Ap Euro Terms

New Imperialism (date)

1880's-1914

New Monarchs (date)

Late fifteenth, early sixteenth

Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Only Italian city state to official have a "king". controlled by both France and Spain.

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Lorenzo Valla

(1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism.

Leonardo Bruni

1. First to use the term "humanism" 2. Among the most important of the civic humanists 3. Served as a chancellor in Florence 4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern history, and wrote a narrative using primary source documents and the division of historical periods

Later Middle Ages (date)

1300-1450

Renaissance (date)

1300-1600 (First in Italy, then Northern Europe)

Boccaccio

1313-1375 Contemp. with Petrarch & also a Florentine. Best known for his Decameron - collection of witty & often bawdy tales told over period of ten days by a group of ten young people fleeing Florence because of plague. Was encouraged by Petrarch, studied ancient manuscripts & learned Greek for this. Considered an early humanist also.

Hundred Years War (date)

1337-1453

Fall of Byzantine Empire (date)

1453

Commercial Revolution (date)

1500-1700

Reformation (date)

1517

Catholic Counter Reformation (date)

1545-1563

Golden Age of Spain (date)

1550-1650

French Civil Wars (date)

1562-1594

Spanish Armada (date)

1588

30 Years War (date)

1618

English Civil War (date)

1642-1649

Westphalia (date)

1648

Age of Absolutism (date)

1650-1750

Glorious Revolution (date)

1688

War of the League of Augsburg (date)

1689-1697

Second 100 Years War (date)

1689-1815

Old Imperialism (date)

16th and 17th Centuries

Scientific Revolution (date)

16th and 17th centuries

War of Spanish Succession (date)

1702-1713

Act of Union, Great Britain created (date)

1707

War of Austrian Succession (date)

1740-1748

Enlightened Despotism (date)

1750-1800

Industrial Revolution (date)

1750-1850

Seven Years War (date)

1756-1763

American Revolution (date)

1775-1783

Romanticism (date)

1780's- 1850

Age of Montesquieu: National Assembly (date)

1789-1791

French Revolution (date)

1789-1799

Age of Montesquieu: Legislative Assembly (date)

1791-1792

Age of Rousseau: National Convention (date)

1792-1795

French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (date)

1792-1815

Age of Rousseau: Directory (date)

1795-1799

Napoleonic Era (Age of Voltaire): Consul (date)

1799-1804

Baroque period (date)

17th century

Constitutionalism in England (date)

17th century

Napoleonic Era (Age of Voltaire): Empire (date)

1804-1815

Congress of Vienna (date)

1815

Concert of Europe (date)

1815-1848

Realism (date)

1848- late 19th century

Age of Realpolitik (date)

1848-1871

Second French Empire (date)

1852-1871

Unification of Italy and Germany (date)

1871

Age of Mass Politics (date)

1871-1914 (and beyond)

Third French Empire (date)

1871-1940

"Long 20th century"

1871-1991

Enlightenment (date)

18th century

"Short 20th century"

1914-1991

World War I (date)

1915-1918

Russian Revolution (date)

1917

Lenin (date)

1917-1924

Interwar Period (Age of Anxiety) (date)

1919-1939

Counterculture and student protests (date)

1960's

Stalin (date)

1927-1953

World War II (date)

1939-1945

Decolonization (date)

1945-1970's

Cold War (date)

1946-1991

De-stalinization under Khrushchev (date)

1955-1964

Consevation and re-stalinization under Bruzhnev (date)

1964-1982

Detente (date)

1972-1979

Atlantic Alliance (date)

1980's

Gorbachev (date)

1985

European Union/ Treaty of Maastricht (date)

1991

Revolutions of 1989 and Fall of Soviet Union (date)

1991

Jacob Burckhart

19th century historian that claimed the Renaissance period stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages. (Creator of term "Renaissance"

Papal States

A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. The last papal state—the Vatican City—was formally established as a separate state by the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

Republic of Florence

A moderatly large Italian city that was central to the Italian Renaissance because of its gifted individuals; Dante, Pretrach, Boccaccio, Machiavelli, Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio, Boticelli and others. The city was ruled by the Medici familly, a family of great wealth. Still, the city continued to produce new ways of thinking and helped progress the Renaissance further.

Italian Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600

Cesare Borgia

A political leader, son of Pope Alexander VI, a member of the Spanish Borgia family, he had ambitions of uniting all of Italy under his control. His father tried to exploit his office for the benefit of his relatives.

Peace of Lodi, 1454

All 5 powers of Italy occurred to two balanced alliances: Florence and Milan, and Venice and Naples. These states and the papacy agreed on nonaggression, which lasted for 40 years. Still, the powers fought each other, swallowing up smaller territories to build empires and compete with one another. After 40 years, they resumed fighting as before.

commenda system

Contract between merchant and merchant adventurer who agreed to take goods to distant location s and return with the proceeds for 1/3 of the profit

Marsilio Ficino

Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.

Charles VIII

French king, invited by Sforza to invade Florence, fought over Italy with Ferdinand of Aragon in the first of many French Italian wars. In 1494, he controlled Florence, the Papal States, and Naples.

Republic of Venice

Longest lasting of the Italian states because it did not succumb to foreign powers unit Napoleon. Also one of the world's great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries

signori

Lords of Italian cities. As the Italian communes of the 13th century became increasingly fractiious, regional nobles saw this friction as politically advantageous and offered to become the lords of the cities. Their accession to power was often accomplished peacefully, as most communes were willing to accept repression for a lasting peace.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Duchy of Milan

Ruled by Sforza Family after 1450; Milan was a principal adversary of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi created a relative 40- year period of peace among the Italian city states

Baldassare Castiglione

The Book of The Courtier. Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.

Cosimo de' Medici

The wealthiest Florentine and an astute statesman, de' Medici brought stability back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power; controlled the city internally from behind the scenes, skillfully manipulating the constitution and influencing elections; through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, Cosimo was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signoria (the governing body of Florence, composed of 8 councilors); as head of the Office of Public Debt, Cosimo was able to favor congenial factions; He was the grandfather of Lorenzo the Magnificent

Pico della Mirandola

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Girolamo Savonarola

a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty

city-states

a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit.

Sack of Rome

a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States in 1527.

Humanism

a philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance

Latin Vulgate

created by Jerome, first Bible able to be read by the common people as it was written in the vernacular

Agricultural Revolution (date)

early 1700's

Golden Age of Netherlands (date)

first half of 17th century

civic humanism

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

Lorenzo d' Medici

known as "The Magnificent" was a skilled politician who helped to hold Florence together during difficult times. He was also a patron of the arts.

2nd Industrial Revolution (date)

late 19th century

oligarchies

rule of merchant aristocracies, controlled much of Italy by 1300

condotierri

soldier for hire. Mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes.