ap euro test review :)

querelles des femmes

"arguments about women." a centuries-old debate about the nature of women that began with men and their unfavorable medieval viewpoints and continued into the scientific revolution, where women joined the debate to fight back against the men's unsavory views

andreas vesalius- on the fabric of the human body

a book illustrating and commenting on human anatomy. it was revolutionary and actually fairly accurate.

francis bacon's inductive method

a correct scientific method based on inductive principles. urged scientists that they could develop correct generalizations through carefully organized experiments and systematic observation

the fronde

a french rebellion occurring because people opposed increasing taxation

aristotle

a greek philosopher who's work was a major influence towards the beginning of the scientific revolution

nicolaus copernicus

a mathematician and astronomer who proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe

versailles

a palace built by louis XIV outside of paris that was home to louis and many members of his government. it became a symbol of the french absolutist state and the power of the sun king.

absolutism

a political system in which the ruler holds total (absolute) power

the orthodox church

a sect of christianity similar to catholicism. however, unlike catholics, orthodox christians recognize the pope and priests as human and therefore subject to human error

ship money

a tax on coastal towns that charles I tried to put in place without the consent of parliament

two treatises of government

a writing by john locke illustrating his view of government

rump parliament

abolished the monarchy and the house of lords, proclaiming england a republic

peter the great

absolutist russian tsar who centralized government by taking power away from nobles. created a table of ranks. he also changed the social constructs of russia by altering etiquette, education, and technology, and was disliked by the church because of this

test act

act forbidding anyone except members of the church of england (for example catholics) from holding positions of power

navigation act of 1651

act that required all trade between england and the colonies to be regulated by england

cardinal richelieu

advisor to louis the 13th in france

james I (1603-1625)

an absolutist english monarch who believed in the divine right of kings. his views alienated parliament, which lead to conflict as parliament was used to ruling alongside the king in a balanced polity (equal effort)

conscript standing armies

an army formation developed by gustavus adolphus

maria sybilla merian

an early entomologist (studies insects) and scientific illustrator

margaret cavendish

argued for women's participation in the scientific field. wrote "observations upon experimental philosophy', argued that both rationalist and empiricist approaches are necessary, considering that there are flaws in a simply either or approach

ptolmaic universe

based on the ideas of ptolemy and aristotle, this this was an early universe theory saying that the universe is a series of concentric spheres centered around the earth

brahe & kepler

both doubted the geocentric theory. kepler used brahe's astronomical data to develop his three laws of planetary motion

james II

catholic king of england after charles II who threatened a catholic hereditary monarchy. he suspended the laws barring catholics from positions of power. parliament was close to revolt over his catholic policies

levellers

commoners questioning the parliament. they want to be able to vote

english civil war (1642-1651)

conflict of power, government and religion between the english parliament and the monarchy

war of spanish succession (1701-1714)

conflict which resulted in two separate bourbon lines, one ruling in france, and one ruling in spain

louis XIV's wars

conquests in an attempt to expand the power of france

instrument of government

constitution written for oliver cromwell's government

jean baptiste-colbert

controller general of finances for louis XIV

english bill of rights (1689)

declaration of rights that clearly divided the parliament vs the kings power, laying the foundation for a constitutional monarchy (system of government where monarch shares power with an organized government under rule of the constitution)

oliver cromwell

english general and statesman who who lead the parliament's armies during the english civil war

charles I (1625-1649)

english monarch who's conflict with parliament provoked the civil war. in addition, his religious policy was disastrous, and he married a catholic, which raised suspicion, as he was an anglican

john locke

english philosopher who advocated for the idea that government is a "social construct": government united people into a civil society that they consented to be a part of, and they could revoke their consent at any time

thomas hobbes

english philosopher who supported absolutism within government

edict of fontainebleau

established by louis XIV, it revoked the edict of nantes (which granted religious freedoms) and suspended the religious freedom of french huguenots

saint petersburg

established by peter the great, who made nobles build houses there

glorious revolution

events that took place as james II is overthrown and replaced by william and mary of orange

russian serfdom

form of feudalism in russia, and the dominant form of relation between russian peasants and the nobility

french royal academy of sciences

founded by louis XIV, it encouraged french scientific research and advised the french government on scientific matters

english royal society

founded in england in the 1660s to promote scientific improvement

bishop jacques bossuet

french bishop who advocated for the divine right of kings and absolutism

galileo- the starry messenger

galileo was one of the first to make astronomical observations through a telescope. in this work, he published his observations, which included moon craters, the moons of jupiter, the phases of venus, and sunspots

william harvey- on the motion of the heart and blood

illustrated the nature of the body's circulatory system. established that the heart is the base of circulation, that blood makes a complete circuit, and that veins and arteries are part of the same system

louis XIII

king of france who relied heavily on the advice of cardinal richeleiu

rene descartes- discourse on method

known as the father of modern rationalism, descartes explained in this that that each step in an argument should be as sharp and well founded as a mathematical proof

louis XIV

known as the sun king, he was an absolute monarch who centralized government through his rule: "one king, one law, one faith"

maria winkelmann

most famous female astronomer in germany. she discovered a comet

"natural philosophers"

name for early scientists

isaac newton- principa

newton's "mathematical principles of natural philosophy", defined the basic concepts of mechanics by elaborating on kepler's laws of motion

"God's handiwork"

newton's law of motion states that an object will not change it's motion unless a force acts upon it. people believed that this must be the work of God, or that He is "prime mover" of the universe, because the motion has to start somewhere

newtonian world-machine

newton's theory that the universe was one giant mechanical system operated according to exact mechanical laws, and that all movement in the universe could be explained by one mathematically proven universal law

universal law of gravitation

one of newton's rules of motion. it was used during the scientific revolution to explain why it is that planets have elliptical orbits

long parliament (1640-1660)

parliament that tried to place severe limitations on royal authority, including the abolition of taxes that the king collected without the consent of the parliament, and the passage of the triennial act, which specified that the parliament must meet at least once every three years

peace of utrecht

peace treaty that ended louis XIV's attempts to gain power. affirmed that the thrones of france and spain were to remain separated

petition of right

petition proposed to charles I by parliament, which prohibited taxation without the parliaments consent, arbitrary imprisonment, and the declaration of martial law in peace time, among other things. charles initially accepted it, but later rescinded because of its limitations on his royal power

pride's purge

presbyterian members of the parliament were purged, leaving the rump parliament of 53 members

heliocentric universe

proposed by copernicus, it was a theory that the universe was centered and fixed around the sun, and the moon revolved around the earth

william III and mary of orange

protestant rulers of england. they were invited to invited to invade england and battled over the throne before eventually being confirmed as monarchs in 1688

puritans

religious group wanting to purify the church of england of catholic practices

charles II of england

restored the monarchy in england. issues during his reign including religious conflict, as catholics were being forced into conforming to the anglican church

great northern war

rivalry in northern europe. russia won, and became a major power in the region, and russian borders expanded to the baltic sea

the romanovs

ruling family of russia

"i think therefore i am"

said by descartes: if you think, then you have already proven your existence

plantation of ulster

scottish presbyterian settlement in ireland

leviathan

sea monster. sometimes a metaphor for the wrath of god

the inquisition

section of the catholic church devoted to maintaining the church by discovering and punishing heretics (sinners)

cardinal mazarin

served as chief minister to the king of france. helped negotiate the peace of westphalia during the 30 years war

short parliament

short lived english parliament summoned by charles I

geocentric universe

similar to the ptolmaic universe theory, it was a theory that the universe was centered around the earth

roundheads

supporters of parliament during the english civil war

royalists

supporters of the king during the english civil war

divine right

theory that kings/rulers got their authority directly from god

galen- four bodily humors

treatment of diseases were highly influenced by these: blood, phlegm, bile, and black bile

descartes' deductive method

truth is based on logic, facts, and evidence, only

squirearchy

wealthy landowners with honorary knight titles

on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

written by copernicus, it illustrated his theory of a heliocentric universe