the spices of Asia, Africa and America; coffee from Mocha [in Arabia], Java and the West Indies: all of these competed. Study of the volume of trade and the movement of prices at selected locations reveals numerous instances of uniform trends. . . . The best barometer, however, is represented by the prices on the commodity exchange of Amsterdam. The yearly prices of colonial goods in this, the most important market place of northern Europe, mirror global market conditions . . . we see a regular flow of traffic through an immense network of trade routes that were linked together to form a European system of redistribution with Antwerp, Amsterdam, London and Hamburg constituting some of its most important centers." Kristoff Glamann, historian, "European Trade 1500-1750," in Carlo Cipolla, ed., The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, 1974 Which of the following best describes the author's claim regarding price competition among products?
C. Competition was among products from a variety of sources within and outside of Europe. Feedback: Answer C Correct. Glamann provides a number of examples of price competition among products originating from a variety of European and non-European regions.
The development of the printing press had which of the following general effects on Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
C. It significantly contributed to the spread of new ideas across Europe. Feedback: Answer C Correct. The development of the printing press allowed for cheaper production of written materials, such as books, pamphlets, and broadsheets. Together with a rise in literacy, the printing press enabled new ideas to be spread among the public much more rapidly and effectively than before.
"Let us consider the history of forage grasses, because these . . . were vital to the spread of European livestock and therefore to Europeans themselves. There are about 10,000 grass species, but a mere 40 account for 99 percent of the sown grass pastures in the world. Few, if any, of the 40 are native to the great grasslands outside the Old World [Europe, Asia, and Africa]. Twenty-four of the forty occur naturally and have apparently grown for a very long time in an area comprising Europe . . . plus North Africa and the Middle East. . . . The Old World quadrupeds [large grazing animals], when transported to America, Australia, and New Zealand, stripped away the local grasses. . . . Old World [forage grasses], particularly those from Europe and nearby parts of Asia and Africa, swept in and occupied the bare ground. They were tolerant of open sunlight, bare soil, and close cropping and of being constantly trod upon, and they possessed a number of means of propagation and spread. . . . When the [imported] livestock returned for a meal the next season, [the grasses were still] there. When the stockman went out in search of his stock, they were there too, and healthy." Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 1986 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use most directly to support his claim about the importance of forage grasses for the spread of European colonization?
C. The assertion that displacement of native grasses by Eurasian grasses allowed imported livestock to flourish Feedback: Answer C Correct. Crosby's main claim in this passage is that the transfer of certain species of European grasses in the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand was crucial to the success of European colonization. The connection of the spread of these grasses and with the spread of European livestock is a key logical link, since European agricultural techniques were dependent on the ready availability of livestock.
"These early modern [commercial] 'revolutions' are supposed to have been spearheaded by females, who increasingly purchased clothes and [groceries] in the market, using cash they earned from reallocating time from unpaid household work to market jobs. This might seem perfectly consistent with what we know about the Netherlands and England. But in most early modern European economies women faced a huge array of institutional constraints on their work and consumption choices. [For example], the southwest German territory of Württemberg differed from the Low Countries and England, but resembled many other parts of continental Europe, in the enduring powers of its guilds, communities, and local religious institutions. Württemberg retained occupational guilds until 1862, not just in traditional handicrafts, but also in export oriented proto-industries, shopkeeping, and merchant trading. Württemberg also had powerful local communities, whose courts, councils, officials, and citizens' assemblies enabled them to monitor and regulate work, leisure, consumption, education, marriage, sexuality, and economic transactions. Württemberg established local church courts in the 1640s which remained active until c. 1890, had the power to impose fines and incarceration as well as religious penances, and closely regulated work, consumption, sociability, sexuality, poor relief, and cultural practices." Sheilagh Ogilvie, historian, "Consumption, Social Capital, and the 'Industrious Revolution' in Early Modern Germany," The Journal of Economic History, 2010 Which of the following pieces of evidence mentioned by Ogilvie best supports her claim that Württemberg's institutions prevented women from playing a leading role in the Commercial Revolution there?
C. The authority of church courts and citizen's assemblies to regulate work and consumption Feedback: Answer C Correct. The fact that church courts and citizen's assemblies regulated work and consumption—activities at the heart of the Commercial Revolution—directly connects them to her claim that a variety of institutions prevented Württemberg's women from playing a leading role in the Commercial Revolution.
In 1558 Queen Elizabeth issued a decree that attempted to restrict and control the manner of preaching and religious teachings in England. Her action best represents which of the following
D. Monarchical reforms designed to give governments greater control over religion and morality Feedback: Answer D Correct. Elizabeth's attempt to restrict preaching was a clear example of monarchs attempting to take more control over religion in their states. Lessening religious conflict was an important goal for Elizabeth and other new monarchs of early modern Europe.
"Ludovico: If it is in any way possible to measure the gravity of human sinfulness, then we should see Eve's sin as worse than Adam's. . . . she suggested and was the cause of Adam's sin—not he of hers. Isotta: But I see things from quite the opposite view. For where there is less intellect and less dedication, there is less sin; and Eve lacked these qualities and therefore sinned less. Adam must also be judged more guilty then Eve because of his greater contempt for God's command. For in Genesis 2 it appears that the Lord commanded Adam, not Eve. When God created man, from the beginning he created him perfect, and the powers of his soul perfect, and gave him a greater understanding and knowledge of truth as well as a greater depth of wisdom. . . . Therefore, it appears that Adam's sin was greater than Eve's. . . . Adam either had free will or he did not. If he did not have free will, he did not sin; if he had free will, then you claim Eve forced the sin upon him, which is impossible. . . . Thus, Adam appeared to accuse God rather than excuse himself when he said: 'The woman you placed at my side gave me fruit from the tree and I ate it.' Let these words be enough from me, an unarmed and poor little woman." Isotta Nogarola, Italian scholar, On the Equal or Unequal Sin of Eve and Adam, text written in the form of a debate between the author and Ludovico Foscarini, a Venetian statesman, Italy, 1451 The passage best illustrates which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?
C. The creation of new approaches to the study of religious texts Feedback: Answer C Correct. One of the characteristic features of the Renaissance was the engagement with classical and biblical texts by scholars, which led to new interpretations of those texts, as Nogarola's fictionalized debate with Foscarini shows.
"Thus, the spice trade came to link Lisbon with Asia; sugar connected the Portuguese capital [Lisbon] with America; and the slave trade forged a chain across the southern Atlantic. From this time on, all struggles for dominance within Europe would take on a global character, as the European states sought to control the oceans and to oust their competitors from points of vantage gained in Asia, America, or Africa. From then on, too, events in one part of the globe would have repercussions in other parts. The several continents would be drawn into one worldwide system of connections. . . . The Dutch, then fighting their prolonged war against Spain, thus found an excuse and an opportunity to oust the Portuguese from their holdings in Asia and America. The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602 in order to break the Portuguese monopoly over the spice trade. In 1621, a Dutch West India company was created as well." Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History, 1982 Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the author's implied claim that the Columbian Exchange fostered global connections?
C. The trade in sugar was important to the Portuguese capital of Lisbon. Feedback: Answer C Correct. Wolf's mention of the sugar trade in the first paragraph supports the claim that the Columbian Exchange was a significant factor in the globalization of the world trade economy dominated by Europe. The transfer of the sugarcane plant from the Mediterranean to South America and the Caribbean led to the creation of a vast industry devoted to the production and transport of sugar and sugar products.
"The whole tribe [of clergy] is so universally loathed that even a chance meeting is thought to be ill-omened—and yet they are gloriously self-satisfied. In the first place, they believe it is the highest form of piety to be so uneducated that they can't even read. Then when they bray like donkeys in church, repeating by rote the psalms they haven't understood, they imagine they are charming the ears of their heavenly audience with infinite delight. Many of them too make a good living out of their squalor and beggary, bellowing for bread from door to door, and indeed making a nuisance of themselves in every inn, carriage, or boat, to the great loss of all other beggars. This is the way in which these smooth individuals, in all their filth and ignorance, their boorish and shameless behavior, claim to bring back the apostles into our midst! . . . As if indeed the deadliest enemies of the Church were not these impious pontiffs [popes] who allow Christ to be forgotten through their silence, fetter him with their mercenary laws, misrepresent him with their forced interpretations of his teaching, and slay him with their noxious way of life!" Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, In Praise of Folly, 1509 Participants in the Northern Renaissance, such as Erasmus, differed from participants in the Italian Renaissance in which of the following ways?
C. They focused more on humanism as a mechanism for religious reform. Feedback: Answer C Correct. One key distinction between the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance was the Northern Renaissance's emphasis on religious matters and applying humanist principles as a means of advocating for religious reform.
"These early modern [commercial] 'revolutions' are supposed to have been spearheaded by females, who increasingly purchased clothes and [groceries] in the market, using cash they earned from reallocating time from unpaid household work to market jobs. This might seem perfectly consistent with what we know about the Netherlands and England. But in most early modern European economies women faced a huge array of institutional constraints on their work and consumption choices. [For example], the southwest German territory of Württemberg differed from the Low Countries and England, but resembled many other parts of continental Europe, in the enduring powers of its guilds, communities, and local religious institutions. Württemberg retained occupational guilds until 1862, not just in traditional handicrafts, but also in export oriented proto-industries, shopkeeping, and merchant trading. Württemberg also had powerful local communities, whose courts, councils, officials, and citizens' assemblies enabled them to monitor and regulate work, leisure, consumption, education, marriage, sexuality, and economic transactions. Württemberg established local church courts in the 1640s which remained active until c. 1890, had the power to impose fines and incarceration as well as religious penances, and closely regulated work, consumption, sociability, sexuality, poor relief, and cultural practices." Sheilagh Ogilvie, historian, "Consumption, Social Capital, and the 'Industrious Revolution' in Early Modern Germany," The Journal of Economic History, 2010 Which of the following pieces of evidence does Ogilvie NOT use to support her argument about the course of the Commercial Revolution being different in Württemberg than in England and the Netherlands?
C. Württemberg's women increasingly purchasing clothing and groceries on the market Feedback: Answer C Correct. Ogilvie asserts that the increasing participation of women in market-oriented consumption patterns was characteristic of the Commercial Revolution as it played out in England and the Netherlands. She strongly implies that this same pattern did not occur in Württemberg.
"Let us consider the history of forage grasses, because these . . . were vital to the spread of European livestock and therefore to Europeans themselves. There are about 10,000 grass species, but a mere 40 account for 99 percent of the sown grass pastures in the world. Few, if any, of the 40 are native to the great grasslands outside the Old World [Europe, Asia, and Africa]. Twenty-four of the forty occur naturally and have apparently grown for a very long time in an area comprising Europe . . . plus North Africa and the Middle East. . . . The Old World quadrupeds [large grazing animals], when transported to America, Australia, and New Zealand, stripped away the local grasses. . . . Old World [forage grasses], particularly those from Europe and nearby parts of Asia and Africa, swept in and occupied the bare ground. They were tolerant of open sunlight, bare soil, and close cropping and of being constantly trod upon, and they possessed a number of means of propagation and spread. . . . When the [imported] livestock returned for a meal the next season, [the grasses were still] there. When the stockman went out in search of his stock, they were there too, and healthy." Alfred Crosby, historian, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 1986 What evidence supplied by Crosby most directly supports the claim that Old World forage grasses were particularly important to livestock used by European colonists?
D. Old World forage grasses were tolerant of close cropping and being constantly trod upon by animals. Feedback: Answer D Correct. The connection that Crosby makes between the spread of certain species of Old World forage grasses and the success of European colonies depends on the idea that these grasses were a particularly important food for European livestock. The observation that these forage grasses can tolerate being eaten down to a short height (i.e., "closely cropped") and stepped on suggests that once they appeared in an area populated by livestock, they were likely to survive and form a major source of food for the animals.
"The whole tribe [of clergy] is so universally loathed that even a chance meeting is thought to be ill-omened—and yet they are gloriously self-satisfied. In the first place, they believe it is the highest form of piety to be so uneducated that they can't even read. Then when they bray like donkeys in church, repeating by rote the psalms they haven't understood, they imagine they are charming the ears of their heavenly audience with infinite delight. Many of them too make a good living out of their squalor and beggary, bellowing for bread from door to door, and indeed making a nuisance of themselves in every inn, carriage, or boat, to the great loss of all other beggars. This is the way in which these smooth individuals, in all their filth and ignorance, their boorish and shameless behavior, claim to bring back the apostles into our midst! . . . As if indeed the deadliest enemies of the Church were not these impious pontiffs [popes] who allow Christ to be forgotten through their silence, fetter him with their mercenary laws, misrepresent him with their forced interpretations of his teaching, and slay him with their noxious way of life!" Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, In Praise of Folly, 1509 Erasmus' critique of the clergy were most clearly influenced by which of the following historical developments at the time he wrote In Praise of Folly ?
D. The humanist challenge to the institutional power of the Catholic Church Feedback: Answer D Correct. Erasmus' critique was based on humanist principles and beliefs regarding individual behavior and morality and were a direct challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church.
"These early modern [commercial] 'revolutions' are supposed to have been spearheaded by females, who increasingly purchased clothes and [groceries] in the market, using cash they earned from reallocating time from unpaid household work to market jobs. This might seem perfectly consistent with what we know about the Netherlands and England. But in most early modern European economies women faced a huge array of institutional constraints on their work and consumption choices. [For example], the southwest German territory of Württemberg differed from the Low Countries and England, but resembled many other parts of continental Europe, in the enduring powers of its guilds, communities, and local religious institutions. Württemberg retained occupational guilds until 1862, not just in traditional handicrafts, but also in export oriented proto-industries, shopkeeping, and merchant trading. Württemberg also had powerful local communities, whose courts, councils, officials, and citizens' assemblies enabled them to monitor and regulate work, leisure, consumption, education, marriage, sexuality, and economic transactions. Württemberg established local church courts in the 1640s which remained active until c. 1890, had the power to impose fines and incarceration as well as religious penances, and closely regulated work, consumption, sociability, sexuality, poor relief, and cultural practices." Sheilagh Ogilvie, historian, "Consumption, Social Capital, and the 'Industrious Revolution' in Early Modern Germany," The Journal of Economic History, 2010 Which of the following does the author use to support her argument that the pattern of the Commercial Revolution in England and the Netherlands represented an exceptional case rather than a pattern characteristic of Europe in general?
D. The transition of women into market jobs, which increased purchases of consumer goods in England and the Netherlands. Feedback: Answer D Correct. Ogilvie argues that historians of the Commercial Revolution have concentrated on the role of women in spurring the transformation because they have mostly studied England and the Netherlands, where the increasing participation of women in the commercial marketplace was in fact a key element. Ogilvie challenges the notion that the pattern seen in England and the Netherlands is representative of most of Europe
The development of new monarchies in the 1400s and 1500s occurred at the same time as the growth in power and influence of
merchant and professional groups Feedback: Answer A Correct. Most areas in western Europe saw a growth in the power and influence of merchant and professional groups (such as lawyers). In many cases, new monarchs sought the support of these groups as they expanded their own authority.
