AP European History Enlightenment Test

reduced nobles' power over their serfs

to improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria

Pierre Bayle

who wrote the influential "Historical and Critical Dictionary"(1687)?

Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria

why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s?

the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773

Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that

was opposed by both nobles and peasants

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments

believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education

Madame du Châtelet, Voltaire's longtime companion,

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a

a military coup

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through

empiricism

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe

the discipline of natural philosophy focused on

simplifying Prussia's laws

the enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

the idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to

postulated as sun-centered view of the universe

Copernicus's theory of the universe

"Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World"

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled

a striking feature of the salons was that

they established academics of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

how did governments respond to the new science?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

how did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted

in "Historical and Critical Dictionary," Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government

in general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

human development is determined by education and society

in his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding," John Locke claimed that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

the most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

what change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?

the emergence of scientific racism

what helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

a cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia

what was the Republic of Letters?

the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

what was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

to discover what actually occurred in the nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

what was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

"change the general way of thinking"

according to its editor, the fundamental goal of the "Encyclopedia" was to

the first translation of Newton's "Principia" into French

although perhaps best known as the longtime companion of Voltaire, Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet, published

"The Persian Letter"

which book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

Spain

which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

how did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

it synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system

how did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

rococo

soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

the concept of the reading revolution refers to the

Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century

which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the "Encyclopedia"?

Cesare Beccaria

who was the author of "On Crimes and Punishments," a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?