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querelles des femmes
"arguments about women." a centuries-old debate about the nature of women that began with men and their unfavorable medieval viewpoints and continued into the scientific revolution, where women joined the debate to fight back against the men's unsavory views
andreas vesalius- on the fabric of the human body
a book illustrating and commenting on human anatomy. it was revolutionary and actually fairly accurate.
francis bacon's inductive method
a correct scientific method based on inductive principles. urged scientists that they could develop correct generalizations through carefully organized experiments and systematic observation
the fronde
a french rebellion occurring because people opposed increasing taxation
aristotle
a greek philosopher who's work was a major influence towards the beginning of the scientific revolution
nicolaus copernicus
a mathematician and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe
versailles
a palace built by louis XIV outside of paris that was home to louis and many members of his government. it became a symbol of the french absolutist state and the power of the sun king.
absolutism
a political system in which the ruler holds total (absolute) power
the orthodox church
a sect of christianity similar to catholicism. however, unlike catholics, orthodox christians recognize the pope and priests as human and therefore subject to human error
ship money
a tax on coastal towns that charles I tried to put in place without the consent of parliament
two treatises of government
a writing by john locke illustrating his view of government
rump parliament
abolished the monarchy and the house of lords, proclaiming england a republic
peter the great
absolutist russian tsar who centralized government by taking power away from nobles. created a table of ranks. he also changed the social constructs of russia by altering etiquette, education, and technology, and was disliked by the church because of this
test act
act forbidding anyone except members of the church of england (for example catholics) from holding positions of power
navigation act of 1651
act that required all trade between england and the colonies to be regulated by england
cardinal richelieu
advisor to louis the 13th in france
james I (1603-1625)
an absolutist english monarch who believed in the divine right of kings. his views alienated parliament, which lead to conflict as parliament was used to ruling alongside the king in a balanced polity (equal effort)
conscript standing armies
an army formation developed by gustavus adolphus
maria sybilla merian
an early entomologist (studies insects) and scientific illustrator
margaret cavendish
argued for women's participation in the scientific field. wrote "observations upon experimental philosophy', argued that both rationalist and empiricist approaches are necessary, considering that there are flaws in a simply either or approach
ptolmaic universe
based on the ideas of ptolemy and aristotle, this this was an early universe theory saying that the universe is a series of concentric spheres centered around the earth
brahe & kepler
both doubted the geocentric theory. kepler used brahe's astronomical data to develop his three laws of planetary motion
james II
catholic king of england after charles II who threatened a catholic hereditary monarchy. he suspended the laws barring catholics from positions of power. parliament was close to revolt over his catholic policies
levellers
commoners questioning the parliament. they want to be able to vote
english civil war (1642-1651)
conflict of power, government and religion between the english parliament and the monarchy
war of spanish succession (1701-1714)
conflict which resulted in two separate bourbon lines, one ruling in france, and one ruling in spain
louis XIV's wars
conquests in an attempt to expand the power of france
instrument of government
constitution written for oliver cromwell's government
jean baptiste-colbert
controller general of finances for louis XIV
english bill of rights (1689)
declaration of rights that clearly divided the parliament vs the kings power, laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy (system of government where monarch shares power with an organized government under rule of the constitution)
oliver cromwell
english general and statesman who who lead the parliament's armies during the english civil war
charles I (1625-1649)
english monarch who's conflict with parliament provoked the civil war. in addition, his religious policy was disastrous, and he married a catholic, which raised suspicion, as he was an anglican
john locke
english philosopher who advocated for the idea that government is a "social construct": government united people into a civil society that they consented to be a part of, and they could revoke their consent at any time
thomas hobbes
english philosopher who supported absolutism within government
edict of fontainebleau
established by louis XIV, it revoked the edict of nantes (which granted religious freedoms) and suspended the religious freedom of french huguenots
saint petersburg
established by peter the great, who made nobles build houses there
glorious revolution
events that took place as james II is overthrown and replaced by william and mary of orange
russian serfdom
form of feudalism in russia, and the dominant form of relation between russian peasants and the nobility
french royal academy of sciences
founded by louis XIV, it encouraged french scientific research and advised the french government on scientific matters
english royal society
founded in england in the 1660s to promote scientific improvement
bishop jacques bossuet
french bishop who advocated for the divine right of kings and absolutism
galileo- the starry messenger
galileo was one of the first to make astronomical observations through a telescope. in this work, he published his observations, which included moon craters, the moons of jupiter, the phases of venus, and sunspots
william harvey- on the motion of the heart and blood
illustrated the nature of the body's circulatory system. established that the heart is the base of circulation, that blood makes a complete circuit, and that veins and arteries are part of the same system
louis XIII
king of france who relied heavily on the advice of cardinal richeleiu
rene descartes- discourse on method
known as the father of modern rationalism, descartes explained in this that that each step in an argument should be as sharp and well founded as a mathematical proof
louis XIV
known as the sun king, he was an absolute monarch who centralized government through his rule: "one king, one law, one faith"
maria winkelmann
most famous female astronomer in germany. she discovered a comet
"natural philosophers"
name for early scientists
isaac newton- principa
newton's "mathematical principles of natural philosophy", defined the basic concepts of mechanics by elaborating on kepler's laws of motion
"God's handiwork"
newton's law of motion states that an object will not change it's motion unless a force acts upon it. people believed that this must be the work of God, or that He is "prime mover" of the universe, because the motion has to start somewhere
newtonian world-machine
newton's theory that the universe was one giant mechanical system operated according to exact mechanical laws, and that all movement in the universe could be explained by one mathematically proven universal law
universal law of gravitation
one of newton's rules of motion. it was used during the scientific revolution to explain why it is that planets have elliptical orbits
long parliament (1640-1660)
parliament that tried to place severe limitations on royal authority, including the abolition of taxes that the king collected without the consent of the parliament, and the passage of the triennial act, which specified that the parliament must meet at least once every three years
peace of utrecht
peace treaty that ended louis XIV's attempts to gain power. affirmed that the thrones of france and spain were to remain separated
petition of right
petition proposed to charles I by parliament, which prohibited taxation without the parliaments consent, arbitrary imprisonment, and the declaration of martial law in peace time, among other things. charles initially accepted it, but later rescinded because of its limitations on his royal power
pride's purge
presbyterian members of the parliament were purged, leaving the rump parliament of 53 members
heliocentric universe
proposed by copernicus, it was a theory that the universe was centered and fixed around the sun, and the moon revolved around the earth
william III and mary of orange
protestant rulers of england. they were invited to invited to invade england and battled over the throne before eventually being confirmed as monarchs in 1688
puritans
religious group wanting to purify the church of england of catholic practices
charles II of england
restored the monarchy in england. issues during his reign including religious conflict, as catholics were being forced into conforming to the anglican church
great northern war
rivalry in northern europe. russia won, and became a major power in the region, and russian borders expanded to the baltic sea
the romanovs
ruling family of russia
"i think therefore i am"
said by descartes: if you think, then you have already proven your existence
plantation of ulster
scottish presbyterian settlement in ireland
leviathan
sea monster. sometimes a metaphor for the wrath of god
the inquisition
section of the catholic church devoted to maintaining the church by discovering and punishing heretics (sinners)
cardinal mazarin
served as chief minister to the king of france. helped negotiate the peace of westphalia during the 30 years war
short parliament
short lived english parliament summoned by charles I
geocentric universe
similar to the ptolmaic universe theory, it was a theory that the universe was centered around the earth
roundheads
supporters of parliament during the english civil war
royalists
supporters of the king during the english civil war
divine right
theory that kings/rulers got their authority directly from god
galen- four bodily humors
treatment of diseases were highly influenced by these: blood, phlegm, bile, and black bile
descartes' deductive method
truth is based on logic, facts, and evidence, only
squirearchy
wealthy landowners with honorary knight titles
on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres
written by copernicus, it illustrated his theory of a heliocentric universe