AP European History: Chapter 13 (Reformations and Religious Wars (1500-1600))

"We Italians are irreligious and corrupt above others, because the Church and her representatives set us the worst example." -Machiavelli

Humanists of Italy and Christian humanists denounced corruption in the church.

Gustavus Vasa (r. 1523-1560)

Leader of Swedish barons who overthrew Christian II and went on to become king of Sweden and established a Lutheran Reformation.

The Golden Bull of 1356

Legalized what had long existed—government by an aristocratic federation and each of the seven electors gained virtual sovereignty.

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation

Luther urged that secular government had the right to reform the Church.

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only.

Clerical ignorance

Many priests could barely read and write but clerical educational standards in the early sixteenth century improved.

Clerical immorality

Many priests had concubines and reports of neglect of the rule of celibacy such as drunkenness, gambling, and indulgence in fancy dress.

Katharina von Bora

Married Martin Luther, represented the ideal Protestant woman and defended equal rights for women. She was also a former nun.

Catherine de' Medici

(1547-1589) The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons.

The Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared it's independence from Spain and formed the united provinces of the Netherlands.

Marburg Colloquy

The debate between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli held in 1529. Zwingli and Luther did not resolve their differences, but Zwingli convinced Luther to see that reconciliation with the Catholic Church was not really possible.

Protestant

The followers of Luther, Zwingli, and others who called for a break with Rome. The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western groups.

The Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.

Clerical pluralism

The practice of holding more than one church office at a time.

Benefic

The recipient of funds, titles, property, and other benefits.

Predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth.

The imitation of Christ

This book was the inspiration of the Brethren of Common Life. The author, Thomas a Kempis, urged Christians to take Christ as their model and seek perfection in a simple way of life.

The German peasants' war of 1525

This war is when peasants were inspired by Luther's ideas to revolt against their rulers and achieve equality, Luther opposed them and believed order was necessary. *Strengthened the authority of lay rulers.*

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation.

John Knox (1505?-1572)

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops.

Pope Leo X

This was the pope that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica and he was also the pope who challenged Martin Luther.

Protestantism in Ireland

To the ancient Irish hatred of English political and commercial exploitation, the Reformation added the bitter antagonism of religion. The Irish parliament severed the church from Rome making the English king sovereign over ecclesiastical organization and practice (remained Roman Catholic).

Concordat of Bologna

Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right for the government to nominate all French bishops and abbots (1516).

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from a total collapse. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Sola scriptura

Central to the Reformation, this phrase means that "Scripture alone," rather than Scripture and Tradition, should be the basis for Church teaching, in contradiction to the truth of Catholic teaching. *Scripture is the final word*.

Genevan Consistory

Consisted of twelve laymen plus the Company of Pastors headed by Calvin and absence from sermons, criticism of ministers, dancing, card playing, family quarrels, and heavy drinking banned.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants. *French Calvinists*.

Imperial diet

Council of rulers who condemned Luther as an outlaw.

Council of Blood

Created by the Duke of Alba, Spanish governor of the Netherlands, in 1567. The job of this Council was to try cases of suspected treason committed by Protestant rebels against the Catholic government imposed by Spain.

The Supremacy Act

Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England.

John Tetzel

Dominican Friar who was the most famous seller of Church indulgences.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambréis

Ended the long conflict known as the Habsburgs-Valois wars.

The Society of Jesus

Founded by Ignatius Loyola, a former Spanish soldier, resisted the spread of Protestantism, converting Asians and Latin American Indians to Catholicism, and spreading Christian education all over Europe (Spiritual Exercises).

Angela Merici

Founded the Ursuline Order; They taught girls and believed education was the key to strengthening the Catholic Church.

Angela Merici (1474-1540)

Founded the Ursuline Order; They taught girls and believed education was the key to strengthening the Catholic Church.

King Henry VIII

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke with the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce for wife not bearing male child. In a series of measures during the 1530s, Henry use parliament to end the authority of the pope and make himself the supreme head of church in England.

Rabelais

French humanist during Renaissance; wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel; believe humans are basically good and that they should live by their instincts.

The insurrection at Münster

In the 1530s some religious radicals thought the end of the world was coming soon. These radicals predicted Münster would be the site of a New Jerusalem that would survive God's final judgment. The unwillingness of the radicals to accept a state church mark them as societal outcasts and invited hatred and persecution, for both protestant and catholic authorities sought a state church as the key to maintaining order. Anabaptists and other radicals were banished or cruelly executed by burning, beating, or drowning.

The Establishment of the Church of Scotland

Kings James V and his daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, staunch Catholics and close allies of Catholic France, opposed reform while Scottish nobles supported reform. John Knox, a minister who had studied in Geneva with Calvin, persuaded the Scottish parliament to set up the Presbyterian Church of Scotland which was strictly Calvinist in doctrine (presbyters, or minister, not bishops, governed them).

95 Theses (1517)

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was to spread the Roman Catholic faith.

The Spanish Armada

One of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare which was sent to attack England in 1588. The smaller English fleet was able to defeat the armada by using its ease of maneuverability and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic Ocean and made England the power.

Iconoclasm in the Netherlands

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to church leaders for their alleged influence in political and social affairs.

Brothers of the common life

Organized by Gerard Groote in the late 14th century. A religious organization that stressed personal virtues of Christianity rather than doctrine. Movement of *modern devotion*.

Clement VII

Pope who refused to grant the annulment of the marriage between King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. He was elected by cardinals in Avignon during the Great Schism.

Broadsides

Posters announcing proclamations or announcements; single sided.

Schmalkaldic League

Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire. Lutherans formed a defensive league for their religion against Charles V.

Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)

Resend and every formation legislation offer father frame and restored roman Catholicism. Her status proved highly unpopular in England, and her execution of several hundred protestants further alienated her subjects. *"Bloody Mary"*

Argula von Grumbach

She was a German noblewoman, supported a protestant ideas in print, asserting, " I am not unfamiliar with calls words that women should be silent in church but when I see that no man will or 10 speak, I'm driven by word of god, he who denies me, him well I deny."

Anna Jansz of Rotterdam (1509-1539)

She was an Anabaptists. In November of 1538 she was recognized as an Anabaptist and she was arrested and sentenced to death by drowning. She was executed on January 24, 1539. She was just one of thousands of people executed for their religious beliefs in the 16th century Europe.

Anna Reinhart

She was from Switzerland and was married to Zwingli.

Elizabeth's reign in 1960

She was the half sister of Mary, Henry's daughter with Anne Boleyn, who had been raised in constant. *Her reign inaugurated the beginnings of religious stability*.

Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

The Colloquy of Marburg in 1529

Summoned Protestants in order to unite them, failed to resolve the critical differences in opinions regarding the Eucharist, though Protestants reached agreement on almost everything else.

Pope Julius II

Summoned an ecumenical council to discuss Church reform 1512-1517. Council recommended higher standards for education f the clergy and instruction. Bishops placed responsibility of eliminating bureaucratic corruption on papacy.

St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

The Catholic Queen of France ordered the killing of Huguenots. August 24, 1572 rioters killed 3,000 Protestants in one night(in Paris).

Valois family

The French Catholic family that was on the Catholic majority side when France was divided during the Reformation. They were rivals with the Habsburg family.

Diet of worms 1551

A meeting summoned by Charles V that commanded Martin Luther to abandon his ideas. Luther refused and was branded an outlaw.

Fifth Lateran Council

1513 - 1517; called for reforms; but the pope stepped in and said "men are to be changed by, not to change, religion." = NO REFORM; one month after the results were made public, Martin Luther posted 95 Theses - almost as if he was waiting to see what they were going to do.

The Council of Trent

A group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church. Laid a solid basis for the spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church.

Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582)

A Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period.

Michael Servetus

A Spanish humanist and refugee who was burned at the stake for denying the scriptural bases for the Trinity, rejecting child baptism, and insisting that a person under 20 cannot commit a mortal sin, all of which were viewed as threats to society.

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Book of common prayer (1549)

A book of liturgy that was standardized to all churches in England and later in the Anglican Church.

The Index of Prohibited Books

A catalog that forbid Catholics from reading works by Christian Humanists such as Erasmus as well as by Protestants.

Edict of Nantes

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

Indulgences

A document issued by the Catholic Church a lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

Purgatory

A place where Catholics souls remain on their way to Heaven to make further amends for their earthly sins.

Lay Piety

A tradition in the smaller, independent German provinces, flourishing in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, whereby organized groups promoted pious behavior and learning outside the bureaucracy of the Church. Someone who isn't part of the Church clergy, but is really religious.

Guise family

A very powerful family that represented the militant Catholics. They are responsible for the French wars of religion.

William Tyndale

An English professor who believed that everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. He translated the Bible to English which led for his arrest. However, he escaped and continued to translate the Bible. He was eventually executed.

Augsburg confession

An attempt to resolve the conflicts between the Catholics and Lutherans. Philip Melanchanton (a friend of Luther's) presented a list of Lutheran Principles. It ended with all Lutheran Princes (mainly concentrated in the north) being called to return to the Catholic Church.

The Habsburg-Valois wars (1521-1559)

An ongoing conflict between Spain and France that altered the course of European history several times.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Luther's Sacraments

Baptism & Eucharist

Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540)

Became King Henry VIII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary Thomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant.

Anabaptists

Beginning in the 1520s groups in Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands sought to create a voluntary community of believers separate from the state, as they understood it to have existed in New Testament times.

The Appeal of Protestant Ideas

By the middle of the sixteenth century people of all social classes had rejected Catholic teachings and had become Protestant.

Frederick of Saxony (or Frederick III)

German elector who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms.

Pope Paul III (pontificate 1534-1549)

He and his successors supported improvements in education for the clergy, the end of simony (The selling of church offices), and stricter control of clerical life. In 1542, he established the supreme sacred congregation of the Roman and universal inquisition, often called the Holy Office.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

He believed that god had specifically selected him to reform the church. Believed in *predestination*.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

He believed that salvation and justification come through faith. Faith is a free gift of God's grace, not a result of human effort. God's word is revealed only in Scripture, not in the traditions of the church. His success can likely be attributed to the invention of the printing press.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

He was a Swiss humanist, priest, and admirer of Erasmus. He was convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures, which were the pure words of God and the sole basis of religious truth. He attacked the idea of indulgences, the Mass, the institution of monarchy, and clerical celibacy.

Christian III

He was king of Denmark and of Norway who secularized church property and set up a Lutheran church (Denmark adopted Lutheranism as its state religion).

Anne Boleyn

When she failed twice to produce a male child, Henry VIII charged her with adulterous incest and in 1536 have her beheaded.