AP Euro Unit 8 TEST

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as...?

"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"

Denis Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his...?

28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes

a less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with...?

Cesare Beccaria

In England, the number of tenant farmers grew dramatically as a result of...?

Enclosure Acts passed by Parliament which fended off common laws

which of the following countries did NOT participate in the partition of Poland:?

France

the leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was...?

Francois Quesnay

Deism is best described as the belief that...?

God created the universe but does not actively run it

of the greatest European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one which did not possess a large standing army or draft soldiers through conscription was...?

Great Britain

European music in the later eighteenth century was best characterized by whom?

Haydn & Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to the Austrian Empire

who believed that individuals must be forced to be free as part of the general will of the people in order to fulfill the social contract?

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

the young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was...?

Maria Theresa

the strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by...?

Mary Wollstonecraft

the religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was...?

Methodism

the recognized capital of the Enlightenment was...?

Paris

the War of Austrian Succession began in 1740 when Prussia attacked the Habsburg province of...?

Silesia

the Diplomatic Revolution came about as a result of Maria Theresa of Austria refusing to accept the loss of...?

Silesia, and forged an alliance with France and Russia

England adopted an aggressive policy of colonial expansion which led to war under the direction of whom?

William Pitt the Elder

denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with...?

a blank slate

during the eighteenth century, France lost...?

a colonial empire while acquiring a huge public debt

all of the following contributed to the growth of population in the second half of the eighteenth century...?

a decline in the death rate, the end of the bubonic plague, new crops from America such as corn and potatoes, & better crop yields as a result of improved farming techniques

Catherine the Great of Russia followed...?

a successful policy of expansion against the Poles and Ottoman Turks

Isaac Newton and John Locke provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by...?

arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society

Politically, the period from 1715 and 1789 witness the continuing process of...?

centralization in the development of nation-states

all of the following were persistent trends in the middle and upper class eighteenth-century European family EXCEPT...?

children often removed from foundling homes and boarded at state and municipal workshops

the domestic system of industrial production which was dominant in both Flanders & England during much of the eighteenth century became known as...?

cottage industry

the European peasantry in the eighteenth century often owed...?

extensive compulsory services to aristocratic landowners

the Austrian Empire under Joseph II experienced...?

general discontent due to Joseph's enlightenment but radical reforms

the special legal privileges of the European nobility included all of the following...?

judgement by peers, immunity from severe punishment, & exemptions from most forms of taxation

salons were...?

literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed

the French philosophies were...?

literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality

Enlightenment thinkers valued, above all things,...?

logic and reason

as a result of the French and Indian Wars, AKA the Seven Years War, France...?

lost Canada, all trading posts in India, Louisiana & they were no longer the greatest European power

the growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of...?

magazines and daily newspapers for the general public

under Frederick the Great of Prussia, the most important offices in both the government and the military usually went to...?

members of the Junker class

European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that in a balance of power...?

one state should not achieve dominance over another

in England, a legislative district controlled by one man or one family was known as a...?

pocket borough

Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where...?

power is divided between the three branches of government

high culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the enormous impact of the...?

publishing industry and the expansion of written literature

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of...?

religious intolerance

during the eighteenth century, many philosophies believed the idea of Divine Right of Kings should be...?

replaced by the idea of "enlgihtenment absolutism" as the most efficient and utilitarian manner to protect natural rights

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of...?

secularism and a search to find the natural laws governing human life

Adam Smith believed that government...?

should not interfere in people's economic decisions

the belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to the creation and growing interest in...?

social studies, such as economics and politics

John Locke's belief that all men are born with natural rights was a major influence on...?

the French Revolution, the U.S Bill of Rights, & the Declaration of Independence

which war do some historians regard as the first world war?

the Seven Years' War

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended...?

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life

a key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was...?

the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage

Europe's unequal social organization in the eighteenth century was determined by...?

the division of society into traditional, often hereditary, orders

the French philosophies mostly included people from...?

the nobility and middle class

Enlightened absolutism in the eighteenth century was unable to completely overcome...?

the political and social realities of the time