Ap Euro - Midterm 2 Pt. 1, Ap Euro - Midterm 2 Pt. 2
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.
Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population
doubled
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism.
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.
What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize?
A call for greater tenderness toward children
Who was William Cockerill?
An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?
An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?
An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
In Primary Source 17.1, Arthur Young, writing at the end of the eighteenth century on the benefits of enclosure, believes that
enclosures will increase the amount of employment compared with open fields.
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
featured varying degrees of government involvement.
Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was
france
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain.
In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on the debt.
In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.
The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily
lawyers and government officials.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a
military dictatorship.
The string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-94 owed largely to
patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft.
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
Within the family, the operation of the loom
was reserved for the male head of household.
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
He sought to impose a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Presbyterian Scotland.
Which of the following correctly identifies Napoleon Bonaparte's background?
He won brilliant victories in Italy in 1796 and 1797.
What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?
Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?
The Girondists' more moderate policies
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?
Pierre Bayle
According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, which power or powers participated in the partition of 1793?
Prussia and Russia
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties?
Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death.
Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coalmining?
Textiles, iron, and machinery
Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789 does not include any information on female literacy rates. What other information is excluded from this map?
That there were trends in French literacy rates over time
List the countries allied with Napoleon on Map 19.2: Napoleonic Europe in 1812.
The Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Norway and Denmark
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?
The Ruhr
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?
The parish church.
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
What did Henry Cort develop?
The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties.
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.
What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.
How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?
They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?
They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.
The presentation by the Reverend Samuel Pullein to the Royal Society of England regarding "An Account of a Particular Species of Cocoon, or Silk-Pod, from America" (Primary Source 16.2), was
a careful investigation of the silk pod and whether it might serve as a source of silk.
Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by
allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically.
In the nineteenth century, Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued
as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
equality before the law.
The industrious revolution was a result of
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were
popular with the European masses.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the
power of the state over the church.
Typically, French classicism
presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the
prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.
According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.
The spinning of thread for the loom
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.
In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.
Map 17.1: Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe suggests a relationship between population density and the growth of textile production. This leads to the conclusion that textile production was concentrated in
rural areas with relatively dense populations.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
simplifying Prussia's laws.
The Loyalist faction in the American Revolution
tended to be wealthy and politically moderate.
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
the Atlantic economy.
"Guard yourself, my son, whichever side you take in this dispute among the philosophers, against the inevitable obstinacy to which the spirit of partisanship carries one. . . . The search for truth is the only thing in which the love of your country must not prevail, and it is surely very unfortunate that the opinions of Newton and of Descartes have become a sort of national affair." This quotation from Primary Source 16.3: Foundations of Physics refers to
the controversy concerning whether Descartes' or Newton's systems should be considered the superior method of scientific investigation.
Although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published
the first translation of Newton's Principia into French.
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.
Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship.
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.
During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would
Earn little money and work hard.
In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
Farming and agriculture
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
France lacked a central bank and paper currency.
What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the
Fronde.
On Map 19.2: Napoleonic Europe in 1812, which states are not allied with Napoleon?
Great Britain, Portugal, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia.
In Primary Source 20.1: Debate over Child Labor Laws, how did Sir Robert Peel argue against the employment of child laborers in 1818 debates in Parliament?
He asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution.
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?
It compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
It emphasized a warm and emotional religion.
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved?
Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independ
One of the century's most influential works on child-reading was Emile; or, On Education by
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was
London.
Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because
Of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.
After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at
Poltava.
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
In Primary Source 15.3, how does Olearius view Russians as a people?
They are naturally tough and born for slavery.
According to Primary Source 18.4: The Fashion Merchant, why did some courtiers object to Rose Bertin's relationship with Queen Marie Antoinette?
They objected to the idea that Bertin and the queen were collaborators rather than monarch and subject.
How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?
They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure.
A young woman entering domestic service could expect
To work hard on an endless array of jobs.
In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife?
Treating female medical difficulties.
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the
Treaty of Paris.
What factor explains the existence of several other areas of high literacy rates in France, as depicted in Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789?
Urbanization that might also feature extensive commerce and manufacture
In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
Vegetables.
In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
In Primary Source 16.1: The Sidereal Messenger, Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. His observations led him to
assert that the moon was uneven, similar to the surface of the earth.
The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it
banned children under nine years of age from employment.
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
become landless rural wage earners
Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
The religious revival movement known as Pietism
called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.
By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"change the general way of thinking."
What was the Republic of Letters?
A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
Catholic Reformation.
Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?he final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of
Growth in armed forces
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.
How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia?
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of
Johann Sebastian Bach.
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by
John Locke.
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.
Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Spain
Which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
The Persian Letter
How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.
Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occu
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a military coup.
When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to
a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.
In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the
consolidation of serfdom.
Political power in the Dutch Republic was
controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.
Mercantilist theory postulated that
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society.
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
improved water supply and sewage systems.
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
in all regions.
Louis XIV selected councilors from the
newly ennobled or upper middle class.
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
reduced nobles' power over their serfs.
In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of
the House of Orange.
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was
the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.
The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten.
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
Creoles.
Why does Daniel Defoe believe that cottage industry is the answer to rural poverty (Primary Source 17.2)?
A man can continue to work in agriculture while his wife and children supplement his wages with their earning.
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.
In Primary Source 18.5: Advice to Methodists, what does John Wesley include under "Strictness of Life"?
Abstaining from fashionable diversions
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies.
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
In the seventeenth century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating martyrs.
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
On the map "The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748," what territories did Austria acquire after the decisive victory over the Ottoman Empire (1718)?
Banat, Serbia, and Wallachia
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799.
What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?
Conquest of smallpox.
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
Convicted prisoners
On the map "The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748," what territories did Prussia acquire between 1640 and 1688?
Eastern Pomerania and Magdeburg
Who predicted in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny?
Edmund Burke
Why might Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789 show the literacy rate to be relatively high in the area close to the capital city of Paris?
Educational facilities, publishing houses, and a vibrant intellectual life in Paris would work to assist the growth of literacy in nearby areas.
Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?
Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches.
The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.
What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?
Establishment of limited liability investment.
What was the Catholic version of Pietism?
Faith healing.
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.
How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.
Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.
On Map 19.3: The War of Haitian Independence, 1791-1804, where is the first phase of the slave insurrection in 1791 located?
In the area of the capital of Saint-Domingue, Le Cap.
According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, where was Warsaw, the capital of the former Poland, located after the partition of 1795?
In the territory absorbed by Prussia
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.
How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?
It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups.
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
It harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.
What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?
It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?
It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.
What was the function of the Crystal Palace?
It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?
Its importance in community life.
In Primary Source 18.2, what does The Catechism of Health for the Use of Schools and for Domestic Instruction recommend for infants?
Keeping them dry and clean
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s?
Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria.
Map 17.2:The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. What goods were sent from Europe and Africa to the Americas?
Manufactured goods and slaves
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Mary Wollstonecraft
Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?
Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes.
What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.
In Primary Source 20.3: The Testimony of Young Mine Workers, what do Ann Eggley, eighteen years old, and Patience Kershaw, aged seventeen, have in common?
Neither girl has learned to read or write.
In the eighteenth century, what problems did the Church of England face?
Officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people.
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?
Paris, Lyons, Lille
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
The Junkers were
Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state.
What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service?
Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served.
Wet-nursing practices included
Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system.
According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, which power or powers benefited most from the partitions?
Russia
Compare the map "Europe after the Thirty Years' War" to the map "Europe after the Peace of Utrecht." Which state changed hands between 1648 and 1715?
Sardinia
Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Several thousand Parisian women.
In Primary Source 19.3: Petition of the French Jews, what is the main argument for citizenship?
Since civil rights are independent from religious principles, all men are equally able to serve the fatherland and should have the title of citizen.
What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850?
Social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.
What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?
Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties.
Which lands shown on Map 15.1: Europe after the Thirty Years' War belonged to the Spanish Habsburgs?
Spain, Portugal, the Spanish Netherlands, Franche-Comté, Milan, and Naples
List the satellite states found on Map 19.2: Napoleonic Europe in 1812.
Spain, the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and the Confederation of the Rhine
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called
St. Petersburg.
One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by
Stenka Razin.
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
declared all men and women to be equal.
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.
On Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area?
The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool.
As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?
The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints.
Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.
In Primary Source 20.2: Living Conditions of the Working Classes, what common problem is cited in the interviews with the two doctors?
The dwellings are overcrowded.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of scientific racism
What factor explains areas of relatively low literacy rates, as depicted in Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789?
The focus on agriculture in the region
The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
In Primary Source 15.5, how does Locke understand the process by which a government functions?
The people are in full liberty to resist those who, without authority, would impose anything upon them.
Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?
The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes.
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
The rural poor worked for low wages
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top DIFF: Levels of the bureaucracy?
The sultan's slave corps
In Primary Source 19.2: What Is the Third Estate?, what does the Abbé de Sieyès say about the third estate?
The third estate contains everything that pertains to the nation, and thus it is everything.
How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?
The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits.
In Primary Source 15.3, how does Olearius depict the Russian government?
The tsar or the grand prince rules the land alone, and all the people are his subjects.
How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?
They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people.
Why did the Antifederalists oppose the new American constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?
They feared for the individual freedoms for which they had fought.
Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?
They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?
They were not harsh and even quite good.
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?
They were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs.
In Primary Source 20.5, what does Sarah Stickney Ellis advise the middle-class woman to do?
Think about how best to help those who need assistance
In Primary Source 19.1, what does Abigail Adams want John Adams to do when she asks him to "remember the ladies"?
To grant women full political rights.
What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?
To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards.
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
Map 17.2: The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. What was sent from the Americas to Europe?
Tobacco, silver, sugar, and furs
In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?
Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.
How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?
While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.
Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers.
In Primary Source 19.5: Napoleon's Proclamation to the French People, Napoleon claims to be
a soldier of liberty.
In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by
abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges.
The reformer Robert Owens sought to
create a single large national union for British workers.
Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt.
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters
guarded their guild privileges jealously.
In the seventeenth and the eighteenth century, foundling homes
had extremely high death rates.
Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by
high infant mortality rates.
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
improved only after 1820.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
in general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving."
Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated
large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress.
As noted in Primary Source 17.3, Adam Smith thought that a proper division of labor would make it possible for a small number of men to do the work of many more because it
makes it possible for an unskilled worker to be part of the manufacturing process.
According to Olympe de Gouges,
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law.
The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or
millets.
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
more wars and likely fewer people.
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
the British colonial empire.
How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?
the Pyrenees.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.
In Two Treatises of Government (Primary Source 15.5), John Locke notes that
the government must obtain the consent of the majority for taxes.
"Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" (Primary Source 16.5) reflects his concern that
the people encountered by European explorers should recognize that Europeans had nothing to offer them.
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence DIFF: Level.
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.
The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to
the size and strength of British naval power.
The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate
the true strength of the French nation.
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.
